Publikationer från Uppsala Universitet
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Rapid identification of induced seismicity using deep learning in West Texas
No full textTimely identification of the triggering mechanism behind the observed seismicity in areas with multiple overlapping human activities is an important research topic that can facilitate effective measures to mitigate the seismic hazard. This task is particularly challenging when dealing with delayed operational data, uncertain focal depths or uneven seismic monitoring coverage. Here, we propose a deep learning (DL) framework to identify which human activity triggered a certain earthquake in near real-time using only seismic waveforms as input. We use an advanced architecture, the compact convolutional transformer (CCT), to extract high-level abstract features from the three-component seismograms and then use an advanced capsule neural network to link the induced seismicity in West Texas with three potential causal factors, that is, hydraulic fracturing (HF), shallow saltwater disposal (SWDsh) or deep saltwater disposal (SWDdp). The training data was prepared based on an established probabilistic approach that combined physics-based principles with both real and reshuffled injection data to hindcast past seismicity rates. In the end, each activity was assigned a confidence level for association at the 5 km spatial scale. Even though the training data include only 981 events, we obtain over 90 per cent accuracy for all three causal factors for both the single- and multistation versions of the model
Compiling a Functional Language to LLVM IR using Trieste
No full textCreating a compiler is a necessary step in the development of a new programming language. Trieste is a domain-specific language capable of efficient transformations of abstract syntax trees, designed for programming language development. This thesis explores Trieste's suitability for development of compiler backends by implementing backend passes for an existing frontend for the small functional programming language MiniML. The implementation focuses on code generation by emitting LLVM IR, an intermediate representation used by the industry standard compiler toolchain LLVM. Targeting LLVM enables the use of its established optimization and code generation infrastructure. The resulting compiler is evaluated both quantitatively, by measuring compile time and scalability, and qualitatively, by reflecting on the development experience with Trieste. The evaluations reveal that Trieste's feature set is well-suited for many backend tasks but that certain implementation decisions can lead to pitfalls and performance issues. Overall, the results affirm Trieste's potential for compiler backend development and code generation tasks, with the implemented compiler serving as a proof-of-concept. While the compiler leaves many potential improvements open for future work, its code generation stage lays a foundation for targeting LLVM, potentially reusable by other Trieste projects
Difficult calls to emergency medical dispatch centres : a mixed method study
No full textBackground At emergency medical dispatch centres (EMDCs) telephone triage takes place in three steps: identifying the event, assessing the callers' need for support, and prioritizing the response. Some calls are considered to be more difficult to handle than others, and decision support systems may in these situations be of limited help. The aim of this study was to describe and characterize difficult calls to EMDCs. Methods Retrospective call data from 2022 to 2023 was extracted for Registered Nurse (RN) dispatchers at three EMDCs in Sweden agreeing to participate in this mixed-method study. Categories of difficult calls were identified based on prior research and operationalized as key-word searches in the free text call notes or as indicators based on structured data. A purposeful selection of calls meeting these criteria were extracted, anonymized, and data regarding categories and the phase on the call in which they occurred then coded. A descriptive quantitative analysis was performed, and logistic regression was used to estimate the association between demographics and the likelihood of high-priority ambulance dispatch. Results Over the two-year study period, 14 included RNs handled 27,805 calls. Of these, 4888 calls (17.6%) were identified as potentially difficult calls based on free-text notes and structured data, from which 123 calls were selected for further analysis. The median age of callers were 49 years, and 49% were female. Median call duration was 5.6 min, compared to 5.1 min in the full dataset, and 39.5% of calls resulted in a lights and sirens response.Vague or unclear symptoms and psychiatric problems were the most common difficulties. These could occur in all three phases of the calls and in several of the phases in one single call, with a combination of "assessing and prioritizing" being the most common. Male sex was found to be associated with a higher likelihood of receiving an ambulance with high priority. Conclusions Difficult calls, mainly with vague or unclear symptoms and psychiatric problems, are common at EMDCs. The reason for the tendency to prioritize young males higher are seen in other contexts but not in truly high priority cases at dispatch and needs further investigation
Using ASCOT to encode neoclassical collisional physics as prior in fast-ion distribution reconstructions
No full textMeasuring 3D or 4D fast-ion distribution function relies on using prior information in some form due to the ill-conditioned nature of the underlying inverse problem. Here we present a method to encode the correlations between phase-space elements caused by the neoclassical transport due to Coulomb collisions as physics-informed prior information which we compute using the orbit-following code ASCOT. We reconstruct the fast-ion distribution function from neutral beam injection (NBI) in a 4D phase-space using neoclassical anisotropic slowing-down distributions calculated with ASCOT for a JET equilibrium as basis functions. Detailed data from the NBI geometry was used to compute basis functions at full, half, and one-third injection energies. The fast-ion distribution at each injection energy was divided into 10 separate basis functions based on flux surfaces of the ionized neutrals. Reconstructions based on synthetic data were computed by solving for basis function coefficients with Tikhonov regularization. Reconstructions of the phase-space distribution from one NBI match well with the true solution, but an addition of another NBI reduced the quality of the reconstructions significantly
Ethical reflections of healthcare staff on 'consentless measures' in somatic care : A qualitative study
No full textBackground Many patients in medical wards lack decision-making capacity and cannot provide valid consent. As a result, nurses and other healthcare professionals often face a dilemma: whether to neglect the medical needs of such patients, or provide healthcare interventions without obtaining valid consent. Previous studies have indicated that many interventions are provided without consent; however, there is insufficient knowledge about how staff in this context reason about the ethical dilemmas they encounter. Aim To explore the ethical reasons provided by nurses and other healthcare professionals in medical wards for and against providing healthcare interventions without patients’ consent. Research design The study employed a qualitative explorative design. Eight focus group interviews were held with 37 staff across five different professions, mainly nurses, at two Swedish hospitals. The material was subjected to qualitative analysis, following a Reflective Thematic Analysis framework. Ethical considerations Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. All participants were informed orally and in writing about the study’s aims and its voluntary nature. No sensitive personal information was registered. Participants provided their oral consent to participate before the interviews took place. Findings/Results Thematic analysis resulted in four main themes: Coercion is a bad word; Reasons to accept coercion; Coercion is part of ward culture, and Unacceptable coercion. Conclusions Participants overwhelmingly supported the current use of ‘consentless measures’ at the investigated wards. Most situations described either needed no justification, according to participants, or could be easily justified by reference to the benefit of the patient, the patient’s poor decision-making capacity, or the benefit of others. A range of implicit, contextual, and institutional justifications were also given. Suboptimal ward culture was considered a prime driver of consentless measures and a force that compromises nurses’ agency in the patient encounter
Imposing order on a creative chaos : The terminologist as communication manager in a multi-professional setting
No full textIt is uncontested that terminologists leading multi-professional terminology projects need a thorough knowledge of the principles and standards of terminology work. However, the softer skills involved in the work have gained less attention. In this paper, we apply interaction analysis to a multi-professional expert meeting led by a terminologist and highlight the communicative and interpersonal work he carries out. Our results show how the terminologist allows for a certain “creative chaos” and makes the team “feel good”, while still keeping epistemic quality under permanent scrutiny and never losing focus on the task at hand. He does this through flexible agenda management — sticking to his meeting agenda, but not rigidly, and allowing for and taking note of useful contributions, even if they come in the wrong phase. He also upholds a sufficient degree of conceptual rigour, by holding back premature decisions but not unnecessarily correcting the other’s erroneous use of meta-terminology
Wind-front interaction within oceanic mixed layer following a storm in the Southern Ocean : Insights from a submesoscale-permitting simulation
No full textThe oceanic mixed layer in the Southern Ocean is characterized by numerous fronts due to the stirring of freshwater influxes arising from ice-melting. These fronts interact with winds, modulating the evolution of mixed layer and affecting atmosphere-ocean energy exchanges. However, the underlying mechanism behind the wind-front interaction remains obscure due to lack of three-dimensional observations of the ocean, particularly velocities. To address this question, this study investigates the dynamic of fronts within the mixed layer during a storm by employing a subset of the global submesoscale-permitting simulation, ROAM_MIZ, which focuses on the Northeast Weddell Sea region. We first compare the ROAM_MIZ data to glider data to assess the performance of the model simulation, finding that the ROAM_MIZ can capture submesoscale features within mixed layer to a large degree. Subsequent analyses based on a subset of ROAM_MIZ show lateral density gradients within mixed layer decrease rapidly during high winds associated with the storm. Down-front winds accelerate this decrease as the Ekman buoyancy transport enhances the instability of the fronts, primary dominated by horizontally baroclinic components. After the storm, the fronts strengthen again with low winds due to the frontogenesis by larger scale strain. Moreover, the non-geostrophic turbulence induces modification of the relative vorticity, affecting the instability within mixed layer. These findings offer valuable guidance for the deployment of observational instruments and subsequent analysis, as well as deepen the understanding of air-sea interactions in the Southern Ocean
The impeccable taste of a publisher : Literary prizes and cultural value from a publishing perspective
No full textThe article discusses the complex relationship between publishers and literary prizes in terms of production, marketing, and the value of literary prizes. The main argument is that publishers are instrumental not only in the creation process of literary fiction receiving prizes but also in using the values adhered to awards and nominations for marketing, acquisition, and creating their publishing brand. Awarded prizes are turned into a commodity on the book market, and they can provide publishers and publishing houses with valuable cultural and literary capital. The article draws on theories and perspectives from the sociology of literature and publishing studies, as well as a broad set of research on literary prizes. It is designed as a study within the sociology of literature that uses the practices and material realities of the publishing business as evidence to discuss literary prizes. The material consists of a variety of paratexts, publishers' interviews, and industry data to understand present-day literary culture, literary value, and the different functions of labor in the book market
Democracy dismissed : When leaders and citizens choose election violence
No full textIn democratic settings, election violence is often jointly produced: it relies not only on elite incentives and capacities to deploy violence, but also on the willingness of ordinary actors to participate. Yet many studies of election violence overlook this elite–citizen interaction, effectively black-boxing the process through which elites mobilize people to fight. This article introduces and advances the concept of the joint production of election violence – a relatively common but undertheorized process through which political elites rely, not on their own militias or state security forces, but on the collaboration and participation of ordinary citizens. Such violence is especially puzzling in democracies, where citizens ostensibly have nonviolent avenues for political claim-making. To help explain how such violence becomes possible and how it unfolds, the article develops a framework that emphasizes two central components: (1) the circulation and resonance of threat-based and victimhood narratives that legitimize political violence, and (2) the social infrastructure – networks and organizational linkages – that facilitate the organization and coordination of violence. We draw on two cases of jointly produced election violence – Nigeria in 2003 and the United States in 2021 – to demonstrate how the framework can be applied across democracies at distinct stages of consolidation. Broadly, by developing the concept of jointly produced violence and offering a framework for its study, we aim to facilitate more systematic and comparative analyses of elite–citizen interactions in the context of electoral violence, helping to render visible a process that is often invisible in existing studies, while also bridging theories of election violence, democratic erosion, and right-wing extremism
Addressing Aesthetic Impacts of Renewable Energy : A Comparative Case Study of Environmental Impact Assessments for Large-Scale Solar Parks in Sweden
No full textIn this study, 15 Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for large-scale solar parks in Sweden have been reviewed, looking specifically at how well they address aesthetic impacts arising from landscape transformations caused by large-scale ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) systems. Final data sample contained EIAs for projects ranging from 19.5 ha to 232 ha in size, published between 2021 and 2025. To review the documents, the study employed a specialised framework for evaluating the quality of environmental statements designed by Lee and Colley (1991) using assessment criteria inspired by Sullivan and Meyer (2014). The results showed that most EIAs (9/15) were generally satisfactory in addressing aesthetic impacts of solar power projects and 6/15 were satisfactory. Most consistency in grades was found for criteria such as public and stakeholder engagement during the planning process and the use of visual simulations. Most variation in grades was found for criteria such as existing environmental baselines, project visual characteristics, as well as visibility and visual contrasts. Swedish EIAs for solar parks were found to be, overall, homogenous in quality, with the lack of completeness often stemming from uncertainty regarding the final design of a facility