56271 research outputs found
Sort by
Ayasofya ve Sultanahmet Camii
No full textUnutma İstanbul projesinin bir parçası olarak İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi ile Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu (TURİNG) işbirliği kapsamında Zeynep Odabaş tarafından çekilmiştir.İstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/16/YNY/0101) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/16/YNY/0101
Yorgun gün
No full textUnutma İstanbul projesinin bir parçası olarak İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi ile Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu (TURİNG) işbirliği kapsamında Ahmet Seydi FERİZ tarafından çekilmiştir.İstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/16/YNY/0101) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/16/YNY/0101
Osmanlı dönemi Türk anayasalarında hükümet sistemi ve yargı organının düzenlenişi
No full textKanun-i Esasi, anayasal tarihimiz açısından önemli bir belgedir ve ilk anayasamızdır.
Bu Anayasa’nın hukuken yürürlükten kaldırılması ise 1924 Anayasası ile olmuştur.
Yani, 1921 Anayasası’nın yapıldığı dönemde Kanun-i Esasi hukuken yürürlükten
kaldırılmış değildir. Bu çalışmada Kanun-i Esasi’nin hükûmet sistemi belirlenmeye
çalışılmış ve yasama ve yürütme organları karşısında Anayasa’nın yargı organını nasıl
düzenlediği irdelenmiştir; ancak bu yakın ilgi gereği 1921 Anayasası da bu dönem
içerisinde incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile anayasal kurumlarımızın çok eskilere dayandığı
anlaşılmaktadır. Henüz 1876 senesinde ilk anayasanın yapılması ve anayasal
kurumların hukuk sistemimize dahil olması dikkate değer bir gelişmedir. 1876
Anayasası’nın ilk hali için aynı şey denemese de 1909 senesinde Kanun-i Esasi’de
parlamenter sisteme uygun bir hükûmet sisteminin oluşturulduğu görülmektedir.
Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde ise Kanun-i Esasi'nin anayasacılığımızdaki yerini
gösterebilmek amaçlanmış ve diğer Türk anayasalarının hükûmet sistemleri ve yargı
organları, 1876 Kanun-i Esasisi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Türk hükûmet sistemlerinin
anayasa tarihimizde nasıl bir seyir izlediği kısaca belirtilmiştir. Kavramların süreklilik
içerisinde nasıl devam ettiği görülebilmektedir. İlk anayasamız olan Kanun-i Esasi
üzerine yapılan incelemelerin genellikle birinci el Osmanlıca kaynaklara dayanmadığı
anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Osmanlıca birinci el kaynaklardan faydalanılmıştır. Bu
anlamda ilgili dönemde yazılmış Osmanlıca ders kitapları, anayasa hukukunu
ilgilendiren makaleler ve yazılar incelenmiştir.Öz................................................................................................................................. iv
Abstract ....................................................................................................................... vi
İçindekiler ....................................................................................................................vii
Kısaltmalar Listesi ........................................................................................................ xii
BÖLÜMLER
1. GİRİŞ ......................................................................................................................... 1
2. OSMANLI ANAYASALARI ........................................................................................... 3
2.1. Kanun-i Esasi'de Hükûmeti Sistemi ve Yargı Organının Düzenlenişi ................. 3
2.1.1. Anayasanın Hazırlanış Süreci ve Anayasadaki Düzenlemeler ..................... 3
2.1.2. Kanun-i Esasi'de Yasama Organı ................................................................. 6
2.1.2.1. Meclis-i Umumi'nin Kuruluşu ............................................................... 6
2.1.2.1.1. Heyet-i Ayan .................................................................................. 7
2.1.2.1.2. Heyet-i Mebusan ........................................................................... 7
2.1.2.3. Kanunların Yapılması ............................................................................ 9
2.1.2.3.1. Kanun Yapım Usulü ........................................................................ 9
2.1.2.3.2. Anayasa Değişikliği Kanunları ...................................................... 13
2.1.2.3.3. Bütçe Kanunları ........................................................................... 14
2.1.2.3.3.1. Divan-ı Muhasebat ve Heyet-i Mebusan .............................. 15
2.1.2.4. Muvakkaten Kanun Çıkarma Yetkisi ................................................... 16
2.1.2.5. Sorumsuzluk ve Dokunulmazlık ......................................................... 17
2.1.3. Kanun-i Esasi'de Yürütme Organı ............................................................. 20
2.1.3.1. Padişah ............................................................................................... 20
2.1.3.1.1. Padişah'ın Yetkileri ...................................................................... 21
2.1.3.1.1.1. Vekillerin Atanması ve Görevden Alınması ........................... 21
2.1.3.1.1.2. Nizamname Hazırlama Yetkisi ............................................... 21
2.1.3.1.1.3. Kanunların Tasdiki ve İlanı Yetkisi ......................................... 22
2.1.3.1.1.4. Ahkâm-ı Şer'iye ve Kanuniyenin İcrası .................................. 22
2.1.3.1.1.5. Rütbe, Makam ve Nişan Verilmesi ........................................ 22
2.1.3.1.1.6. Para Basılması ve Hutbelerde Namının Zikri ......................... 23
2.1.3.1.1.7. İmtiyazlı Eyaletler Hakkındaki Yetkisi .................................... 23
2.1.3.1.1.8. Uluslararası Andlaşma Akdi, Harp ve Sulh İlanı .................... 23
2.1.3.1.1.9. Kara ve Deniz Kuvvetlerine Komuta Etme ............................ 26
2.1.3.1.1.10. Meclis'in Toplanması, Tatili ve Feshi ................................... 26
2.1.3.1.1.11. Cezaları Affetme veya Hafifletme Yetkisi ............................ 30
2.1.3.1.1.12. Sürgün Yetkisi ...................................................................... 30
2.1.3.1.2. Padişah'ın Halife Sıfatı ................................................................. 31
2.1.3.1.3. Padişah'ın Sorumsuzluğu ............................................................. 32
2.1.3.1.4. Saltanat Ailesinin Hukuki Durumu ............................................... 33
2.1.3.2. Meclis-i Vükela .................................................................................. 33
2.1.3.2.1. Meclis-i Vükela'nın Oluşumu ....................................................... 34
2.1.3.2.2. Vekillerin Yetkileri ve Meclis-i Vükela'nın İşleyişi ........................ 34
2.1.3.2.3. Vekillerin Sorumluluğu ................................................................ 35
2.1.3.2.4. Kanun-i Esasi'de Gensoru ............................................................ 38
2.1.3.2.5. Vekillik ile Meclis-i Umumi Üyeliği .............................................. 40
2.1.4. Kanun-i Esasi'de Yargının Düzenlenişi ...................................................... 40
2.1.4.1. Yargıya İlişkin Temel İlkeler ................................................................. 40
2.1.4.1.1. Hâkim Teminatları ve Mahkemelerin Bağımsızlığı ...................... 40
2.1.4.1.2. Hâkimlik Mesleği ......................................................................... 41
2.1.4.1.3. Davaların Aleniyeti ...................................................................... 41
2.1.4.1.4. Delil Serbestisi ............................................................................. 41
2.1.4.1.5. Mahkemelerin Görevi Dahilindeki Davayı Görme Mecburiyeti .. 41
2.1.4.1.6. Doğal Yargıç İlkesi ........................................................................ 42
2.1.4.1.7. Olağanüstü Mahkeme Yasağı ...................................................... 42
2.1.4.2. Adli Mahkemeler ................................................................................ 43
2.1.4.3. İdari Mahkemeler ............................................................................... 44
2.1.4.4. Yüksek Mahkemeler ........................................................................... 44
2.1.4.4.1. Divan-ı Âli ..................................................................................... 44
2.1.4.4.2. Anayasa'da Belirtilen Diğer Yüksek Yargı Kuruluşları .................. 45
2.1.5. Kanun-i Esasi'de Hükûmet Sistemi Hakkında Değerlendirme .................. 46
2.1.5.1. 1876 Anayasası'nın İlk Hali ................................................................. 46
2.1.5.2. 1909 Değişiklikleri İle Ortaya Çıkan Durum ........................................ 47
2.2. 1921 Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kanunu'nda Hükûmet Sistemi .................................... 48
2.2.1. Anayasa'nın Yapılışına Kadarki Vaziyet ..................................................... 48
2.2.2. 1921 Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kanunu'nda Yasama ve Yürütme Yetkilerinin
Mecliste Toplanması ........................................................................................... 52
2.2.2.1. BMM 'nin Kuruluşu ve İşleyişi ............................................................ 53
2.2.2.2. BMM'nin Yetkileri ............................................................................... 54
2.2.2.3. BMM Reisi .......................................................................................... 55
2.2.2.3.1. BMM Reisi'nin Seçimi .................................................................. 55
2.2.2.3.2. BMM Reisi'nin Görevleri .............................................................. 55
2.2.2.4. İcra Vekilleri Heyeti ............................................................................. 55
2.2.2.4.1. İcra Vekilleri Heyeti'nin Oluşumu ................................................ 55
2.2.2.4.2. İcra Vekilleri Heyeti'nin Görevleri ve Sorumluluğu ..................... 59
2.2.2.5. Reisicumhur ........................................................................................ 60
2.2.2.5.1. Reisicumhur'un Seçimi ................................................................ 60
2.2.2.5.2. Reisicumhur'un Görevleri ............................................................ 60
2.2.3. 1921 Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kanunu'nda Yargı ................................................. 60
2.2.4. 1921 Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kanunu'nda Hükûmet Sistemi ............................. 62
2.2.5. 1921 Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kanunu ile Kanun-i Esasi Arasındaki İlişki ............ 64
3. CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİ TÜRK ANAYASALARININ HÜKÛMET SİSTEMLERİ VE YARGI
ORGANLARININ YAPISININ OSMANLI DÖNEMİ ANAYASALARI İLE MUKAYESESİ ........ 67
3.1. Giriş .................................................................................................................. 67
3.2. Hükûmet Sistemlerinin Karşılaştırılması .......................................................... 67
3.2.1. Yasama Organları ...................................................................................... 68
3.2.1.1. Meclislerin Kuruluşu ........................................................................... 68
3.2.1.2. Meclislerin İşleyişi .............................................................................. 70
3.2.1.3. Meclislerin Yetkileri ............................................................................ 72
3.2.1.4. Kanunların Yapılması .......................................................................... 74
3.2.1.4.1. Kanunların Yapım Usulleri ........................................................... 74
3.2.1.4.2. Anayasa Değişikliği Kanunları ...................................................... 76
3.2.1.4.3. Bütçe Kanunları ........................................................................... 77
3.2.1.4.4. KHK Yetki Kanunları ..................................................................... 77
3.2.1.4.5. Uluslararası Andlaşmaların Onay Kanunları ................................ 78
3.2.1.5. Sorumsuzluk ve Dokunulmazlık ......................................................... 79
3.2.2. Yürütme Organları .................................................................................... 81
3.2.2.1. Cumhurbaşkanı .................................................................................. 82
3.2.2.1.1. Cumhurbaşkanının Seçimi ........................................................... 82
3.2.2.1.2. Cumhurbaşkanının Yetkileri ........................................................ 84
3.2.2.1.3. Cumhurbaşkanının Sorumsuzluğu ve Tarafsızlığı ........................ 91
3.2.2.1.4. Cumhurbaşkanına Vekalet .......................................................... 94
3.2.2.2. Bakanlar Kurulu .................................................................................. 95
3.2.2.2.1. Bakanlar Kurulu'nun Oluşumu .................................................... 95
3.2.2.2.2. Bakanlar Kurulu'nun Yetkileri ...................................................... 97
3.2.2.2.2.1. Tüzük Hazırlamak .................................................................. 97
3.2.2.2.2.2. Olağanüstü Yönetim Usulleri ................................................ 99
3.2.2.2.3. Bakanlar Kurulu'nun Sorumluluğu ............................................ 101
3.2.2.2.4. Bakanlara Vekalet ...................................................................... 104
3.2.3. Hükûmet Sistemleri ................................................................................ 105
3.3. Yargı Organlarının Düzenlenişlerinin Karşılaştırılması ................................... 108
3.3.1. Yargıya İlişkin Temel İlkeler..................................................................... 109
3.3.1.1. Hâkimlik Mesleği .............................................................................. 109
3.3.1.2. Savcılık Mesleği ................................................................................ 110
3.3.1.3. Hâkim Teminatları ............................................................................ 110
3.3.1.4. Duruşmaların Açık ve Kararların Gerekçeli Olması ........................... 113
3.3.1.5. Doğal Yargıç İlkesi, Hâkimin Önüne Gelen Davaya Bakma Mecburiyeti
ve Delil Serbestisi .......................................................................................... 114
3.3.1.6. Mahkemelerin Bağımsızlığı .............................................................. 116
3.3.1.7. İdarenin Yargısal Denetimi ............................................................... 117
3.3.2. Mahkemelerin Kuruluşu ......................................................................... 118
3.3.3. Yüksek Mahkemeler ............................................................................... 120
3.3.3.1. Anayasa Mahkemesi ......................................................................... 120
3.3.3.2. Yargıtay ............................................................................................. 125
3.3.3.3. Danıştay ............................................................................................ 126
3.3.3.4. Askeri Yargıtay ve Askeri Yüksek İdare Mahkemesi .......................... 127
3.3.3.5. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi .................................................................... 128
4. SONUÇ .................................................................................................................. 130
KAYNAKÇA ................................................................................................................ 137
EKLER ........................................................................................................................ 148
A. KANUN-I ESASİ .................................................................................................. 148
B.KANUN-I ESASİ'DE YAPILAN DEĞİŞİKLİKLER ...................................................... 16
A case study:effects of EMDR therapy on a patient with persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD)
No full textLoss of a loved one is a distressing event that may result in grief characterized by emotional distress, longing of the dead, and dysfunctionality. Persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD) is differentiated by extended and damaging bereavement [1], which is being treated by some with EMDR [2]. In this study, the effects of an EMDR session on a patient with PCBD will be analyzed
Energy-climate-economy-society nexus : regional and global supply chains of the world’s food production
No full textA web-based decision support tool for global and supply chain-linked carbon footprint accounting
No full textThis thesis proposes a first web-based global carbon footprint accounting platform for world economies. As a response to steeply rising global carbon emissions, many nations decelerated to minimize their regional and global carbon emission in a recent United Nation’s Conference on Climate change (COP21). In this regard, global multiregional input-output databases such as World Input-Output Database (WIOD), EXIOBASE, and EoRA become very critical databases to trace the regional and global greenhouse gas emissions of countries worldwide. Although these databases become very successful and critical for a consumption-based carbon footprint accounting, there is certain research need on developing an open source and web-based carbon footprint accounting model using these databases. This will increase the visibility of these tools and increase the application of consumption-based carbon footprint studies in multidisciplinary research fields including engineering and social sciences. As a response to this research gap, an open source web based carbon footprint accounting platform was developed. This platform is capable of analyzing the greenhouse contributions of each country with four different outputs such as scope based carbon footprint analysis, supply chain decomposition analysis, comparative country carbon footprint analysis, and time series carbon footprint analysis. The tool was constructed using the Ruby on Rails, with data accessed from the WIOD, and offers users to customize their inputs based on 40 countries and 35 economic sectors. In time this tool will include triple bottom-line supply chain analysis to fully map greenhouse emissions, energy consumption and socio-economic impacts, such as employment generation, economic value added and human health impacts.Abstract iv
Öz v
Acknowledgments vii
List of Figures x
List of Tables xi Abbreviations xii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Global Climate Change and Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Novelty and Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Thesis Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Literature Review 5
2.1 Life Cycle Assessment and Input-Output Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Method 13
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Ruby on Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.1 Ruby on Rails Applications Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.2 Logic of Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Tool Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.1 Request Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3.2 Parse Matching Data (Filtering) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.3 Calculation Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.4 Results Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 Results 20
4.1 Tabulated Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2 Production versus Consumption-based Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3 Impact by Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4 Sector Breakdown for Supply Chain Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.5 Scope Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.6 Time Series Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5 Conclusion 29
Bibliography 3
Travel Demand Management (TDM) case study for social behavioral change towards sustainable urban transportation in Istanbul
No full textIn order to realize sustainable cities, it is vital to achieve and maintain social behavioral change for shifting our modes of mobility from inefficient, wasteful and motorized means to cleaner, greener, healthier and more economic means such as walking, cycling and public transportation in addition to smart use of land, intelligent transportation systems, and clean and green vehicles. This study is based on a critical review of literature in order to establish a framework of social behavioral change policies, particularly developed and tested for urban mobility and traffic congestion. First, various mega cities were compared on different sustainability indicators to better understand the case of Istanbul. Then, selected policy potentials, namely Travel Demand Management (TDM), were evaluated for Istanbul following a set of personal interview surveys aiming to reveal travel patterns of residents, their perceptions and attitudes on current transport system performance, and their opinions for possible TDM interventions in the future. We proposed a multiplicative model to process data from these surveys as inputs, which would then be used to determine travel demand. A simulation model was constructed using PTV-VISSIM tool and validated with current traffic congestion metrics obtained from field measurements in a selected district of Istanbul. Based on this validated simulation model, projections of traffic conditions in the future under different TDM scenarios were predicted with the help of determined TDM potentials obtained from the survey results. As a result of this study, it was revealed that the traffic congestion levels in Istanbul tend to become worse year by year under existing conditions, but it was also found that the TDM policies offer significant potential for reducing congestion, hence its consequent hazards, via increased use of sustainable mobility modes without the need for new infrastructure investments
A framework for water and carbon footprint analysis of national electricity production scenarios
No full textWhile carbon footprint reduction potential and energy security aspects of renewable and non-renewable resources are widely considered in energy policy, their effects on water resources are mostly overlooked. This research aims to develop a framework for water and carbon footprint analysis to estimate the current and future trends of water consumption and withdrawal by electricity production sectors for national energy development plans – alongside carbon emissions from various electricity sources. With this motivation, the Turkish electric power industry is selected as a case study and a decision support tool is developed to determine the water consumption, withdrawal and carbon emissions from energy mixes under three different scenarios, namely Business-As-Usual (BAU), Official Governmental Plan (OGP), and Renewable Energy-Focused Development Plan (REFDP). The results indicate that water is used substantially even by renewable resources, such as hydroelectricity and biomass, which are generally considered to be more environmental friendly than other energy sources. The average water consumption of the OGP energy mix in 2030 is estimated to be about 8.1% and 9.6% less than that of the BAU and REFDP scenarios, respectively. On the other hand, it is found that the water withdrawal of the energy mix in 2030 under the REFDP scenario is about 46.3% and 16.9% less than that of BAU and OGP scenarios. Carbon emissions from BAU are projected to be 24% higher than OGP and 39% higher than REFDP in 2030. Carbon emissions and water usage are strongly correlated in BAU scenario as compared with OGP and REFDP, thus carbon friendly energy sources will result in fewer water consumptions and withdrawals, particularly under REFDP
Measuring performance of children with speech and language disorders using a serious game
No full textSpeech therapy via serious games gives an opportunity to children with speech disorders and hearing problems to overcome their problems by playing serious games. As far as children are more inclined to play games, so we intend to learn them by entertainments. In this paper, we have designed and implemented a serious game that can be used both as therapy and as a tool to measure the performance of children with speech impediments. The game consists of three steps. The first step provides information for parents or therapists to decide if their child needs speech therapy or not. In the second step, the child starts to learn specific words while playing the game. The third step aims to measure the performance of the child and evaluate how much the child has learned at the end of the game. The game has an avatar which can be controlled by the child through speech, with the objective of moving the avatar around the environment to earn coins. The avatar is controlled by both voice commands such as Jump, Ahead, Back, Left, Right, and arrow keys of the keyboard. The game allows the child to practice longer hours, compared to clinical approaches under the supervision of a therapist, which are time-limited. Our preliminary performance measurements indicate an improvement of 40% for children who play our game 5 times
Design of an event based multi processors communication system
No full textThis paper presents an event based model multi-processor system that can handle events from hundreds ofterminals. The overall system acts as a single system as if it iscontrolled by a single processor. A communication system wasimplemented using the proposed model. Every node in the systemruns the same program and in order to add new processing nodesinto the system only the configuration files have to be changed