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Compositional representations of language structures in multilingual joint-vector space
Get PDFAftertherecentdevelopmentsinArtificialNeuralNetworksanddeeplearningtechniques, representation learning has become the focus of many research interests. In the field of Natural Language Processing, representation learning techniques have gained many implementation advances and improved different tasks compared to any other method. One oftheprimaryresearchtopicsinthisareaistoconstructcompositionalrepresentationsof discrete language structures in multilingual joint-vector space. In this thesis study, several techniques from deep learning and NLP are combined to investigate their potential impact on NLP tasks.
For this purpose, four different composition vector models (CVM) by using tokens and morphemes as basic language structures are studied. To construct tokens and morphemes, first, a parallel corpus is segmented into discrete objects via tokenization and morphological analysis. Several hierarchical composition methods via bilingual method are employed to construct the embeddings of these structures. Bilingual models are trained by using sentence-aligned corpora for four languages. The models learn how to employ compositional vector models and construct embeddings of sentence constituents as well.
Two different test scenarios are performed to evaluate different CVMs. The first one is paraphrase test. In this case, the bilingual models using CVMs are trained with each language pair L1-L2 ( English, Turkish, German and French) parallel corpus. Then the models are tested by evaluating their performance in finding the corresponding pairs correctly from 100 randomly selected sentences from each L1-L2 pair.
The other test scenario is cross-lingual document classification. In this case, the trained models are employed by a document classifier model to evaluate their performance in classification task by first training in L1 documents and then testing with L2 documents.Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iv
Öz v
Acknowledgments vi
List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
Abbreviations xi
1 Background 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Related Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Representation Learning 4 2.1 Distributed Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 Compositional Distributed Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3 Vector Space Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Natural Language Processing 8 3.1 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2 Token And Tokenization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.3 Morpheme And Morphological Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 Problem Definition 10
5 Methodology 12 5.1 Tokenization And Morphological Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.1.1 Out of Vocabulary Issue - OOV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.2 Compositional Vector Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.2.1 Additive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5.2.2 Bi-Tanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.2.3 LSTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.2.4 BiLSTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6 Experiments And Tests 20 6.1 Corpora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.2 Models Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.3 Hardware and Software Used For Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 6.4 Representation learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 6.5 Paraphrase Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 6.5.1 Paraphrase Test Results Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6.6 Cross-Lingual Document Classification (CLDC) Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6.6.1 CLDC Test Results Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7 Summary And Conclusion 34
Bibliography 3
Abdulhamid II, le sultan calife
No full textBu eser 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu’nun EK 11. maddesi uyarınca İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi görme engelli öğrencileri için yayınevinden temin edilmiştir. Diğer kişiler tarafından kullanımı kanuna aykırıdır.Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarihi ele alınırken üzerinde en çok tartışılan sultanlardan birisi kuşkusuz II. Abdülhamid’dir. “Ulu Hakan” ya da “Kızıl Sultan” olarak sıfatlandırılıp, tarihyazımı ekollerinin kahramanı ya da düşmanı sayılmıştır. François Georgeon bu kapsamlı eserinde, kendi döneminin ve imparatorlukların ulus-devletlere dönüştüğü sürecin bir aktörü olarak II. Abdülhamid’i anlatıyor. Hafiyeler ve jurnallerle iktidarını otoriter bir biçimde korumaya çalışan Abdülhamid’le, muhafazakâr modernleşmeci bir padişahın imparatorluğu eski gücüne kavuşturma telaşına eşzamanlı olarak bakıyor. Georgeon, bu süreçte yaşanan siyasal ve diplomatik gerilimler kadar II. Abdülhamid’in kişiliğini etkileyen faktörleri de inceliyor. İmparatorluğun ihtiyaçları ile padişahın bu ihtiyaçları nasıl karşılamaya çalıştığını tarihçi titizliği ile ince ince işliyor. Klişelere itibar etmeyen bir bakışla, kanlı canavar ya da paranoyak hükümdar çizgilerine indirgenemeyecek bir portre çiziyor.
Sultan Abdülhamid, usta bir tarihçinin kaleminden çıkan sürükleyici bir biyografi
Fatma Aliye’s discourse of women in the context of the Islamic modernization and tradition
Get PDFMany discussions related to the women that Fatma Aliye deals with in her works
contain lots of Islamic references. This situation laid the foundation for her being
considered as an Islamist. In addition, it has been argued that she is a feminist because
of she expresses women’s behind social position comparing to men. In this thesis,
Fatma Aliye, Islam and the issue of women have studied together with the experience
of modernization in Islam. The idea that Fatma Aliye has a more synthetic place beyond
both identities is the focal point of the thesis. It is aimed to point to the difficulties of
labelling Fatma Aliye as a feminist or Islamist in view of historical and sociological
conditions.
First of all, the story of Fatma Aliye's life is briefly mentioned. Secondly, the attitude of
the empire and the Fatma Aliye in the context of modernization, encounter with the
West and Orientalism has examined. Fatma Aliye's female narrative is similar to the
nationalist female narrative that the empire has had in the context of authoritarian
modernization. Fatma Aliye is reestablishing in matters such as education, motherhood
role and work on a different ground, without questioning the patriarchal social
structure as the bureaucrats of Tanzimat. However, in spite of similarities, Fatma Aliye
distinguished from the Tanzimat bureaucrats because of she foregrounded the
individuality of the woman. Due to this difference in meaning, considered worthy to examine in terms of modernization in this thesis. Later, conceived the issues are
marriage, polygamy, concubinage and divorce which Fatma Aliye sees the root of her
contemporary women’s problem in Islamic tradition based. In order to be able to
compare with the narration of Fatma Aliye, other relevant intellectuals of the period were included in terms of 19th century Islamic modernization process on these
mentioned subjects. And finally, the views of Fatma Aliye about the aforementioned
issues as marriage, divorce and polygamy examined.ABSTRACT ........................................................iv
ÖZ ..................................................................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... x
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ xii
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
2. “EYE ON THE STRUGGLE”: THE STORY OF FATMA ALİYE ............................................. 13
2.1. The Seeds of Growth: The Family and Cultural Background (1862-1889) ............ 15
2.2 The Active Authoring Years (1889-1914) ............................................................... 20
2.2.1 Fatma Aliye and Ahmet Midhat Efendi ............................................................ 20
2.2.2. Fatma Aliye as a Novelist ................................................................................ 24
2.2.3. Fatma Aliye: A Path-Breaking Woman, Intellectual, Writer, and Philosopher
.................................................................................................................................. 31
2.3. The Regression Years (1914-1936) ........................................................................ 33
3. ENCOUNTERING THE WEST AND FATMA ALIYE'S WOMAN NARRATIVE IN THAT
CONTEXT .......................................................................................................................... 37
3.1. Women, Nation, and State: The Emancipitation of the Women in Fatma Aliye .. 39
3.2. Ottoman Modernization and Islamist Discourse .................................................. 39
3.3. Woman Question and Fatma Aliye's General Point of View ................................. 44
3.3.1. Women's Education ........................................................................................ 48
3.3.2. Motherhood Role............................................................................................ 52
3.3.3. Employment of Women .................................................................................. 57
3.4. Fatma Aliye’s Orientalism Critics ........................................................................... 59
4. READING FATMA ALIYE REGARDING ISLAM CENTERED WOMEN DISCUSSION .......... 65
4.1. The Narrative that Men are Superior to Women and Conditions That Determine
the Visibility of the Woman .......................................................................................... 68
4.1.1.General Overview of the Women Narrative in Traditional Islam .................... 69
4.1.2 Men Female Relationship in 19-20th Centuries of Ottoman State ................. 75
4.1.3 Fatma Aliye’s Perspective on Female-Male Relationship ................................ 80
4.2. Marriage and Polygamy ......................................................................................... 84
4.2.1 An Overview of Marriage and Polygamy in Islamic Tradition ......................... 84
4.2.2. The Issues of Marriage, Polygamy, and Concubinage in 19-20th Centuries of
Ottoman State .......................................................................................................... 87
4.2.3. Fatma Aliye’s Opinions on Marriage, Polygamy, and Concubinage ............... 90
4.3. Divorce Issue .......................................................................................................... 93
4.3.1 An Overview of Divorce in Islamic Tradition ................................................... 93
4.3.2 The Issue of Divorce in 19th 20th Centuries Ottoman State ........................... 95
4.3.3. The Issue of Divorce in Fatma Aliye ................................................................ 98
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 102
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................ 10
Contemporary Turkish family policies in the context of welfare regimes
Get PDFFamily policies in many countries have become crucial in recent years. Behind this
growing interest is the awareness of the challenges such as aging of the population,
falling birth rates, diversification of family forms, or the needs for work-family life
balance, effects of which are felt today and will intensify in the future. The solutions
produced by the welfare regimes in response to the demographic, economic and
political challenges differ according to their institutional traditions. The changes in
family structure in all aspects with the increasing level of prosperity and changing
social conditions after 2000’s are the basic question and problem areas in Turkey.
With this study, family policies were realized in welfare regimes, the factors taken
into consideration during this process and the results of the practices were
examined. In order to obtain concrete data on the primary program of family
policies, supporting policies including leave policies, childcare services, and cash and
tax benefits were examined along with legal regulations on the position of the
family. In this study, family policies in Turkey evaluated together with other
countries in the context of welfare regimes. Considering similar, distinctive and
inadequate aspects compared to other welfare states, Turkey’s current situation
analyzed. As a conclusion, despite all the improvements, the services provided in
Turkey seems quite insufficient, especially compared with Southern European and
Conservative welfare regimes which Turkey resembles with respect to the
importance given to family, and with Liberal regimes which are market-driven when
it comes to leaves, childcare services, and expenditures.Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ................................................................................................................................. v
Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................... v
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... viii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................. x
List of Abbreviations. ...................................................................................................xi
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF WELFARE REGIMES AND CLASSIFICATIONS....... ... 6
2.1. Concepts of Welfare and Welfare Regime ........................................................ 6
2.2. Classification of Welfare Regimes ................................................................... 12
2.2.1. Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism: Esping- Andersen’s Classification of
Welfare Regimes ................................................................................................ 15
2.2.2.1. Liberal Welfare Model .......................................................................... 17
2.2.1.2. Conservative/Corporatist Welfare Regime ........................................... 18
2.2.1.3. Social Democratic Welfare Regime ....................................................... 19
2.2.2. Other Welfare Types .................................................................................... 23
2.2.2.1. Southern European Welfare Regime .................................................... 23
2.2.2.2. Eastern European Welfare Regime ....................................................... 24
2.2.2.3. East Asian Welfare Regime ................................................................... 25
2.2.2.4. Radical Regime ...................................................................................... 26
2.2.2.5. Gender and Family Based Welfare Types ............................................. 27
2.3. Turkey as a part of Southern Europe Welfare Regime ................................... 31
3. FAMILY POLICIES IN THE CONTEXT OF WELFARE REGIMES ................................... 36
3.1. The Content of Family Policies ........................................................................ 36
3.2.1. Liberal Welfare Regime Implementations ............................................... 45
3.2.2. Conservative/Corporatist Welfare Regime Implementations ................. 47
3.2.3. Social Democratic Welfare Regime Implementations ............................. 49
3.2.4. Southern Europe Welfare Regime Implementations............................... 51
3.3. Family Policy Trends in the Welfare States ..................................................... 52
3.3.1. Leave Policies ........................................................................................... 54
3.3.2. Childcare Services .................................................................................... 58
3.3.3. Cash and Tax Benefits .............................................................................. 63
3.3. Family Policy Trends in Welfare States ........................................................... 65
4. FAMILY POLICIES IN TURKEY................................................................................. 67
4.1. The Historical Evaluation of Family Policies in Turkey .................................... 67
4.2. Legal Framework and Regulatory Settings ..................................................... 73
4.2.1. Family Law ................................................................................................ 74
4.2.2. Children’s Rights ....................................................................................... 77
4.2.3. Flexible Working ....................................................................................... 78
4.3. Contemporary Family Policies in Turkey in the Context of Welfare Regimes 82
4.3.1. Leave Policies ........................................................................................... 82
4.3.2. Childcare Services .................................................................................... 87
4.3.3. Cash and Tax Benefits .............................................................................. 93
4.3.4. Other Family Support Programs .............................................................. 95
5. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 100
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................11
An ultra-sensitive optical ring-based micro-resonator model towards nanoparticle and protein detection
No full textOptical resonator biosensors have emerged as one of the most sensitive and practical microsystem biodetection technology. Here, we have developed a model for an optical microring resonator to be used as an ultrasensitive biosensor. A linear correlation between increasing the radius of the microring and the red shift in the resonance wavelengths has been observed. In fact, resonance shifts for very small changes in microring radius, as low as 10 nm, have been detected. Furthermore, sensing capability of the resonator has been simulated by introducing TiDO2 nanoparticles and protein molecules to the resonator surface by varying both thickness and effective refractive index of the attached layer such that the layer size has been changed from 10 nm to 100 nm with an increment of 10 nm. We have observed readily detectable unique resonance shifts for both TiDO2 nanoparticles and protein molecules. Moreover, effective medium approach has been implemented in order to account for refractive index fluctuations in sensing medium. As a consequence, combination of optical resonators with microfluidics could produce a simple-tooperate, portable and robust diagnostic tool enabling new insights into biomolecular function and recognition
Unusual readers in early modern Istanbul manuscript notes of janissaries and other riff-raff on popular heroic narratives
No full textNew social groups such as janissaries, artisans, madrasa students, and 'middle-class' bureaucrats have gradually increased their visibility in the social, cultural, and literary landscape of early modern Ottoman Istanbul. Scholars have discussed this new visibility, among others, by observing official regulations, contemporary Ottoman chronicles and travel accounts, artistic and architectural transformation, diversification of literary genres, and the socio-economic background of their writers. In this article, I offer another modest and intimate first-hand source for elucidating the habitus of these new urban agents: Visual and written notes on the manuscripts of popular storybooks dating from the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Thanks to these notes on hundreds of manuscripts, we learn about political standings, literary tastes, codes of identity formation, the ways of self-depiction, social networks, and emotions of Ottoman individuals. By focusing in particular on the notes and doodles of Janissaries on popular heroic narratives, I argue that the gesture of taking notes and drawing symbols on a manuscript is a way of taking a stance against the political, religious, and literary authorities
Democratization and new ethnic politics in the Mediterranean:Turkey's ethnic groups at home and abroad
No full textTurkey’s political scene has been quite active for the last couple of years. Important events include: Two general elections in June and November 2015, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) ending of the two-year-long ceasefire in July 2015, an aborted coup attempt that left 240 casualties behind in July 2016, sporadic Islamic State and PKK suicide bombings, the ongoing refugee crisis with a massive inflow of Syrians whose number in Turkey is now over 3 million, the chronic inconclusive debates with the European Union on Turkey’s accession process, Turkey’s cross-border military operation in Northern Syria starting in August 2016, and countless others. Turkish democracy is in the struggle for its survival in the midst of these dramatic developments. Nevertheless, amongst many, one has been the most significant problem of Turkey that lies in the heart of Turkey’s political, social, economic, and particularly security related problems: Turkey’s identity question. ‘Who is a Turk?’ is an existential question that still lacks a unified answer. What makes this problem even worse, apart from the 30-year-long bloodshed in the conflict with the PKK, is its political repercussions that destabilize Turkish democracy and prevent it from flourishing into a fully developed one
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (emdr) therapy on a patient with schizophrenia and clinical effects : a case study
No full textBeing exposed to traumatic experiences is rather common in patients with schizophrenia. Adverse experiences may induce the onset of psychotic symptoms or trigger current symptoms to be exacerbated. Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective therapy in the treatment of incidences with underlying traumatic experiences, there by it can be conducted on various cases in addition to other treatments such as psycho-medication or another therapy method. It was developed by Shapiro in 1980s. Although desensitization is widely applied on patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, it is unusual for EMDR therapy to be safely and effectively performed in the treatment of psychotic disorder sor symptoms. In the present case study, EMDR treatment process and course of psychiatric state in a patient with history of child hood abuse and forced psychiatric residency will be discussed. The patient who had a diagnosis of schizophrenia for 8 years was treated with antipsychotic treatment as well as 2 sessions of EMDR, and as a result, a positive change was observed in her general clinical course. Our thoughts on this phenomenon are that EMDR treatment is an effective, safe and short-term intervention in the comorbidity of PTSD and psychotic disorders. However, the literature about the place of EMDR in the treatment of schizophrenia cases is rather limited and much more research is needed
Abdülhamid rejiminin kilit taşı:merkeziyetçilik
No full textSultan II. Abdülhamid (1876-1909) 1880’lerin başlarında, iktidardaki geçiş sürecini tamamlamış, iç ve dış politikada temel ilkelerini belirlemiş ve tam anlamıyla uygulamaya
başlamıştır.
Sultan Abdülhamid’in, kendi ifadesiyle söylersek, yegâne emeli, “devlet ve milletin
saadet ve selameti ve din-i mübin-i İslamın bekasıdır.”1 2 Bu uğurda, “Devlet ve memleketseverler için iki büyük vazife vardır: devletin toprak bütünlüğüne zarar getirecek her
şeye karşı durmak ve devletin bekası, kuvvet ve serveti ve halkın saadet, emniyet ve
asayiş içinde yaşamalarını temin eylemektir.”3 Devletin bekası “dört şeye münhasırdır.
Birincisi, dinimiz olan din-i islamın muhafazası; İkincisi, hanedan-ı saltanat-ı seniyye-i Osmaniye’nin bekası; üçüncüsü, Haremeyn-i şerifeyn’in vikaye ve muhafazası;
dördüncüsü, payitahtımızın İstanbul kalması hususlarıdır.”4 ‘Müslüman milletin’ bekası
için ise: “ Bir hükümetin ve bir kavmin bekasına ancak bir kaç şey lazımdır. Birincisi: din
ve o dini muhafaza etmek için bir miktar taassup. İkincisi: maarif. Üçüncüsü: milliyet.
Dördüncüsü: sanayi ve servet.”5 Kısaca, iki büyük vazife vardır: devletin bekası ve
milletin terakkisi
A deep learning approach to sentiment analysis in Turkish
No full textThis study proposes using deep learning for sentiment analysis in Turkish. Traditional machine learning methods such as logistic regression or Naive Bayes are often applied to this problem however their applicability is limited since they use bag of -words model which does not take into account the order of the words in a sentence. In this study we compare these approaches with a modern technique called recurrent neural networks using LSTM units on a dataset crawled from Turkish shopping and movie websites. Our results show that RNN based approaches improve the classification accuracies