Publikationer från Uppsala Universitet
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Secret data interception and the distinction between preliminary investigations and intelligence operations
No full textDe senaste åren har präglats av omfattande lagstiftningsarbeten på det straffprocessrättsliga området. År 2020 infördes den för närvarande tidsbegränsade lagen om (2020:62) om hemlig dataavläsning (LHDA), det har även införts förändringar i rättegångsbalken (RB) genom att exempelvis införa det nya tvångsmedlet genomsökning på distans. Vidare har tillståndsförfarandet vid hemlig avlyssning av elektronisk kommunikation i vissa fall förenklats. Dessa ändringar utgör endast ett axplock, men har medfört ökade möjligheter för rättsväsendet att utreda och lagföra brott men samtidigt en svårighet för remissinstanser i lagstiftningskedjan att på ett konkret och tydligt sätt ha möjlighet att bilda en helhetssyn av vad de många ändringarna i själva verket innebär. Remissinstanser, författare, jurister och andra rättstillämpare har ingen lätt uppgift när det kommer till att avgöra den faktiska innebörden av dessa förändringar – många bäckar små. Två områden som har varit föremål för senaste års lagändringar är den nyss nämnda LHDA samt lag (2007:979) om åtgärder för att förhindra vissa särskilt allvarliga brott (preventivlagen). Skälen till dessa lagstiftningsarbeten är starkt förankrad i samhällsutvecklingen. Ökningen av skjutvapenvåld anges uttryckligen vara ett skäl till att brottsutredande myndigheter behöver en större verktygslåda. Samtidigt har även Polismyndighetens och Säkerhetspolisens underrättelseverksamhet fått ökad betydelse. Både LHDA och preventivlagen berör i hög utsträckning de brottsbekämpande myndigheternas underrättelseverksamhet. Gränsdragningen mellan förundersökning och underrättelseverksamhet är allt annat än solklar. Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera gränsdragningen mellan underrättelseverksamhet och förundersökning, särskilt i de fall där hemlig dataavläsning används för att utreda vem som skäligen kan misstänkas för brott. I andra hand syftar uppsatsen även till att analysera förfarandet vid fortsatt preventiv tvångsmedelsanvändning när det under underrättelsearbetets gång har uppkommit förutsättningar att inleda en förundersökning.
Magnetic order and long-range interactions in mesoscopic Ising chains
No full textWe investigate the design of magnetic ordering in one-dimensional mesoscopic magnetic Ising chains by modulating long-range interactions. These interactions are affected by geometrical modifications to the chain, which adjust the energy hierarchy and the resulting magnetic ground states. Consequently, the magnetic ordering can be tuned between antiferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic dimer phases. These phases are experimentally observed in chains fabricated using both conventional electron-beam lithography and ion implantation techniques, demonstrating the feasibility of controlling magnetic properties at the mesoscale. The ability of attaining these magnetic structures by thermal annealing, underlines the potential of using such systems instead of simulated annealers in tackling combinatorial optimization tasks
Associations between accurate measures of adiposity and fitness, blood proteins, and insulin sensitivity among South Asians and Europeans
No full textObjective South Asians (SAs) may possess a unique predisposition to insulin resistance (IR). We explored this possibility by investigating the relationship between 'gold standard' measures of adiposity, fitness, selected proteomic biomarkers, and insulin sensitivity among a cohort of SAs and Europeans (EURs).Methods A total of 46 SAs and 41 EURs completed 'conventional' (lifestyle questionnaires, standard physical exam) as well as 'gold standard' (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, cardiopulmonary exercise test, and insulin suppression test) assessments of adiposity, fitness, and insulin sensitivity. In a subset of 28 SAs and 36 EURs, we also measured the blood-levels of eleven IR-related proteins. We conducted Spearman correlation to identify correlates of steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) derived from the insulin suppression test, followed by multivariable linear regression analyses of SSPG, adjusting for age, sex and ancestral group.Results Sixteen of 30 measures significantly associated with SSPG, including one conventional and eight gold standard measures of adiposity, one conventional and one gold standard measure of fitness, and five proteins. Multivariable regressions revealed that gold standard measures and plasma proteins attenuated ancestral group differences in IR, suggesting their potential utility in assessing IR, especially among SAs.Conclusion Ancestral group differences in IR may be explained by accurate measures of adiposity and fitness, with specific proteins possibly serving as useful surrogates for these measures, particularly for SAs
The urinary microbiome in association with diabetes and diabetic kidney disease : A systematic review
No full textBACKGROUND: The urinary microbiome, or urobiome, is a novel area of research that has been gaining attention recently, as urine was thought to be sterile for years. There is limited information about the composition of the urobiome in health and disease. The urobiome may be affected by several factors and diseases such as diabetes, a disease that often leads to kidney damage. Thus, we need to understand the role of the urobiome to assess and monitor kidney disease related to diabetes over time. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review to summarize knowledge about the urobiome in association with diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease. The search was conducted in several electronic databases until November 2024. RESULTS: Eighteen studies were selected including cross-sectional case-control studies, cross-sectional surveys and one prospective longitudinal study. In total, the urobiome of 1,571 people was sequenced, of which 662 people had diabetes, and of these 36 had confirmed diabetic kidney disease; 609 were healthy individuals, 179 had prediabetes or were at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 121 did not have diabetes but had other comorbidities. Eight studies analysed data from females, one was focused on male data, and the other nine had mixed female-male data. Most of the studies had a small sample size, used voided midstream urine, and used 16S rRNA sequencing. CONCLUSION: This systematic review summarizes trends seen throughout published data available to have a first baseline knowledge of the urinary microbiome, and its microbiota, in association with diabetes including the decreased richness and α-diversity in urinary microbiota in individuals with diabetes compared to healthy controls and the decreased α-diversity with the evolution of kidney disease independently of the cause
Does native status and body size of bees influence pollenremoval from Solanum rostratum during buzz pollination?
No full textBuzz pollination is a relatively specialized pollination system where a bee creates highfrequency vibrations that forces pollen out of the flower’s anthers. The vibration that iscreated is described by frequency, amplitude and duration, and the type of vibrations producedvary widely among bee species and are partly determined by bee size. To date, it is unclearwhether plant species require vibrations from specific bee species to optimally release pollen.This thesis investigates whether origin of the bee (native vs. non-native relative to the plant’sorigin) and bee size affects the amount of pollen extracted when buzz pollinating Solanumrostratum (Solanaceae). To do this, we recreated buzzes of different bee species that either cooccur with S. rostratum (native pollinators) or not (non-native pollinators) and applied themto flowers to stimulate pollen release. Vibrations representative of 14 bee species were appliedto an individual flower using a mechanical shaker. Released pollen was collected and countedusing an electronic particle counter. Our results show that the body size of the bee correlatedpositively with pollen removed, but the origin of the bee (native vs non-native) is not relatedto pollen release. Our results suggest that bees with a larger body size can extract more pollenfrom S. rostratum, which is likely related to their general ability to vibrate with a higheramplitude than bees with a smaller body size. The lack of an association between the origin ofthe bee and pollen release suggests that bees of similar size might release the same amount ofpollen regardless of whether they co-occur with the plant (native) or not (not native), all elseequal. I argue that buzz pollination although functionally specialized, allows plants toestablish in new areas and still be successful in pollination regardless of the taxonomicidentity of the new floral visitors
Emancipatory entrepreneurship as the lifelong pursuit of Eigensinn
No full textEntrepreneurship can be a pathway to emancipation from social constraints and economic oppression. However, the stories of emancipatory entrepreneurship reveal that these pathways are as diverse and unique as entrepreneurs themselves. Inspired by Hermann Hesse, we explore this variation by conceptualizing emancipatory entrepreneurship as the lifelong pursuit of Eigensinn, a self-creating process of development that involves: i) discovering one’s inner voice, ii) recognizing a growing dissonance between Eigensinn and the outer world, and iii) accepting the consequences of following one’s inner voice. Eigensinn contributes a unifying lens to explore what inspires entrepreneurs in pursuing emancipation while adding a biographical dimension that frames emancipatory entrepreneurship as a profoundly subjective and open-ended journey. It emphasizes how the meanings of emancipation can evolve or rupture throughout different phases of life, urging entrepreneurs to remain attuned to their inner voice and confront the fear of radical uncertainty in answering its call
Risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation by HIV-status and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status during pre- and post-Omicron era in a national register-based cohort study in Sweden
No full textBackground: Data on the outcomes of COVID-19 in people living with HIV (PLHIV), specifically in relation to vaccination status, are lacking during the Omicron era. Methods: This nationwide registry-based study included all resident in Sweden >= 18 years with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test during January 2021-February 2023. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (adjOR) for COVID-19 hospitalisation and severe COVID-19 (ICU admission and 90-day mortality), categorised by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (0-1, 2, and >= 3 doses), and HIV-status. Analyses were then categorised by time periods of pre-Omicron, Omicron during public testing, and Omicron after public testing. Results: 1348 PLHIV and 1 669 389 people without HIV (PWoH) were included. PLHIV were older, more migrant (65 vs. 22%) and male (59 vs. 46%). Of PLHIV, 96% were on antiretroviral treatment and 94% virally suppressed. AdjORs of COVID-19 hospitalisation were similar irrespective of HIV-status, controlled for demographics, calendar month of infection, comorbidities, and income. PLHIV were more likely to be hospitalised than PWoH during Omicron and public testing (adjOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.2), but not after public testing. The odds of severe COVID-19 were three times higher in PLHIV compared to PWoH vaccinated with 2 doses (adjOR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-6.9), but not when vaccinated with >= 3 doses (adjOR 0.7, 95% CI 0.2-1.6). Migrant and low nadir CD4+ T-cells were associated with higher odds of hospitalisation in unvaccinated PLHIV. Conclusions: This nationwide study, including mostly well-treated PLHIV, highlights the importance of vaccination with booster dose/s for effective protection against severe COVID-19 in PLHIV
Saying `Criminality’, meaning ‘immigration’? : Proxy discourses and public implicatures in the normalisation of the politics of exclusion
No full textThis article explores political discourse in the context of an online-mediated 2021 rapprochement between Swedish ‘mainstream’ and far-right parties paving the way for their eventual 2022 electoral success and later joint government coalition. The article analyses specifically how the above political accord on the Swedish right – often seen as breaking the long-term cordon sanitaire around Sweden’s far right – would be legitimised via discourses that carried significant elaboration and deepening of the ‘criminality’ and ‘immigration’ connection later recontextualised into the broader Swedish public discourse and public imagination. Using social media analytics and qualitative, critical discourse analysis, we explore in depth a ‘discursive shift’ wherein the focus on criminality would become a key ‘proxy discourse’, i.e., a public-wide implicature, which, while referring to and debating a potentially genuine social issue would be strategically instrumentalised to effectively pre-legitimise ‘moral panics’ around immigration and cultural diversity. The analysis highlights that the emergence as well as the later recontextualisation of the ‘proxy discourse’ in question – implicitly suggesting that criminality, immigration, and cultural diversity are ‘somehow’ inherently connected – not only supported the political mainstreaming of the Swedish far-right’s anti-immigration stance but also normalised the wider tenets of illiberal, nativist ‘politics of exclusion’.This article was originally published with errors, which have now been corrected in the online version. Please see Correction http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2024.2302787.</p
All dried up : The materiality of drought in Ladismith, South Africa
No full textThis paper conceptualises droughts as socioecological phenomena coproduced by the recursive engagement of human and non-human transformations. Through an interdisciplinary approach that integrates political ecology, material geographies and hydroclimatology, this work simultaneously apprehends the role of politics and power in reshaping drought, along with the agency of biophysical processes – soil, vegetation, hydrology and microclimate – that co-produce droughts and their spatiotemporal patterning. The drought-stricken Ladismith in Western Cape, South Africa, is the instrumental case study and point of departure of our empirical analysis. To advance a materiality of drought that seriously accounts for the coevolution of biophysical and political transformations, we alter the spatiotemporal and empirical foci of drought analyses thereby retracing Ladismith’s socioecological history since colonial times. In turn, such extended framework exposes the agency of soil, vegetation, hydrology and microclimate and their metabolic exchanges with processes of colonisation, apartheid, capitalist and neoliberal transformations of South African economy. We argue that the narrow pursuit of profits and capital accumulation of the few has produced a fundamental disruption between nature and society which contributed to transform Ladismith’s drought into a socioecological crisis. Whilst advancing debates on materiality, we note two fundamental contributions to the study of drought. First, our approach makes hydrological accounts of droughts less politically naive and socially blind. Second, it develops a political ecology of droughts and socioecological crises more attuned to the materiality of drought. We contend that apprehending the materiality of drought and the active role of its non-human processes can further understandings of the workings of power and the production of socioecological injustices
Áhrif fyrirliggjandi sprungna og tektónískrar bergspennu á kvikuganga
No full textMagmatic dikes form an integral part of volcanic systems and transport magma from depth towards the surface. Dike propagation through the Earth’s crust is affected by the mechanical properties of the crust, which is important to better understand potential effects on volcanic activity. This thesis investigates the influence of crustal heterogeneity on magmatic dikes, focusing specifically on the interaction between magma and pre-existing weaknesses and on the influence of tectonic stress. Basaltic dikes exposed in moderately fractured hyaloclastite in the extinct Dyrfjöll volcanic system, NE Iceland, showed that dikes can follow existing fractures, change strike when intersecting them without propagating into a fracture or be arrested in front of a fracture. Laboratory models of intrusions into pre-faulted crust demonstrate that the host rock cohesion and the strength contrast between intact and faulted host rock strongly control if and how faults affect intrusions. Faults additionally affect the amplitude and pattern of intrusion-associated surface deformation. Finite Element models simulated dike opening in a tectonic stress field. Comparison of these to surface deformation associated with the 2021 February-March Fagradalsfjall dike, SW Iceland, show that tectonic stress can be a sufficient driving mechanism for dike opening. The relative amount of predicted opening and shearing of the dike plane is consistent with expectations based on geological models and the area’s obliquely-spreading tectonic setting. This thesis demonstrates the complexity of dikes interacting with heterogeneous crust and the potential of considering multidisciplinary research as a key to advance understanding of such interactions. Kvikugangar eru mikilvægir innviðir virkra eldstöðva og flytja kviku djúpt úr rótum eldstöðva til yfirborðs. Breytileiki i aflfræðilegum eiginleikum jarðskorpunnar hefur áhrif á hvernig kvikugangar myndast og þróast, og mikilvægt er að skilja betur hvernig þessi breytileiki getur haft áhrif á mögulega eldvirkni. Þetta doktorsverkefni kannar sérstaklega áhrif breytileika í gerð jarðskorpunnar á kvikuinnskot. Áhersla er lögð á að kanna samspil á milli innskota og misgengja og sprungna sem fyrir eru í berggrunninum og áhrif spennisviðs vegna flekahreyfinga. Basískir kvikugangar sem hafa skotist inn í móberg og sjá má í útkulnuðu eldstöðinni í Dyrfjöllum, Bogafirði eystra, voru kortlaggðir með gerð þrívíddarlíkana af svæðinu. Niðurstöðurnar sýna að kvikugangar geta fylgt sprungunum, þeir geta breytt stefnu sinni þegar þeir koma að sprungu eða þeir geta stoppað fyrir framan sprungu. Líkön voru gerð í tilraunastofu af myndun og þróun kvikuganga í jarðskorpu sem inniheldur sprungur og veikleika. Þau líkön sýna að munur á styrkleika jarðskorpu með og án sprungna, sem og samheldni (e. cohesion) jarðskorpunnar hefur mikil áhrif á hvort og hvernig misgengi hafa áhrif á kvikuganga. Misgengi í jarðskorpunni breyta líka munstri og stærð yfirborðshreyfinga samfara kvikuinnskotum. Þá voru gerð reiknilíkön með bútaaðferð (e. Finite Element Method) af myndun kvikuganga í spennusviði vegna flekahreyfinga. Slík líkön voru borin saman við jarðskorpuhreyfingar sem mældust þegar kvikugangur myndaðist í febrúar-mars 2021 við Fagradalsfjall. Niðurstaðan af þeim samanburði er að togspenna vegna flekahreyfinga getur verið megin drifkraftur kvikuinnskota. Opnun og skúfhreyfing á kvikugangsfletinum skv. reiknilíkönum er sambærileg við það sem má áætla út frá jarðfræðilegum aðstæðum á Reykjanesskaganum og skáreki flekahreyfinga (e. oblique spreading) þar. Þetta doktorsverkefni sýnir að samverkan kvikuganga og breytileika í aflfræðilegum eiginleikum jarðskorpunnar er mjög flókin og það að nota mismunandi rannsóknaraðferðir er lykill að auknum skilningi á slíkri samverkan.This PhD thesis is part of a double degree with the University of Iceland.The thesis will also be accessible on https://opinvisindi.is/ and the ISBN number was provided by the National and University Library of Iceland (Landsbókasafn Íslands - Háskólabókasafn).</p