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No full textBu eser 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu’nun EK 11. maddesi uyarınca İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi görme engelli öğrencileri için yayınevinden temin edilmiştir. Diğer kişiler tarafından kullanımı kanuna aykırıdır
Classi cation and static detection of obfuscated web application backdoors
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.Backdoors, which are methods of bypassing authentication, are great enemies of secure software development process, especially when the risk factors indicate high requirements for security precautions. Unfortunately, the detection techniques of backdoors in web application software are imperfect and the attacker motivation is high. Furthermore, the obfuscation techniques make the detection much more di cult and time consuming than the traditional cases. In this study, we are proposing a classi cation of obfuscation techniques on web application backdoors based on 200 backdoor instances and the reported cases of backdoor detection on web applications. The study also includes the detection rates of static code vulnerability analyzers on backdoors and the obfuscation techniques applied to them. A conclusion is drawn on the e ects of the classi ed obfuscation techniques to the static detection and how to improve the detection rates in the cases of obfuscation.Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iv
Öz v
Acknowledgments vii
List of Figures x
List of Tables xi
Abbreviations xii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Backdoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Motivation for Backdoor Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Types of Backdoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 Backdoors in a cryptographic algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.2 System Level Backdoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.3 Application Backdoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 A Brief History of Backdoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Literature Review 6
2.1 Compiler Backdoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Application Backdoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Client Side Backdoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Binary Backdoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Backdoors at Malware Classi cation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 Methodology 12
3.1 Collecting Backdoor Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 Experimental and Observational Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 Selection of Static Code Vulnerability Analysis Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 Running Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4 Classi cation of Backdoor Obfuscation Techniques 17
4.1 Run Time Parameter Modi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Intentional Vulnerabilities Left on Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3 Multistage Backdoor Insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4 Hidden Logic Flow and High Code Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.5 Hiding Malicious Content on Indirect Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.6 Client Side Backdoor Obfuscation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.7 Post Analysis Backdoor Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.8 Embedding Malicious Binary to Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5 Evaluation of Static Code Vulnerability Analyzers on Backdoors 29
5.1 YASCA v2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.2 RI&&PS v0.55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.3 Visual Code Grabber v2.1.0.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.4 RATS v2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6 Conclusions and Future Work 36
6.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Bibliography..................................................................3
Analysis of Turkish electricity system : focusing on smart grid concept
No full textTezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.The electricity grid that is used today mostly uses old systems and methods, and often consumes fossil fuels. Using high rate of fossil fuels causes both the danger of depletion of fossil fuels and the harm to the environment and the atmosphere. There is also a risk of not being able to meet the rising energy demand because of the increasing of the world population and urbanization life. All these reasons lead to the necessity of a new system. Smart grid concepts are being developed aiming to use more renewable energy resources and meet energy demand more efficiently in response to these needs. Smart grid concept covers a very wide area and each country focus on the different areas of smart grid depending on their primary needs. Therefore, it is quite difficult to compare smart grid status of countries.
This study aims to realize this comparison in the most comprehensive way possible for Turkish electricity grid by using the data obtained. The key indicators for smart grid presented in the literature are expanded and then used for the comparison. Despite the difficulty of finding data on many criteria, as a result of the comparisons, it was observed that Turkish electricity grid is far behind the leading countries in the area. However, in certain areas, studies and investments are promising. This study generally presents analyzes of these comparisons.Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iv
Öz v
Acknowledgments vii
List of Figures x
List of Tables xii
1 Introduction 1
2 Background and Literature Review 3
2.1 Electric Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.1 Electricity Generation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.2 Transmission and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 What is Smart Grid? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.2 Differences between Traditional Grid and Smart Grid . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.3 Smart Grid Features and Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.4 Benefits of Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.5 Barriers of Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Contribution of Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 Comparing Turkish Electricity System with Other Countries Considering Smart Grid Concept 24
3.1 Turkish Electricity System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.1 Installed Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.2 Generation and Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1.3 Transmission System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.4 Distribution System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2 Overview of Smart Grid Studies in Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.1 General Energy Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.2 Renewable Energy Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.3 Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.4 Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2.5 Distribution Companies Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3 Comparison of Turkey with Some Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.1 Smart Grid Projects Supported by European Union . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.2 Enable Informed Participation by Customers . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.3 Accommodate All Generation and Storage Options . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3.4 Sell More Than kWhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3.5 Provide Power Quality for the 21st Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3.6 Optimise Assets and Operate Efficiently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3.7 Operate Resiliently to Disturbances, Attacks and Natural Disasters 57
3.3.8 Renewable Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4 Conclusion and Future Works 61
A Indicators Table 6
RF circuit implementation of a real-time frequency spread emulator.
No full textDespite their reliability, on-site measurements are time-consuming and costly actions for the evaluation of new devices. Channel emulators are widely utilized measurement instruments to generate desired environmental channel effects in laboratory environments. Within these instruments, baseband emulators are expensive, and reverberation chambers provide limited control of the channel. However, radio-frequency (RF) circuit implementation of channel emulators provides an affordable and easy tool to test performances of new systems and methods under different channel effects. In this paper, a new RF domain Doppler emulator, which is compact and easy to control, is presented for measuring signal characteristics under frequency dispersive channel conditions. The circuit has been implemented using variable attenuators, switches, and power splitters to emulate the Doppler spread of air-ground channels, and the performance is evaluated through measurements. It is observed that the emulator indeed generates the desired Doppler model close enough to replicate environmental channels for mobile applications in laboratory environments
Big data in Ottoman urban studies : a relational approach to the archival data and to socio-spatial analyses of an early modern ottoman city
Get PDFThis paper focuses on two basic archival sources of Ottoman urban history: avâriz tax surveys and surety surveys of Edirne in the second half of the seventeenth century. These tax and surety surveys, which are abundant in the Ottoman archives, contain rich information on the residents of Ottoman cities, including names, titles, occupation, gender, religion, property status and numbers of tax units (avârizhane). All this information is given on the basis of the mahalle (neighborhood), which provides a practical point of departure for "reading" the Ottoman city. Each register contains approximately 10,000 household heads, with about 10 different attributes listed for each of them. In addition, the data contain some numerical information (e.g., numbers of tax units), although a majority of it is nominal. While some types of nominal data, like religion and gender, comprise only a few possible variants and can thus be analyzed without further classification, others, such as occupation data, contain hundreds, and thus cannot be analyzed without clustering them. In analyzing the data, the distribution of each attribute in the city and its density in an urban space (scaling) can be presented in the form of ratios. One may perform these analyses in the first stage with conventional statistical methods. However, this study attempts for the first time to achieve two further goals: connecting the data types to each other; and highlighting the distinguishing differences among the mahalles using the methods of hierarchical clustering, correspondence analysis, and creating maps by geographic information systems (GIS) applications-none of which is possible with conventional methods. Such an exploration suits both the relational approach I am trying to advocate here-namely, that all elements in the city must be understood in relation to one another-and my effort to lay out the general features of the Ottoman city. This approach will allow us to see how these attributes are spatially distributed based solely on the guidance provided by the big data available in the sources. In this context, I explore the topographical similarities of the mahalles on the one hand, and the socio-economic features and structures of attribute profiles via the scale of their "corresponding distances" on the other. These topographical vicinities and socio-spatial neighbors resemble and do not resemble each other in the city. This paper discusses the processes, challenges and possible contributions of the application of big data to urban historical studie
The man who would be caliph : the evolving life-story of Abu ’Ubaydah b. Al-Jarrah
No full textUpon the death of the Prophet, Abū Bakr reportedly nominated two candidates to
lead the Islamic polity: ‘Umar and Abū ‘Ubaydah b. al-Jarrāḥ. Ultimately Abū Bakr
himself was chosen, and he appointed ‘Umar as caliph after him. Later, ‘Umar
reportedly remarked that had Abū ‘Ubaydah lived longer, ‘Umar would have
appointed him as third caliph. The reports that document Abū Bakr and ‘Umar’s
alleged support for Abū ‘Ubaydah’s caliphate seem to contradict foundational
aspects of Sunni identity, namely that the best Companions are the first four caliphs
(Abū Bakr, ‘Umar, ‘Uthmān, and ‘Alī) by virtue of their receiving the caliphate in that
order. However, despite their problematic implications, these reports continued to
be narrated. This thesis studies why Sunni historians narrated these reports, how they
interpreted them, and how they understood Abū ‘Ubaydah’s legacy. It analyzes
about fifty biographical entries on Abū ‘Ubaydah from Sunni historians of the
3rd/9th to the 10th/16th centuries. The study finds that a majority of entries
narrate at least one of these reports, and that the rate of narration increases over
time. However, many of these same historians also explicitly supported the Sunni
doctrine on ranking Companions. They were willing to narrate reports that did not
fit established doctrine - suggesting that Sunni historiography was to some degree
resilient to the external pressure of doctrine - but they were unwilling to explore
the theological implications of such reports - suggesting that in other respects,
Sunni historiography was not fully insulated from theological pressures. The issue is important not just because it clarifies the hitherto-understated legacy of a man who
nearly became Islam’s first caliph, but also because it sheds light on the
interpretative tools Sunni historians deployed to deal with problematic reports, and
explores the dynamic between historiography and theology in Islamic thought.Abstract iv
Öz vi
Acknowledgements viii
Table of Contents ix
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xii
List of Symbols and Abbreviations xiii
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Structure & Sources 8
1.2. Ranking the Companions 10
2. THE LIFESTORY(S) OF ABŪ ‘UBAYDAH 14
2.1. Classical Sunni Portrayal 19
2.2. Referencing the Reports 23
3. SET 1 PRIMARY SOURCES 30
3.1. Three paradigms on the origins of Islamic historiography 30
3.2. Set 1 Entries 39
3.3. Analysis of Set 1 63
4. SET 2 PRIMARY SOURCES 65
4.1. Khalidi on History and Adab 65
4.2. Khalidi on History and Hikma 67
4.3. Set 2 Entries 68
4.4. Analysis of Set 2 84
5. SET 3 PRIMARY SOURCES 87
5.1. Khalidi on History and Siyasa 87
5.2. Set 3 Entries 90
5.3. Analysis of Set 3 105
6. SET 4 PRIMARY SOURCES 107
6.1. Set 4 Entries 107
6.2. Analysis of Set 4 136
7. CONCLUSION 138
7.1. Development of the Genre 144
7.2. Comprehensiveness 144
7.3. Usage of Isnād 147
7.4. Ordering of Entries 150
BIBLIOGRAPHY 15
Mentoring University preparatory students through World Englishes (WEs)-integrated courses
No full textThe increasing number of non-native English speakers in the world has led to the use of varieties of English. Nowadays, the number of speakers of English in the expanding circle has exceeded the number of speakers in the outer and inner circles. This has given rise to the scrutiny of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). With this regard, the research on World Englishes (WEs) has increased over the last few decades. In light of these observations, the purpose of this chapter is to raise awareness of World Englishes (WEs) among preparatory students at private universities in Turkey. Specifically, the study is concerned with mentoring preparatory students through Wes-integrated courses. The participants of this study were 20 preparatory students at A2-level English proficiency. As data collection procedure, the mentor teacher of the existing program adapted EFL materials including videos, dialogues, and integrated four language skills. The data were collected through questionnaires and reflective essays. With regard to the results, the students had an idea about the concept of Wes, and they became aware of the varieties of English to some extent; specifically, they displayed consciousness about the status of English across the world and sympathy toward WEs
On the path to high-income status or to middle-income trap : the Turkish economy in search of its futur
No full textThe growth episode of the Turkish economy in the 2000s was written based on two integrated fundamentals: fixing the deteriorating dynamics and implementing further reforms to stimulate economic activity. This basic formula led to attractive rates of economic growth, fueled particularly by domestic private investments along with revived consumption and exports. Integrated with the political stability established by single-party governments in the post-2002 period, the improving economic outlook also helped Turkey enjoy record levels of foreign investment, adding momentum to the growth story
VoIP integration for mobile ride-sharing application
No full textDynamic car pooling or ride sharing applications have become viable due to the recent advancement on mobile Internet infrastructure, smart mobile devices and matching algorithms based on social media data. These applications bring together car owners and possible riders. It is important to enable communication between riders and drivers without revealing personal details to the other party. In this paper a VoIP solution is presented which provides a platform for a ride-sharing system to make voice calls between drivers and riders without revealing their telephone number
An analysis of Ali Abd Ul-Raziq’s understanding of the relationship between Islam and state
Get PDFThis thesis examines the political ideas of Ali Abd ul-Raziq––an Al-Azhar scholar and a sharia court judge who was suspended from his duty and was stripped of his scholarly qualifications because of the arguments he expounded in his 1925 book, titled Al Islam wa Usulul Hukm. He argued that the concept of the caliphate as an instution was not compulsory in Islam, and hence it was not necessary to re-establish. He believed that the nature of the authority of the Prophet Muhammad was only spiritual. He maintained that neither the Prophet was a political leader, nor did he establish an Islamic state. Because of his ideas, Raziq is known as the “first Muslim secularist” or the founder of “Islamic Laicism.” In this research, I have analyzed Ali Abd ul-Raziq’s arguments and compared his beliefs with his contemporaries and some medieval Sunni Muslim scholars’ views such as Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Taymiyyah, Al-Mawardi. The goal of the thesis is to answer how Raziq’s arguments differ from the other scholars, and how he justifies his arguments. I have argued that the political context of the 1920s such as the abolition of sultanate and caliphate, the discussion over the abolition among Ottoman elites, the political context of Egypt as well as Raziq’s personal story shaped Raziq’s arguments. Based on a comparative analysis, I also show that while Raziq did not have authentic ideas regarding the concept of the caliphate, his ideas about the nature of the authority of the Prophet and his companions were non-conventional and perhaps too unorthodox. I speculate that Raziq could have been a pioneer of a school of thought if he developed his ideas regarding why and how Islam does not suggest a specific political system.Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iv Öz ...................................................................................................................................... vi Preface ............................................................................................................................ viii Table Of Contents .............................................................................................................. x List Of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ xii CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Cultural Essentialist and Islamist Views of State and Religion ................................. 1 1.2. An Alternative View: Raziq’s Contribution to the Debate ...................................... 3 1.3. Methodology and Resources .................................................................................. 4 1.4. Some notes on al-Islam wa- Usul al- Ḥukm ............................................................ 5 1.5. Review of Literature on Ali Abd ul-Raziq ................................................................ 6 1.6. Organization of the Thesis .................................................................................... 12 2 . CONTEXTUALIZATION OF RAZIQ’S ARGUMENTS ......................................................... 14 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 14 2.2. A Synopsis about Ali Abd ul-Raziq’s Life ............................................................... 15 2.3. Debates over the Separation of Sultanate and Caliphate .................................... 21 2.3.1. Abolition of Sultanate .................................................................................... 23 2.3.2. Abolition of Caliphate .................................................................................... 25 2.4. Attempts to Re-establish Caliphate in Egypt ........................................................ 27 2.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 31 3. ALI ABD UL-RAZIQ AGAINST THE CLASSIC THEORY OF CALIPHATE .............................. 32 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 32 3.2. Temporary Solutions in Early Time ....................................................................... 33 3.3. Classic Theory of Caliphate ................................................................................... 35 3.4. Raziq’s Challenge to Classic Theory of Caliphate .................................................. 40 3. 4.1 Nothing in Quran on Caliphate ...................................................................... 43 3.4.2 No Verifiable Hadiths on Caliphate ................................................................. 45 3.4.3 No Consensus (ijma) on Caliphate .................................................................. 47 3.4.4. Roots of Caliphate: Coercion and Sword ....................................................... 48 3.4.5. Is Caliphate Necessary? .................................................................................. 49
3.5. Ibn Khaldun and Raziq ........................................................................................... 51 3.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 52 4. NATURE OF PROPHET’S AUTHORITY AND STATE ......................................................... 54 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 54 4.2. Mainstream Views of Political Authority and State in Islam ................................ 56 4.2.1 Medieval Muslim scholars’ Views ................................................................... 56 4.2.2 Contemporary Muslim Scholars’ Views .......................................................... 57 4.2.3 Leading Islamists’ Views .................................................................................. 58 4.2.4 Western Scholars and Orientalists’ Views ...................................................... 60 4.3. Ali Abd ul-Raziq’s Response to Mainstream ......................................................... 62 4.3.1 Raziq’s Main Arguments ................................................................................. 63 4.3.1.1 Ambiguous state structure ....................................................................... 64 4.3.1.2 Spiritual and temporal power .................................................................. 67 4.3.1.3 The Prophet or King? ................................................................................ 67 4.3.1.4 The Prophet and coercion ........................................................................ 69 4.3.1.5 Jihad ......................................................................................................... 70 4.3.1.6 Abu Bakr as the first King ......................................................................... 71 4.3.1.7 Scientific method ...................................................................................... 72 4.3.1.8 Secularism/laicism.................................................................................... 73 4.3.1.9 Umma: Spiritual Union ............................................................................. 74 4.4. Intellectuals influenced by Raziq .......................................................................... 75 4. 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 78 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................................................................... 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................. 8