Publikationer från Uppsala Universitet
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Lekterapi som metod vid smärtsamma procedurer
No full text Introduktion: Barns upplevelse av smärta i samband med vård kan påverka både samarbete och framtida vårdkontakter. Ett barncentrerat arbetssätt innebär att barnets behov av trygghet, förståelse och delaktighet tas tillvara. Lekterapi är en metod som lyfts i tidigare forskning som ett sätt att minska barns smärta i vårdsammanhang. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka former av lekterapi som har effekt på att reducera upplevd smärta hos barn i samband med smärtsamma procedurer. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med deskriptiv design. Tio kvantitativa orginalartiklar identifierades genom sökningar i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Artiklarna har kvalitetsgranskats och resultatet har sammanställts i enlighet med studiens syfte. Resultat: Resultatet från litteraturöversikten visade att lekterapi ofta har en smärtlindrande effekt för barn i samband med smärtsamma procedurer, även om resultaten varierade mellan studierna. Trots att de inkluderade artiklarna utfördes i olika länder och med varierande interventioner, visade flertalet studier en positiv effekt. Interventioner såsom leksaker, digitala spel, clownterapi och kombinerad lek visade i majoriteten av studierna en förmåga att minska barns upplevda smärta, medan en studie inte kunde påvisa någon signifikant skillnad. Slutsats: Lekterapi kan vara en stödjande och smärtlindrande metod i vården av barn. Resultatet tyder på att metoden har effekt i olika kontexter, men bör anpassas till barnets ålder, mognad och situation. Sjuksköterskan har en central roll i att uppmärksamma barnets behov och kan använda lekterapi som en del av det smärtlindrande omvårdnadsarbetet.Introduction: Children’s experience of pain in healthcare settings can affect both cooperation and future encounters with care. A child-centered approach emphasizes the importance of safety, understanding, and participation. Play therapy has been highlighted in previous research as a method that may reduce children’s anxiety and pain during medical procedures. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe which forms of play therapy are effective in reducing perceived pain in children during painful procedures. Method: Ten quantitative original articles were identified through searches in the PubMed and CINAHL databases. The articles were quality assessed, and the results compiled in accordance with the aim of the study. Results: The results of the literature review showed that therapeutic play often has a pain-relieving effect for children during painful procedures, although the outcomes varied across studies. Despite being conducted in different countries and using a range of interventions, the majority of the included studies demonstrated positive effects. Interventions such as toys, digital games, clown therapy, and combined play were shown in most studies to reduce children’s perceived pain, while one study did not find any significant difference. Conclusion: Play therapy may function as a supportive and pain-relieving method for children in connection with medical procedures. The results indicate that the method is effective in various contexts, but should be adapted to the child’s age, maturity and situation. The nurse plays a central role in recognizing the child's needs and can use play therapy as part of pain-relieving nursing care
The influence of cholesterol on self-assembly of tight junction proteins
No full textTight junctions exist between epithelial cells in our bodies. They are important to seal the paracellular space and act as biological barriers and allow the transport of both water and ions. Tight junctions are complex barriers that consist of many different components where claudin proteins are one of the most important for function. There are many variants of claudins and 23 have been found in humans. Dysregulation of claudin expression may lead to diseases such as Crohns and IBS. Two proteins, claudin-2 and claudin-15 are present in high amounts in the gut. They are of interest in pharmaceutical development as many drugs are absorbed in the gut. Cholesterol is present in varied amounts in our cell membranes and modifies their properties depending on the amount. The aim for this thesis is to analyze the impact cholesterol has on the self-assembly of tight junction formation in lipid bilayers (DOPC). This is done with coarse grained molecular dynamics with the Martini force field and gromacs software suite. Membranes were built with Charmm-GUI. Claudin-15 showed visible interaction between proteins in the lipid bilayerswhereas claudin-2 did not. Further analysis showed that cholesterol had impacted formation oftight junction by hindering the movement of the proteins in the membranes. To make the resultsmore impactful and reliable, more simulations need to be done
Influence of Protein Content in Lipid Bilayers on Permeability Calculations for Small Molecular Compounds Using All-Atom Simulations
No full textBiological membranes are frequently modeled as homogeneous lipid bilayer structures, often overlooking their natural complexity. This project investigates the impact on membrane structural properties and permeability for small molecules when incorporating polyleucine alpha-helices into lipid bilayers. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to compare bilayers with and without these helices, focusing on the permeation behavior of two compounds, atenolol and benzoic acid, chosen for their differing log P values. Measuring accurate permeability values provides insight into drug distribution and uptake, which are crucial factors in drug development. Bilayer systems were constructed using CHARMM-GUI, and simulations were performed with GROMACS. Permeability profiles were obtained using umbrella sampling, followed by analysis with the Weighted Histogram Analysis Method (WHAM). Membrane structural properties were analyzed using various analysis tools. The results showed that the inclusion of polyleucine alpha-helices significantly altered membrane structure, as well as the free energy landscapes and permeability profiles of both atenolol and benzoic acid. However, achieving accurate permeability estimates through MD simulations proved challenging due to sampling errors. These observations suggest that incorporating greater molecular complexity into membrane models can lead to enhanced biological relevance and influence molecular interactions. With continued research, such models could provide more precise data and deeper insights into pharmaceutical interactions, improving the drug development process
Comparison of Anomaly Detection Methods and Root Cause Analysis in Radio Access Networks
No full textRadio access networks (RAN) produce large amounts of operational data, making manual performance monitoring difficult and inefficient. This study compares three automated anomaly detection methods: statistical methods, deep learning models, and rule-based approach. Statistical methods work well for detecting short-term variations, but they often give false alarms. Deep learning models excel at identifying complex or long-term collective anomalies, but they require substantial computing power and extensive training data. A rule-based approach accurately detects known and clearly defined issues but struggles with new or evolving cases. Although these methods can identify abnormal behaviour, finding the exact cause is still challenging. Anomalies may be due to planned maintenance, hardware failures, or incorrect configurations, and determining the cause typically requires additional information and expert knowledge. The results suggest that combining these methods is most effective, as each technique detects different types of anomalies and provides better overall coverage
Vad menar EU med strategisk autonomi? : En idéanalys om hur strategisk autonomi definieras i EU:s egna policydokument, samt hur det kan förstås utifrån teorierna neo-realismen och neo-liberalismen.
No full textThis thesis focuses on the concept of European strategic autonomy within the EU:s security and defence policy. The aim is to investigate strategic autonomy, what it means and its significance according to the EU:s own official policy documents. In an attempt to answer this question, the thesis conducts a qualitative analysis of two of the union's strategic documents, the EU Global Strategy from 2016 and the Strategic Compass for Security and Defence Policy from 2022. The research finds that the significance of European strategic autonomy within the EU:s security and defence policy is to increase the European Union's and Europe’s capacity, ability to act and European integration, to name a few. To gain further insight, this thesis investigates strategic autonomy through the framework of international relations theory, exploring whether strategic autonomy is best interpreted as a neorealist reaction to a more conflictual international environment or if it is more accurately seen as a neoliberal affirmation of institutional and multilateral cooperation. By utilizing ideal types of the theories neo-realism and neo-liberalism the analysis found that strategic autonomy reflects both neorealist and neoliberal perspectives. However, it reveals a shift in ideas, where EU:s security policy gradually has moved from a neoliberal emphasis to a more neorealism.
Merging Large Language Models for Enhanced Code Generation : A Comparative Study of Model Merging Techniques Across Programming Languages
No full textThe rapid advancement of LLMs has transformed software development by enabling automated code generation across a wide range of programming tasks. While fine-tuned LLMs tailored to specific languages and domains have become increasingly accessible, training or fine-tuning multi-domain models remains resource-intensive and environmentally costly. In this context, model merging has emerged as a scalable and efficient alternative, allowing multiple specialized models to be integrated with substantially lower resource demands. This thesis investigates the potential of direct parameter merging methods to improve the multilingual code generation capabilities of LLMs. We evaluate seven prominent techniques: Uniform Soup, Task Arithmetic, SLERP, TIES-Merging, DARE, DELLA, and Model Breadcrumbs, applied to fine-tuned models from three open-source families: CodeQwen1.5-7B, DeepSeek-Coder-6.7b-Base, and CodeLlama-34b. The merged models are assessed on code generation tasks in Python, Java, JavaScript, and C++. Our findings highlight TIES-Merging as the most effective and robust method, achieving the highest average performance across model families and benchmarks. Model Breadcrumbs, DARE and Task Arithmetic also performed well, though slightly behind TIES-Merging. In contrast, simpler methods like SLERP and Uniform Soup consistently underperformed, likely due to their inability to address parameter interference, a key challenge in model merging. Notably, merged models often outperformed the individual models they were derived from, suggesting that merging can improve performance by acting as a form of regularization. This study demonstrates that model merging can be used to effectively enhance the multilingual performance of code-generating LLMs and identifies several of the most promising merging methods. It establishes model merging as a practical and scalable strategy for building multi-task coding models, potentially supporting the development of more capable and efficient AI assistants for use in software development
An electroneurographic study on the conductive properties of the sural nerve with different stimulus distances.
No full textBackground: Sensory electroneurography is a method used to discover damage to the peripheral nervous system. The sural nerve is usually one of the first to lose its function in polyneuropathy. At the time of this study, it was hard to differentiate between a healthy patient with nerve dysfunction and someone with polyneuropathy. By using a shorter stimulus distance this problem might be fixed. Sensory electroneurography used in this study to compare if a shorter stimulating distance was more effective on the sural nerve. By comparing amplitude, distal latency and the conduction velocity between the distances could answer the question whether the data was proportionally between the distances. Material and method: The study investigated healthy volunteers that were put through an electroneurographic examination. Stimulation was done on 14 cm and 10 cm proximally to the register electrode. A paired t-test was used to compare the values from the patient at a significance level of α: 0,05. Results: The number of healthy volunteers was 42. The paired t-test showed a significant difference in amplitude from 14 cm to 10cm on both legs. The same was to be said about the distal latency on both legs. Dividing patients into age groups concluded that distal latency differed between the age groups, nothing else showed a significant difference. Discussion: The main conclusion drawn from this study was that the measurement values changed proportionally between distances. However, a more conclusive study with elderly patients and more volunteers is needed for a more robust result
The rectangular peg problem
No full textIn 2021 Greene and Lobb showed that for any smooth Jordan curve and for any aspect ratio, there is a rectangle with the given aspect ratio whose vertices lie on the curve. This thesis reproduces their proof on a level that is accessible to bachelor students, adding many details. A theorem by Nemirovski, which Greene and Lobb's proof relies on, is also studied
Motivation till fysisk aktivitet hos patienter med diabetes mellitus typ 2 : En litteraturöversikt utifrån patienters erfarenheter
No full textIntroduction: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is a growing public health problem worldwide. The risk factors and complications from DMT2 can be treated or improved by being physically active. One of the difficulties for many patients is the motivation for physical activity. By illustrating which experiences patients with DMT2 have regarding motivation, it can hopefully help other patients with their motivation. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe which experiences patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 have regarding motivation to physical activity. Method: This is a literature review based on qualitative articles and eleven scientific articles were used in this study which was found through the databases PubMed and CINAHL. All of the articles were quality-assessed using a quality review template from SBU. The results from the articles were analysed through Popnoe et al. (2021) model for analysis of data in the literature review. Results: The results were divided into two categories and six subcategories. The first category is Patients experience of support and education, with the subcategories Family members and healthcare professionals, Knowledge and information and Positive experiences from group training. The second category is Challenges with the subcategories Obstacles and barriers, Motivation from the results of being physically active and Self-esteem and self-confidence. Conclusion: Motivation for physical activity in patients with DMT2 was influenced and affected by different elements. Family, healthcare professionals, being in a community in terms of a training group and visible results were all motivators for physical activity. The result emphasised the importance of the individual's self-esteem, self-confidence and integrity. DMT2 can to a great extent be treated by doing lifestyle changes. These changes require the patient to take their own responsibility and have to be willing to change their lifestyle.
Justice and Governance in SDG Implementation : A Comparative Study of Nepal and Sweden
No full text This thesis explores how justice-based governance influences the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nepal and Sweden. It addresses the problem of unequal SDG progress, especially regarding equity, representation, and community participation. This issue is crucial to understanding how institutional and societal structures shape the outcomes of global development frameworks at the national level. The research applies a justice-oriented analytical framework, focusing on distributive, recognition, and procedural justice. Using qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews with civil society organizations and development actors, the study employs a comparative case study design to examine both grassroots and institutional approaches in the two countries. Findings reveal that Sweden demonstrates strong procedural and distributive justice, supported by institutional coordination and participatory governance. However, gaps remain in recognition justice, particularly in addressing intersectional gender and global equity. In Nepal, while institutional capacity is weaker, grassroots innovations, especially those led by women and marginalized communities, play a significant role in SDG localization. Yet, structural inequalities and limited funding continue to constrain broader progress. The study concludes that justice-oriented SDG implementation is shaped by both formal governance systems and bottom-up practices. The two cases demonstrate complementary strengths: Nepal’s adaptive community leadership and Sweden’s institutional coherence. These insights highlight that embedding justice within SDG strategies is not only a normative imperative but also a practical requirement for inclusive and sustainable development.