56271 research outputs found
Sort by
Ethnic cleansing in Kosova and Nato intervention
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.NATO’s 1999 humanitarian intervention in Kosovo in order to stop the ethnic cleansing in the province has come to function as a precedent for other interventions. The aim of this thesis is to study this intervention in order to clarify what ethnic cleansing and humanitarian intervention mean, and to validate whether or not NATO’s actions were indeed justified in the face of events in Kosovo. Beginning with the historical background of the province, both in terms of the mythologies that had future implications in terms of identity formation for Serbs as well as its political development especially throughout the 20th century until 1999, the study moves on to a study of ethnic cleansing. Starting from an account of what ethnicity is and then going on to ethnic cleansing, the definition that is arrived at for ethnic cleansing is that it is deliberate state policy aimed at territorial homogenization, done in a two-step process, with removal coming first and resettlement next. Using this definition, it is determined that ethnic cleansing did occur in Kosovo. The problem arises upon beginning the discussion on humanitarian intervention (HI), where the principles of HI are simply detailed and followed by an account of NATO’s intervention. This study concludes that unlike the popular adage of “illegal but legitimate” that has been stated for this intervention, NATO’s intervention was actually both illegal and illegitimate, for the ethnic cleansing NATO was supposedly intervening to abort had gotten worse after the intervention rather than stopping when the intervention began.ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iv
ÖZ .............................................................................................................................. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................ vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... vii
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1
2. KOSOVO’S HISTORY ......................................................................................... 4
2.1. 1389--Battle of Kosovo-Polje ......................................................................... 4
2.2. Kosovo under Tito .......................................................................................... 8
2.3. Milosevic in Power and Kosovo ................................................................... 16
3. ETHNIC CLEANSING ....................................................................................... 27
3.1. Ethnicity in time ............................................................................................ 27
3.2. What is ethnicity? .......................................................................................... 30
3.3. What is ethnic cleansing? .............................................................................. 43
4. HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION ................................................................ 60
4.1. What is humanitarian intervention? .............................................................. 60
4.2. The problems of humanitarian intervention .................................................. 72
4.3. NATO intervention in Kosovo--illegal but legitimate? ................................ 77
5. RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT ..................................................................... 87
6. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 101
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 10
İdarenin hizmet kusurundan doğan sorumluluğu
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.Bu çalışmanın odak noktasını idarenin hizmet kusuruna dayanan sorumluluğu oluşturmaktadır. Hizmet kusuruna dayanan sorumluluk çerçevesinde ağır kusurun arandığı haller, hizmet kusurunun özellikleri ve seviyeleri incelenmiştir. İdari eylemlerde ve idari işlemlerde hizmet kusurunun nasıl ortaya çıktığı, hangi hallerde hizmet kusuruna dayanılması gerektiği, hangi hallerde ise kusursuz sorumluluk ilkelerine dayanılması gerektiği tespit edilmiştir.
Hizmet kusuruna dayanan sorumluluğun yanı sıra, idarenin özel hukuk sorumluluğuna, fiili yol durumlarına, tam yargı davalarında zarar kavramına, kusursuz sorumluluk ilkelerine ve sorumluluğu kaldıran hallere de yer verilmiştir.ÖZ ............................................................................................................. iv
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... v
TEŞEKKÜR ............................................................................................. vii
KISALTMALAR ..................................................................................... xii
GİRİŞ ......................................................................................................... 1
BÖLÜM 1 .................................................................................................. 2
İDARENİN SORUMLULUĞU ................................................................. 2
1.1. SORUMLULUK KAVRAMI VE TÜRLERİ ................................. 2
1.2. İDARE HUKUKUNDA SORUMLULUK ..................................... 7
1.2.1. İDARENİN SORUMLULUĞUNUN ANAYASAL VE YASAL TEMELİ ............................................................................................. 7
1.2.1.1. 1982 ANAYASASI ........................................................... 8
1.2.1.2. 657 SAYILI DEVLET MEMURLARI KANUNU ........ 11
1.2.2. İÇTİHATLARA GÖRE GÖREV KUSURU-KİŞİSEL KUSUR AYRIMI ........................................................................................... 11
1.2.3. İDARENİN ÖZEL HUKUKTAN KAYNAKLANAN SORUMLULUĞU ......................................................................................... 17
1.2.3.1. İDARENİN ÖZEL HUKUK SÖZLEŞMELERİNDEN DOĞAN SORUMLULUĞU ...................................................................... 17
1.2.3.2. KANUNLA ÖZEL HUKUKA TÂBİ KILINMIŞ SORUMLULUK ........................................................................................ 19
1.2.3.3. FİİLİ YOL NEDENİYLE DOĞAN SORUMLULUK ... 21
1.2.4. İDARENİN İDARE HUKUKUNDAN KAYNAKLANAN SORUMLULUĞU ......................................................................................... 25
1.2.4.1. İDARENİN SORUMLULUĞUNU DOĞURAN ŞARTLAR 25
1.2.4.1.1. TUTUM VE DAVRANIŞ................................................ 26
1.2.4.1.1.1. İDARİ İŞLEMLERDEN DOĞAN SORUMLULUK ... 26
1.2.4.1.1.2. İDARİ EYLEMLERDEN DOĞAN SORUMLULUK . 29
1.2.4.1.2. İDARİ SÖZLEŞMELERDEN DOĞAN SORUMLULUK ........................................................................................................................ 32
1.2.4.1.2. ZARAR ............................................................................ 35
1.2.4.1.2.1. ZARAR MEVCUT OLMALIDIR ............................ 36
1.2.4.1.2.2. ZARAR HUKUKEN KORUNAN BİR MENFAATE YÖNELİK OLMALIDIR ........................................................................... 41
1.2.4.1.2.3. ZARAR EKONOMİK DEĞERİ HAİZ OLMALIDIR .................................................................................................................... 42
1.2.4.1.2.3.1. MADDİ ZARAR ................................................ 43
1.2.4.1.2.3.2. MANEVİ ZARAR ............................................. 46
1.2.4.1.2.4. ZARAR İSTİSNAİ OLMALIDIR ............................ 51
1.2.4.1.2.4.1. ZARARIN NİCELİK YÖNÜNDEN İNCELENMESİ ..................................................................................... 51
1.2.4.1.2.4.2. ZARARIN NİTELİK YÖNÜNDEN İNCELENMESİ ..................................................................................... 53
1.2.4.1.3. İLLİYET BAĞI ................................................................ 57
1.2.4.2. KUSURLU VE KUSURSUZ SORUMLULUK AYRIMI . 62
1.2.4.2.1. İDARENİN KUSURSUZ SORUMLULUĞU ..................... 64
1.2.4.2.1.1. RİSK İLKESİ ................................................................ 65
1.2.4.2.1.1.1. TEHLİKELİ ALET, SİLAH VE İŞLERDEN DOĞAN SORUMLULUK ......................................................................... 66
1.2.4.2.1.1.2. SOSYAL RİSKLERDEN DOĞAN SORUMLULUK ........................................................................................ 68
1.2.4.2.1.1.3. MESLEKİ RİSKLERDEN DOĞAN SORUMLULUK ........................................................................................ 71
1.2.4.2.1.1.3.1. DAİMİ KAMU GÖREVLİLERİNİN GÖREVLERİ NEDENİYLE DOĞAN SORUMLULUK ..................... 72
1.2.4.2.1.1.3.2. GEÇİCİ OLARAK KAMU GÖREVLERİNE KATILANLARIN GÖREVLERİ NEDENİYLE DOĞAN SORUMLULUK .................................................................................... 74
1.2.4.2.1.2. KAMU KÜLFETLERİ KARŞISINDA EŞİTLİK İLKESİ ........................................................................................................... 76
1.2.4.2.1.2.1. BAYINDIRLIK VE TESİS FAALİYETLERİNDEN DOĞAN SORUMLULUK ......................................................................... 77
1.2.4.2.1.2.2. HUKUKA UYGUN İŞLEMLERDEN DOĞAN SORUMLULUK ........................................................................................ 79
BÖLÜM 2 ................................................................................................ 81
İDARENİN HİZMET KUSURUNDAN DOĞAN SORUMLULUĞU .. 81
2.1. HİZMET KUSURU KAVRAMI .................................................. 81
2.2. HİZMET KUSURUNUN ÖZELLİKLERİ ................................... 85
2.2.1. BAĞIMSIZ OLUŞU .............................................................. 86
2.2.2. ASLİ SORUMLULUK TÜRÜ OLUŞU ................................ 89
2.2.3. ANONİM OLUŞU ................................................................. 91
2.2.4. GENEL OLUŞU .................................................................... 95
2.2.5. SOMUT OLAYA GÖRE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ ............. 97
2.3. HİZMET KUSURU OLUŞTURAN DURUMLAR ..................... 98
2.3.1. İDARİ EYLEMLERE İLİŞKİN HİZMET KUSURU ......... 100
2.3.1.1. HİZMETİN KÖTÜ İŞLEMESİ .................................... 100
2.3.1.2. HİZMETİN GEÇ İŞLEMESİ ....................................... 103
2.3.1.3. HİZMETİN HİÇ İŞLEMEMESİ ................................... 107
2.3.2. İDARİ İŞLEMLERE İLİŞKİN HİZMET KUSURU ........... 111
2.3.2.1. HUKUKA AYKIRILIK VE KUSUR ........................... 112
2.3.2.2. İDARİ İŞLEMİN KENDİLİĞİNDEN HİZMET KUSURU OLUŞTURMASI .................................................................... 115
2.3.2.3. İDARİ İŞLEMİN UYGULANMASINDAN DOĞAN HİZMET KUSURU ................................................................................. 118
2.4. HİZMET KUSURUNUN AĞIRLIĞI ......................................... 120
2.4.1. AĞIR HİZMET KUSURU .................................................. 122
2.4.2. KUSURUN AĞIRLIĞINI ETKİLEYEN DURUMLAR .... 130
2.4.2.1. HİZMETİN İCRASINDA İDARENİN KARŞILAŞTIĞI GÜÇLÜKLER .......................................................................................... 130
2.4.2.2. HİZMETİN SOSYAL ÖNEMİ ..................................... 131
2.4.2.3. ZARARA UĞRAYANIN DURUMU .......................... 131
2.4.2.4. ZARARIN MEYDANA GELME İHTİMALİ.............. 132
2.4.2.5. İDARENİN SAHİP OLDUĞU İMKAN VE ARAÇLAR .................................................................................................................. 133
2.4.2.6. İDAREYE YOL GÖSTERECEK NİTELİKTE BİR MEVZUATIN VARLIĞI ......................................................................... 133
2.4.2.7. HİZMETİN İCRA ZAMANI VE YERİ ....................... 134
2.5. İDARENİN SORUMLULUĞUNU AZALTAN VEYA ORTADAN KALDIRAN HALLER ................................................................ 135
2.5.1. İDARENİN HUKUKA UYGUNLUK HALLERİNDEN YARARLANMASI ...................................................................................... 135
2.5.2. MÜCBİR SEBEP ................................................................. 137
2.5.3. BEKLENİLMEYEN HAL ................................................... 142
2.5.4. ZARAR GÖRENİN KUSURU ............................................ 146
2.5.5. ÜÇÜNCÜ KİŞİNİN FİİLİ ................................................... 149
SONUÇ .................................................................................................. 153
KAYNAKÇA ......................................................................................... 157
GENEL KAYNAKÇA ....................................................................... 157
İNTERNET KAYNAKLARI ............................................................. 163
İÇTİHAT KAYNAKLARI ................................................................ 16
Scalable data analytics using spark
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.This thesis presents our experience in designing a scalable data analytics platform on
top of Apache Spark (major) and Apache Hadoop (minor). We worked on three repre-
sentative applications: (1) Sentiment Analysis, (2) Collaborative Filtering and (3) Topic
Modeling. We demonstrated how to scale these applications on a cluster of 8 workers.
Each worker contributes 4 cores, 8 GB RAM, and 100 GB of disk space to the com-
pute pool. Our conclusion is that Apache Spark has enough maturity to be deployed in
production comfortably.Abstract ii
Öz iii
Acknowledgments v
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix
1 Introduction 1
2 Sentiment Analytics on Spark
2 2.1 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2.1 Preprocessing on the data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2.2 Naive Bayes Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3.1 Resilient Distributed Datasets(RDD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3.2 Broadcast Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.3 The Movie Reviews Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.4 Cluster Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.5 Model Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Experimental Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4.1 Apache Hadoop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4.2 Apache Mahout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4.3 Empirical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.3.1 Broadcasting vs. Not-broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.3.2 Time required for training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.3.3 Time required for testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Collaborative Filtering on Spark 13
3.1 MLBase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3 Online Recommendation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4 Topic Modeling on Hadoop 17
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4.3 LDA in MapReduce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.4 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4.1 The Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4.2 Cluster Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4.3 Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5 Conclusions 22
Bibliography 2
The halal nail polish:religion and body politics in the marketplace
No full textThe launch of halal nail enamel suitable for prayer offers a case to interrogate the complex ways through which social, cultural, material and religious interpretations of body intersect with marketplace dynamics, informing identities and discussing the increasingly instrumental role market actors’ play in the construction and maintenance of pious self
The markovian multi-criteria multi-project resource-constrained project scheduling problem
No full textThis chapter develops a Markovian multi-objective mathematical programming model for the resource allocation problem in dynamic PERT networks with a finite capacity of concurrent projects. It is assumed that new projects are generated according to a Poisson process and activity durations are independent random variables with exponential distributions. This system is represented as a queueing network with finite concurrent projects, where each activity of a project is operated at a dedicated service station with one server located in a node of the network. In this investigation, not only activity durations, but also operating costs of service stations per period are all considered as independent random variables. This problem is formulated as a multi-objective model using continuous-time Markov processes with three conflicting objectives to optimally control the resources allocated to service stations. It is impossible to solve this problem optimally in a reasonable time, and consequently we apply a particle swarm optimization (PSO) method to solve this multi-objective continuous-time problem using a goal attainment technique. Finally, to show the effectiveness of the proposed PSO, we compare the results of a discrete-time approximation of the original optimal control problem with the results obtained by the proposed PSO
AO* and penalty based algorithms for the Canadian traveler problem
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.The Canadian Traveler Problem (CTP) is a challenging path planning problem on stochastic graphs where some edges are blocked with certain probabilities and status of edges can be disambiguated only upon reaching an end vertex. The goal is to devise a traversal policy that results in the shortest expected traversal length between a given starting vertex and a termination vertex.
The organization of this thesis is as follows: In the first chapter we define CTP and its variant SOSP and present an extensive literature review related to these problems. In the second chapter, we introduce an optimal algorithm for the problem, based on an MDP formulation which is a new improvement on AO* search that takes advantage of the special problem structure in CTP. The new algorithm is called CAO*, which stands for AO* with Caching. CAO* uses a caching mechanism and makes use of admissible upper bounds for dynamic state-space pruning. CAO* is not polynomial-time, but it can dramatically shorten the execution time needed to find an exact solution for moderately sized instances. We present computational experiments on a realistic variant of the problem involving an actual maritime minefield data set.
In the third chapter, we introduce a simple, yet fast and effective penalty-based heuristic for CTP that can be used in an online fashion. We present computational experiments involving real-world and synthetic data that suggest our algorithm finds near-optimal policies in very short execution times.
Another efficient method for sub-optimally solving CTP, rollout-based algorithms, have also been shown to provide high quality policies for CTP. In the final chapter, we com- pare the two algorithmic frameworks via computational experiments involving Delaunay and grid graphs using one specific penalty-based algorithm and four rollout-based algo- rithms. Our results indicate that the penalty-based algorithm executes several orders of magnitude faster than rollout-based ones while also providing better policies, suggest- ing that penalty-based algorithms stand as a prominent candidate for fast and efficient sub-optimal solution of CTP.Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iii
Öz iv
Acknowledgments v
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix
Abbreviations x
1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview .................................... 1
1.2 The Canadian Traveler Problem ........................ 1
1.2.1 The Discrete Stochastic Obstacle Scene Problem .......... 2
1.3 Literature Review ................................ 3 1.4 Organization of the Thesis ........................... 4
2 An AO* Based Exact Algorithm for the Canadian Traveler Problem 5
2.1 Introduction ................................... 5
2.2 MDP and POMDP Formulations ....................... 6
2.2.1 MDP Formulation and The Bellman Equation ............ 7
2.2.2 Deterministic POMDP Formulation ................. 9
2.3 The CAO* Algorithm ............................. 11 2.3.1 AO Trees ................................ 11
2.3.2 The AO* Algorithm .......................... 14 2.3.3 The CAO* Algorithm ......................... 16 2.4 Computational Experiments .......................... 19
2.4.1 The BAO* and PAO* Algorithms ................... 19
2.4.2 Experimental Setup .......................... 21 2.4.3 Simulation Environment A ...................... 21 2.4.4 Simulation Environment
B ....................... 22
2.4.5 Simulation Environment
C....................... 24
2.4.6 Simulation Environment
D ...................... 25
2.5 Summary and Conclusions ........................... 26
3 A Fast and Effective Online Algorithm for the Canadian Traveler Prob- lem 29
3.1 Introduction ................................... 29 3.2 The DT Algorithm ............................... 30 3.3 Computational Experiments .......................... 32
3.3.1 Environment 1 ............................. 32 3.3.2 Environment 2 ............................. 34
3.4 Conclusions and Future Research ....................... 34
3.4.1 Conclusions ............................... 34 3.4.2 Limitations and Future Research ................... 35
4 A Comparison of Penalty and Rollout-Based Policies for the Canadian Traveler Problem 36
4.1 Introduction ................................... 36 4.2 Algorithms for CTP .............................. 37 4.2.1 Optimism (OMT) ........................... 37 4.2.2 Hindsight Optimization (HOP) .................... 38 4.2.3 Optimistic Rollout (ORO) ....................... 39 4.2.4 Blind UCT (UCTB) .......................... 39 4.2.5 Optimistic UCT (UCTO) ....................... 40 4.3 Computational Experiments .......................... 41
4.3.1 Delaunay Graph Results ........................ 43 4.3.2 Grid Graph Results .......................... 45 4.4 Conclusions and Future Research ....................... 46
4.4.1 Conclusions ............................... 46 4.4.2 Limitations and Future Research ................... 46
A Problem Instances in Simulation Environments C and D 48
Bibliography 5
Development of air-breathing polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell for small UAV application
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.Polymer exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are the devices that directly convert Chemical energy into Electrical energy and are potential candidates for portable and stationary power supply applications due to their several advantages over combustion engines. This study has been carried out to develop Air breathing and air cooling PEM Fuel cell stack for small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) application with a power re- quirement of 200 W. Keeping in view the available space and weight constraints of UAV, I have optimally designed the shape of active area (10 cm x 2 cm) and ow channels. Fluid ow analysis using ANSYS Fluent software was performed on dierent channel shapes and an optimal design (double serpentine), with least pressure drop and optimal velocity proles, was selected. Electro-chemical simulations were also done to predict the fuel cell performance (IV and Power curves) using MATLAB software prior manufacturing the prototype. Moreover, for the sake of DOE targets, initial tests were performed on single cell. Bipolar plates were more focused in terms of alternate material, novel design and fabrication process. An alternate fabrication technique was studied to manufacture Ex- panded Graphite (EG) polymer composite bipolar plates. Cutting molds were designed to cut channels on thin (0.6 mm) commercially acquired EG sheets. Three separate sheets, with ow channel textures removed, were glued to each other by a commercial conductive epoxy to build a single bipolar plate. The nal product was characterized in terms of electro-mechanical properties as well as density, weight and cost. Fabrica- tion process devised can be good alternate for small scale as well as mass production. Moreover, a PEM fuel cell stack is provided with an appropriate clamping torque to prevent leakage of reactant gases and to minimize the contact resistance between gas diusion media (GDL) and bipolar plates. GDL porous structure and gas permeability is directly aected by the compaction pressure which consequently drastically change the fuel cell performance. Single cell performance tests were performed at ve dier- ent clamping torque values for achieving optimal cell performance. Experimental and theoretical results were compared for making inferences about optimal cell performance.
Keywords: PEM Fuel Cell, Simulations, Bipolar Plate, Graphite polymer composite, manufacturing technique, Clamping torque, Optimal cell performanceDeclaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iv
Öz v
Acknowledgments vii
List of Figures xi
Abbreviations xiii
Physical Constants xiv
Symbols xv
1 Introduction to Fuel Cells
1 1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1.2 PEM Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 1.2.1 PEM Fuel Cell Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Technical Targets for PEM Fuel cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 Applications of PEM fuel cell technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Organization of dissertation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 PEM Fuel Cell Design and Prototype Fabrication 9 2.1 Fuel Cell Stack Design / size calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Mechanical Model of PEM Fuel cell components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.1 Bipolar Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.1.1 Main Functions of Bipolar Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.1.2 Essential Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1.3 Gas Flow Channel cross-section and layout design . . . . 12
2.2.2 Membrane Electrode Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.3 Gas Diusion Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.4 Seal / Gasket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.5 End Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.6 Single Cell Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Prototype Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.1 Bipolar Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.2 Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.3 Single cell assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 Development of PEM Fuel Cell using simulated results of bipolar ow eld design and electrochemical models 23
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Performance Prediction . . . . . . 31
3.3 Experimental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.1 Materials, Method and Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.2 Fuel Cell Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4 Crux of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4 An alternate low cost fabrication technique for PEM Fuel cell bipolar plates using graphite polymer composite material 39
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.2 Experimental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.2 Bipolar plate and reactants ow led design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2.3 Design of cutting Molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.4 Preparation of Bipolar Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.2.5 Characterization of the bipolar plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2.6 Mechanical Strength Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2.7 Contact Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.8 Electrical Conductivity Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.9 Weight Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.3.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.3.2 Electrical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3.3 Cost and Weight Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3.4 Fuel Cell performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.4 Main Crux / Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5 Experimental determination of optimal clamping torque for AB-PEM Fuel cell 51
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.1.1 Clamping Torque calculation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1.2 Contact Resistance and clamping Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.2 Experimental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2.1 Materials, Method and Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2.2 Contact Resistance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.2.3 Pressure Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.3.1 Pressure distribution results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.3.2 Single Cell Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.4 Summary of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6 Conclusion and Future Work 60
6.1 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . 6
Algorithm-embedded information technology applications in knowledge cities and the case of Istanbul
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.Ascityresourcesaroundtheworldbegintostretchbeyondcapacityduetoever-increasing population, a major challenge for an emerging knowledge city is to maintain high-quality living conditions for its residents. It is therefore imperative that existing city resources are used in an optimal manner by minimizing cost and maximizing utility. Such resources include physical resources such as transportation networks, schools, clinics, electricity, water and natural gas lines, sewers, and waste sites and human resources such as physi- cians, teachers, and other qualied personnel. To that end, algorithm-embedded infor- mation technology tools have proven to be tremendously useful for city decision makers, and technologies using algorithm-embedded systems are being used more frequently than ever before. In particular, as one of the emerging knowledge cities in the world, Istanbul has been deploying such applications at various levels for better use of the city's re- sources. The purpose of this study is two-fold: classify algorithm-embedded information technology application areas related to management of resources in a city in a systematic way, and; provide an up-to-date review of each application area and investigate the level of algorithm-embedded information technology use in Istanbul. The study has implica- tions for the city ocials as well as ocials of other emerging world knowledge cities regarding the use of existing algorithm-embedded information technology tools in their cities.Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iii
Öz iv
Acknowledgments v
List of Tables vii
Abbreviations viii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 AEIT Applications in the Literature and the Industry 6
2.1 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Infrastructural City Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 Water Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6 Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.7 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 The Case of Istanbul 22
3.1 Public Bus Travel Time Prediction System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 Fully Adaptive Trac Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 Earthquake Emergency Natural Gas Shut-o System . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4 Hospital Information Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.5 Baby Vaccine Alert System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.6 Chronic Disease Follow-up System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.7 E-School Course Timetabling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.8 Other Application Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4 Summary and Conclusions 39
A AEIT Interview Questionnaire 42
Bibliography 4
Delimitation of the Ottoman-Iranian frontier : Tahir Pasha and the Ottoman frontier commissioni 1905-1908
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.The Ottoman-Iranian frontier in the early twentieth century consists of two separate categories: (1) the disputed lands, where a status quo was declared between the two states, and (2) the undisputed lands, where the Ottoman-Iranian boundary had been already shaped. This study concentrates on one of the last Ottoman frontier commissions, led by Tahir Pasha between 1907 and 1908, and illustrates the historical trajectory that shows how Tahir Pasha, as an experienced Ottoman statesman, who lived more than thirty-three years in various eastern frontier provinces, was involved in the boundary making process. The study introduces not only Tahir Pasha to historical studies, but also it exposes the anatomy of the commission that he led, so the study presents insightful data regarding the salaries, previous tasks, and tenures of its officials, and conditions under which Ottoman commissioners served in a limited financial situation that restricted the activities of the Ottoman bureaucratic and military elites. Paradoxically, the expenditures of the commission and the cost of keeping alert the additional Ottoman troops in the frontier zone deteriorated the situation. Providing this data, this study shows how the commission interacted with British, Russian, and Iranian officials diplomatically in a period where the Ottoman military began to occupy parts of the contested lands between 1905 and 1908, and explains the possible reasons of the invasion by cinsidering the international power relations that was strained with the Ottoman intervention. Considering the impacts of the international conjecture, the study discusses how Ottoman and Iranian governments and commissioners held negotiations, what kind of procedures were applied, how negotiations were conducted, what the results were, and how all developments led both commissions to reach a deadlock regarding the fate of the boundary in 1908. During this process, Tahir Pasha's individual initiatives, research methods, and concluding remarks are analyzed by evaluating official reports he sent to Istanbul.Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ................................................................................................................................ vi
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... viii
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... x
List of Maps ............................................................................................................... xii
List of Tables............................................................................................................. xiii
List of Abbreviations................................................................................................. xiv
CHAPTER
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1
1. 1. Literature Review and Research Methodology ................................................ 6
1. 2. Review of Works on Ottoman Frontiers .......................................................... 6
1. 3. Research Methodology................................................................................... 12
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................... 14
2. 1. Ottoman-Safavid Relations and Frontiers (1502-1736) ................................. 14
2. 2. Ottoman-Qajar Relations and Frontiers (1796-1925) .................................... 18
2. 3. A Convention: For Peace or For War ............................................................ 24 2. 3. 1. The Anglo-Russian Treaty (1907-1914) ................................................ 25
2. 3. 2. Comments on the Anglo-Russian Convention: ...................................... 26
2. 3. 3. Disputed Border Zone ............................................................................ 31
FORMATION OF THE FRONTIER COMMISSION .............................................. 33
3. 1. Commission Members, Commission-Related Expenses, and Increasing Budgetary Problems ............................................................................................... 33
3. 2. Salaries and Travel Payments of the Commission Members ......................... 36
3. 3. Members of the Commission and Their Salaries ........................................... 37
3. 4. Occasional Expenditures, Military Fortifications, and the Claims for the Termination of the Boundary Commission ............................................................ 43 3. 5. Tahir Pasha’s Involvement in Boundary Delimitation................................... 46
3. 5. 1. Praying for Rain and Rioting against the Governor: The Case of Ferid Pasha .................................................................................................................. 47
xi
3. 5. 2. Anti-Governor Riot in Van: The Case of Ali Bey Efendi ...................... 50
THE COMMISSION IN ACTION ............................................................................ 52
4. 1. The Phase of Inquiry ...................................................................................... 52
4. 1. 1. A Local Dispute: Pro-Iranian Muslims and Nestorians vs. Pro-Ottoman Kurdish Villagers ............................................................................................... 55
4. 1. 2. Charges against the Ottoman troops and Clarifications ......................... 57
4. 2. The Phase of New Occupations and Boundary Negotiations ........................ 62
4. 2. 1. Imperial Edicts, The Porte’s Reports, Ancient Treaties and Maps ........ 63
4. 2. 2. The Boundary Negotiations ................................................................... 71
4. 2. 3. Where was Ushni and where was the Status Quo Line? ........................ 82
4. 2. 4. Two Tribes and Their Search for Protection .......................................... 90
4. 2. 5. Ottoman Discourses and Savuçbulak ..................................................... 93
4. 2. 5. 1. Fundamentals of Ottoman Discourse for Military Fortification and Intervention ........................................................................................................ 95
4. 2. 6. The States and Inter-Tribal Conflicts ................................................... 100
Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 104
Bibiliography ........................................................................................................... 111
Appendices ............................................................................................................... 120
A. TAHIR PASHA’S CAREER LINE ................................................................ 120 The First Phase: (1868-1880) ........................................................................... 120 The Second Phase: (1880-1912) ...................................................................... 123
B. BIOGRAPHICAL REGISTER OF TAHIR PASHA ...................................... 129
C. SOME EXAMPLES FROM TAHIR PASHA’S REPORTS .......................... 131
D. MEMORANDUMS EXCHAGED BETWEEN THE COMMISSION OF TAHIR PASHA AND THE DELEGATES OF OTHER STATES ..................... 136
E. BRITISH TRANLSATION OF SECOND TREATY OF ERZURUM .......... 149
F. THE JOINT MAP OF RUSSIA AND BRITAIN ............................................ 152
G. THE MAP OF OTTOMAN-IRANIAN FRONTIER IN 1910 ....................... 153
H. REPRODUCTION OF THE MAP OF OTTOMAN-IRANIAN FRONTIER IN 1910 ...................................................................................................................... 154 I. THE PICTURES OF TAHIR PASHA AND WRATISLAW .......................... 15
Contracting out the state : the case of Istanbul metropolitan municipality
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir