56271 research outputs found
Sort by
Systems thinking for life cycle sustainability assessment:a review of recent developments, applications, and future perspectives
No full textTracking the environmental impacts of production, use, and disposal of products (e.g., goods, and services) have been an important issue in the global economy. Although Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely applied method to track these environmental impacts and support policies, it has certain limitations and an isolated way of evaluating the environmental impacts with no consideration of social and economic impacts and mechanisms. To overcome the limits of current LCA, three mechanisms have been proposed in the literature: (1) broadening the indicators byincludingsocialandeconomicindicatorsinadditiontotheenvironmentalimpacts;(2)broadening the scope of analysis from product-level assessment to national and global levels; (3) deepening the assessmentbyinclusionofmoremechanismstoaccountforinterrelationsamongthesystemelements, uncertaintyanalysis,stakeholderinvolvement,etc. Withthesedevelopments,LCAhasbeenevolving into a new framework called Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA). Practical application of LCSA requires integration of various methods, tools, and disciplines. In this study, a comprehensive literature review is conducted to investigate recent developments, current challenges, and future perspectives in the LCSA literature. According to the review, a high number (40%) of LCSA studies are from the environmental science discipline, while contributions from other disciplines such as economics (3%) and social sciences (9%) are very low. On broadening the scope of analysis, 58% of the studies are product-level works, while 37% quantified the impacts at national level and achieved an economy-wide analysis, and only 5% of the studies were able to quantify the global impacts of products using LCSA framework. Furthermore, current applications of LCSA have not considered the rebound effects, feedback mechanisms, and interrelations of the system of interest sufficiently. To address these challenges, we present a complete discussion about the overarching role of systems thinking to bring tools, methods and disciplines together, and provide practical examples from the earlier studies that have employed various system-based methods. We discuss the importance of integrated system-based methods for advancement of LCSA framework in the following directions: (1) regional and global level LCSA models using multi-region input-output analysis that is capable of quantitatively capturing macro-level social, environmental, and economic impacts; (2) dealing with uncertainties in LCSA during multi-criteria decision-making process and expert judgments in weighting of LCSA indicators; and (3) integration of system dynamics modeling to reveal complex interconnections, dependencies, and causal relationships between sustainability indicators
Optimizing the pre-disaster emergency response system of Istanbul
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.Human history has been affected by the natural disasters and these disasters have shaped theflowofhistorywiththeirmagnitude. Modernlivingstyleofthe21stcenturyincreases thetendencytopreferurbanlife, andcreatesmetropolswithhugecrowds. Thispreferred dense and jammed order lead to an increase on risk factor, and make large cities, like İstanbul, more vulnerable to natural disasters. In this context, deciding on the location and the service routes of warehouses before the disaster will minimize the delivery time for survivors while keeping the efficiency of each warehouse at top level. In this thesis, we develop a mathematical programming model to determine the locations of main warehouses and emergency response units at neighborhood level for İstanbul. In order to evaluate and compare on this domain, we employ three modified optimization models. Based on our results, we propose optimal locations for main and satellite warehouses as well as quantity of humanitarian materials to the survivors. We believe that insights incurred in this thesis will provide invaluable analytical guidance for policymakers.Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iii
Öz iv
Acknowledgments vi
List of Figures x
List of Tables xi
Abbreviations xii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Turkey’s Experience with Natural Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Disaster History and Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 The Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Outline of Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Literature Review 9
2.1 Disaster and Supply Chain Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 General Introductory Insights in Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Review Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Heuristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 Single Criteria Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6 Multi Criteria Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.7 Stochastic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.8 Fuzzy Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.9 Humanitarian Logistics Studies on Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3 Humanitarian Logistics 20
3.1 Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Humanitarian Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 Humanitarian Warehouse Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4 Proposed Emergency Response System 26
4.1 Turkey Emergency Response Plan (TEMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2 Interaction of Proposed Emergency System and TEMS . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5 Methodology 30
5.1 Model Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.2 Objective Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.3 Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.3.1 Demand - Demk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.3.2 ERU Capacity - Superuj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.3.3 Main Warehouse Capacity - Supmaini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.3.4 Main Storage-ERU Distance - Dist1ij . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.3.5 ERU - Demand Point Distance - Dist2jk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.3.6 Assignment Parameter 1 - Act1ij . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.3.7 Assignment Parameter 2 - Act2jk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.3.8 ERU number limit - ERUnum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.3.9 Main warehouse limit - Mainnum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.4 Decision Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.4.1 Transfer amount of layer 2 - Recjk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.4.2 Transfer amount of layer 1 - Pij . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.4.3 Main warehouse functioning - Ai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.4.4 ERU center functioning - Bj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.4.5 Objective Value of Second Model - Obj2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.4.6 Objective Value of Third Model - Obj3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.4.7 Assignment variable of layer 1 - MTRij . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.4.8 Assignment variable of layer 2 - LTRjk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.5 Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.5.1 Constraint-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.5.2 Constraint-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.5.3 Constraint-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.5.4 Constraint-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.5.5 Constraint-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.5.6 Constraint-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.5.7 Constraint-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.5.8 Constraint-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.5.9 Constraint-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.5.10 Constraint-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.6 Experimental Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6 Application 42 6.1 Test Environment and Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.1.1 Test Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.1.2 Emergency Data of Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.1.3 Assumptions on Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.1.4 Creating Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.1.5 Reading the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.1.6 Solvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.1.7 Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.2 Minimum Facility Cost Model (MFC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.2.1 Capacity Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.2.2 MFC Model without Time Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.3 Urgent Delivery Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.3.1 Capacity Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.3.2 UD Model without Time Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.4 Urgent Warehouse Transfer Model (UW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.4.1 Capacity Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.4.2 UW Model without Time Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.5 Discussion of the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.5.1 Comparison with the State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7 Conclusion and Future Work 64
A Capacity Usage and Transactions of MFC Model 66
B Capacity Usage and Transactions of UD Model 70
C Capacity Usage and Transactions of UW Model 74
D Capacity Usage and Transactions of Hybrid Model 79
Bibliography 8
Ultra-low power, low-voltage transmitter at ISM band for short range transceivers
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.The increasing demand for technology to be used in every aspect of our lives has led the way to many new applications and communication standards. WSN and BAN are some of the new examples that utilize electronic circuit design in the form of very small sensors to perform their applications. They consist of small sensor nodes and have applications ranging from entertainment to medicine. Requirements such as decreasing the area and the power consumption help to have longer-lasting batteries and smaller devices. The standard paves the way for the devices from different vendors to communicate with each other, and that motivates us to make designs as compatible with the standard as it can be. In this thesis, an ultra-low power high efficient transmitter with a small area working at 2.4 GHz have been designed for BAN applications. A study on the system-view perspective is important in optimizing the area and power since the transmitter architecture can change the circuit design. From a circuit design perspective, seeking to decrease power consumption means thinking of new techniques to implement the same function or a new system. Inspired by new trends, this research presents a design solution to the previously mentioned problem and hopefully, after fabrication, the measured results will match the simulated results to prove the validity of the design.Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iv
Öz v
Acknowledgments vii
List of Figures x
List of Tables xiii
Abbreviations xiv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Communication Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 Digital Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Unwanted Power Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Multiple Access Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Transmitter System Level Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.1 Low Power Wireless Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Low-Power Wireless Transceiver systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.1 Survey of the previous work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.2 The Designed Transmitter System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Ultra-Low Power Transmitters Performance Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 Thesis Contribution and Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 Circuit Design for The Transmitter 11
2.1 Technology Characterization and Modeling for Low-Power Designs . . . 11
2.1.1 Passive Components modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.2 Active Components Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.3 MOS Transistor Sub-threshold Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.4 MOS Transistor Simulation-Based Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Low-Voltage Low-Power Analog and RF Design Principles . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.1 Separate Gate Biasing of The Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.2 Body Biasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Low-Voltage Analog Mixed Biasing Circuit Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.1 DAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.2 Operational Amplifier Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Crystal Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.1 The MEMS Crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.2 Crystal Oscillator Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.3 Design of The CMOS Crystal Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5 Pre-Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.6 OOK Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.7 BPSK Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.8 Digital Control of the Modulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.9 Power Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.9.1 ULP PA Topologies Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.9.2 The Push-Pull PA Design Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.10 Transmit/Receive (T/R) Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.10.1 T/R Switch Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.10.2 Suggested Low-Area Low-Voltage RF Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3 Transmitter Integration and Final Results 48
3.1 Transmitter Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2 Transmitter Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 Results Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4 Results Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4 Conclusions 59
4.1 Thesis Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
A Bond Wire Parasitic Modeling 61
B Crystal Oscillator With Parasitic Effects 67
B.1 Simulation of FBAR with Parasitic Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
B.2 Root Locus Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Bibliography 7
An 85%-efficiency reconfigurable multiphase switched capacitor DC-DC converter utilizing frequency, switch size, and interleaving scaling techniques
No full textA high efficiency all-CMOS switched-capacitor DC-DC converter (SC DC-DC) with frequency, switch size and interleaving scaling is proposed in order to achieve high efficiency for wireless sensors and internet of things (IOTs) applications. According to the output load current, decision making unit adjusts the frequency, switch size and number of interleavers to match the required current profile and reach steady state. 4-equally-phased clocks are utilized in the design of the SC DC-DC converter. The converter is implemented in 65 nm CMOS process with a peak efficiency of 85% at
600μA
load current. It can supply output current ranging from
20μA
to 5 mA with efficiency higher than 75%. The converter can be configured into 3 different gain topologies to support nominal output voltages of 1.1 V, 1.65 V and 2.2 V, from a 3.3 V input supply. Total area of the converter is 0.725mm2
Dikey kentleşme
No full textUnutma İstanbul projesinin bir parçası olarak İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi ile Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu (TURİNG) işbirliği kapsamında Muhammed Muhsin Üçarkuş tarafından çekilmiştir.Unutma İstanbul projesi İstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı'nın 2016 yılı "Yenilikçi ve Yaratıcı İstanbul Mali Destek Programı" kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Proje No: TR10/16/YNY/010
Kız Kulesi
No full textUnutma İstanbul projesinin bir parçası olarak İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi ile Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu (TURİNG) işbirliği kapsamında Ali Burak Birgi tarafından çekilmiştir.İstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/16/YNY/0101) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/16/YNY/0101
Devinim
No full textUnutma İstanbul projesinin bir parçası olarak İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi ile Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu (TURİNG) işbirliği kapsamında Rumeysa Özcan Saraç tarafından çekilmiştir.İstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/16/YNY/0101) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/16/YNY/0101
Before the collapse of the public : a study of the conditions of possibility of the public sphere between the period since the late ottoman until the early 2000s through the exemplary subjectivities of Mehmet Akif Ersoy and Mithat Cemal Kuntay
Get PDFJürgen Habermas explains in his theory of the “public sphere” how the enriched bour
geois class created a literary public sphere in coffee houses, salons and reading groups between the 17th and the 18th century. The fundamental characteristic of the
public sphere is that it prioritizes equality and brings people from various segments
of the society together, regardless of their differences.
Though the coffee houses began to take shape in the 16th century in the Ottoman
Empire, the formation of an effective public sphere corresponds to the 19th century.
The public sphere was created by the intellectuals in the Ottoman Empire, though it
was formed by the attempts of the bourgeois class in Europe. In my thesis, I have
tried to examine the public communications of these intellectuals, through the ex
emplary case of the friendship of Mehmet Akif Ersoy, a Muslim intellectual, and
Mithat Cemal Kuntay, a secular intellectual.
In the early republican era, coffee houses started to lose their former structure and
cultural identity because of the numerous forms of censorship for ideological rea
sons. In this period, Islam (and Muslims) were othered by being considered a threat
that would potentially cause backwardness. As an inevitable result, the public sphere
became increasingly ideological, dominated by ideological conflicts. The effects of
this predicament can still be observed today.
In this thesis, by using the Habermasian theory of the public sphere, I study the
polarization that has existed in the academy until the early 2000s and the hegemonic
approach of secular academics towards Muslim scholars. Focusing on the friendship
of Mehmet Akif and Mithat Cemal, I also research how the crisis of the public sphere
in the academy can(not) be overcome by scrutinizing the changing dynamics of the
public sphere throughout the period from the late Ottoman to the early republican
times.Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ................................................................................................................................ vi
Dedication .................................................................................................................. viii
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ix
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... x
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Ghettoization of Intellectual Communities ................................................... 1
1.2. Not the Discourse but the Ideology .............................................................. 3
1.3. Two Paradigms: Mehmet Akif and Mithat Cemal ......................................... 3
2. STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE PUBLIC ............................................... 5
2.1. The Term Public ................................................................................................. 6
2.1.1. The Transformation of the Concept of Public ........................................ 7
2.1.2. The Differences Between the Public and the Private ............................ 8
2.1.2.1. Historical Background of the Division ................................................ 8
2.1.2.2. The Division in Which They Merge ................................................... 10
2.1.3. Publicity as a Supplement of the Public ............................................... 11
2.2. The History of the Public Sphere ................................................................. 13
2.2.1. The Emergence of the Bourgeois Men ................................................ 15
2.2.2. The Transformation of Towns as the Center of Public Spheres .......... 16
2.2.3. Public Sphere in the Republic of Letters .............................................. 17
2.3. The Destruction of the Public ...................................................................... 19
2.3.1. The Expansion of the City ..................................................................... 19
2.3.2. The Break in Human Relations ............................................................. 19
2.3.3. The Obligation of Normalization .......................................................... 21
2.3.4. The Emergence of the Social Realm ..................................................... 21
2.3.5. The Effects of Neoliberalism ................................................................ 22
2.3.6. The Destructive Gemeinschaft ............................................................. 23
2.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 24
3. THE EMERGENCE OF THE PUBLIC IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE ............................ 25
3.1. Mehmet Akif Ersoy and Mithat Cemal Kuntay ............................................ 27
3.1.1. The Acquaintance of Mehmet Akif and Mithat Cemal ........................ 29
3.1.2. The Prejudices of Mithat Cemal ........................................................... 30
3.1.3. The Muslim Identity of Mehmet Akif ................................................... 32
3.1.4. The Humbleness and Tolerance of Mehmet Akif ................................ 33
3.1.5. The Silence of Mehmet Akif ................................................................. 34 3.2. A 19th-Century Panorama of the Ottoman Empire ...................................... 35
3.2.1. The Modernization Initiatives .............................................................. 36
3.2.2. The Formal Calls of the Ottoman Empire ............................................ 37
3.3. The Young Ottomans ................................................................................... 38
3.3.1. The Cultural Habitus the Young Ottomans Inherited .......................... 39
3.4. The Formation of the Public Sphere in the Ottoman Empire ..................... 40
3.4.1. The Translation Bureau ........................................................................ 41
3.4.2. The Newspapers ................................................................................... 42
3.5. The Public Sphere Types in the Ottoman Empire ....................................... 43
3.5.1. The Coffee Houses ............................................................................... 43
3.5.2. The Coffee Shops ................................................................................. 46
3.5.3. Private Gatherings in Mansions and Houses ....................................... 47
3.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 48
4. THE COLLAPSE OF THE PUBLIC AND THE ACADEMY IN TURKEY ........................ 52
4.1. Islam as the Hostis of the Republic of Turkey ............................................. 53
4.1.1. Secularism as Lifesaver ........................................................................ 54
4.1.2. Laic Reforms ......................................................................................... 55
4.1.3. Repressive Reforms .............................................................................. 56
4.1.4. In the Light of Positivism ...................................................................... 57
4.2. The Kemalist Elites ....................................................................................... 58
4.2.1. The Enlightenment and Hegemony ..................................................... 58
4.3. The Public Sphere in the Republican Era ..................................................... 60
4.3.1. The Coffee Shops ................................................................................. 60
4.3.2. Other Types of Gatherings ................................................................... 61
4.3.3. The Ideological Public Sphere .............................................................. 62
4.3.4. The Public in the Face of Kemalism ..................................................... 64
4.3.5. Muslims in the Public Sphere ............................................................... 65
4.4. The Academy Until the Early 2000s............................................................. 67
4.4.1. Being Westernized ............................................................................... 68
4.4.2. Kemalism as the Norm ......................................................................... 70
4.4.2.1. The Kemalist Effect in the Academy ................................................. 70
4.4.3. The Biased Perception of the Academy ............................................... 71
4.4.4. The Neoliberal Effect in the Academy ................................................. 73
4.4.5. The Position of Muslims in the Academy ............................................. 74
4.5. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 76
5. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 77
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 8
Strengthening mental health care systems for Syrian refugees in Europe and the Middle East:integrating scalable psychological interventions in eight countries
Get PDFThe crisis in Syria has resulted in vast numbers of refugees seeking asylum in Syria's neighbouring countries as well as in Europe. Refugees are at considerable risk of developing common mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Most refugees do not have access to mental health services for these problems because of multiple barriers in national and refugee specific health systems, including limited availability of mental health professionals. To counter some of challenges arising from limited mental health system capacity the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a range of scalable psychological interventions aimed at reducing psychological distress and improving functioning in people living in communities affected by adversity. These interventions, including Problem Management Plus (PM+) and its variants, are intended to be delivered through individual or group face-to-face or smartphone formats by lay, non-professional people who have not received specialized mental health training,
We provide an evidence-based rationale for the use of the scalable PM+ oriented programmes being adapted for Syrian refugees and provide information on the newly launched STRENGTHS programme for adapting, testing and scaling up of PM+ in various modalities in both neighbouring and European countries hosting Syrian refugees
Public transportation adoption requires a paradigm shift in urban development structure
No full textUrban passenger transportation in the U.S. has been heavily dependent on car modes, mainly due to prevailing trends in urban development. However, transportation mode choice studies are currently limited to micro-level and regional-level boundaries, lacking of presenting a complete picture of the issues and the root causes associated with urban passenger transportation choices in the U.S. To this end, further analysis from a system perspective is required to investigate the interdependencies among system parameters more thoroughly, thus revealing the underlying mechanisms contributing or causing the low public transportation use in the U.S. Hence, system dynamics modeling approach is utilized to capture complex causal relationships among the critical system parameters affecting public transportation ridership in the U.S. as well as to identify possible policy areas to improve public transportation ridership rates. Considering the high degree of uncertainties inherent to the problem, multivariate sensitivity analysis is utilized to explore the effectiveness of existing and possible policy implications up to the year 2050 in the terms of their potential to increase transit ridership and locating critical parameters that influences the most on mode choice and emission rates. Transportation mode choice behavior is projected to change slightly and reach up to a maximum of 7.25% of public transportation ridership until 2050. Analysis results reveal that the effects of trip length and rate are by far the most influential factors. Both parameters are 99% sensitive compared to all other factors including the effects of fuel tax policies, federal funds for public transportation, use of alternative green bus technologies, increasing private vehicle occupancy rates, etc. on negative environmental, economic, and social impacts of transportation. This finding highlights how important urban structures are to secure the future of public transportation in the U.S. as the existing urban structures and the shared-idea in the minds of the society about how urban transportation should be (the prevailing paradigm) are the root causes of excessive trip generation and increasing average trip lengths. Thus a paradigm-shift, a radical change in the shared-idea in the minds of the society about existing urban structures, is needed