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1990 ve 2017 yılları arasında Türkiye'nin Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü operasyonlarına katılımının incelenmesi
No full textIt is argued in recent literature that Turkey’s contribution to peacekeeping
operations, especially UN peacekeeping operations has risen between 2003 and
2017, compared to 1990 and 2002. Thanks to collected data, this thesis aims to find
whether Turkey’s contribution to peacekeeping operations, especially UN
peacekeeping operations really increased, and if there is such an increase, what the
reasons for it could be. In the light of collected data, this thesis advocates there is an
increase in Turkey’s participation in UN peacekeeping operations between 2003 and
2017, compared to 1990 and 2002.
In the literature, some authors explain this rise with domestic factors, while some
others claim international factor. Domestic reasons are demonstrated as follows:
More proactive foreign policy which stresses soft power, the rise of neo-Ottomanism,
neo-Islamism and Turkism; International factor is that middle powers’ willingness to
participate in peacekeeping operations after the end of the Cold War. I compared all
these arguments with the data I collected, and analyzed which arguments can be
supported. Then, the study showed that more proactive foreign policy which
emphasizes soft power could be impacted on Turkey’s increased role in UN
peacekeeping operations. Additionally, the rise of Neo-Ottomanism and Neo
Islamism could not explain the reasons behind the rise in Turkey’s participation to UN
peacekeeping missions. Also, due to lack of findings on whether Turkism affected or
did not affect on Turkey’s increased attendance to UN peacekeeping operations, the
thesis did not comment anything on this issue. Lastly, it is claimed since Turkey is also
a middle power, the rise in Turkey’s attendance to UN missions could be associated
with the middle powers’ volunterisim to contribute to UN missions, but since Turkey
did not take active role in missions like other middle powers, this was not given as an
actual reason for this issue.Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ................................................................................................................................ vi
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... viii
Table Of Contents ...................................................................................................... ixx
List Of Figures .............................................................................................................. xii
List Of Tables .............................................................................................................. xiii
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Research Question And Significance Of The Problem ...................................... 1
1.2. Method And Data .............................................................................................. 4
2. Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 8
2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 8
2.2. Domestic Factors for Turkey’s Increased Contribution to UN Peacekeeping
Operations ........................................................................................................ 9
2.3. Turkish Foreign Policy Between 1990 and 2002 ............................................. 10
2.4. Turkish Foreign Policy Activism in 2003 and 2017 .......................................... 15
2.5. UN Peacekeeping Operations and Turkey’s Proactive Foreign Policy ............ 16
2.6. Three Policies (Neo-Islamism, Neo-Ottomanism And Turkism) in Recent
Turkish Foreign Policy And Peacekeeping Operations ................................... 19
2.7. Neo-Ottomanism............................................................................................. 20
2.8. Neo-Ottomanism and Peacekeeping Operations ........................................... 21
2.9. Neo-Islamism ................................................................................................... 22
2.10. Neo-Islamism and Peacekeeping Operations ............................................... 23
2.11. Turkism .......................................................................................................... 23
2.12. Turkism and Peacekeeping Operations ........................................................ 24
2.13. Soft Power Through Peacekeeping Operations ............................................ 24
2.14. Turkey’s Soft Power and UN Peacekeeping Operations ............................... 27
2.15. Perceived International Responsibilities ....................................................... 28
2.16. International Factors for Turkey’s Increased Contribution to UN
Peacekeeping Operations .............................................................................. 31
2.17. Changes in the International System ............................................................ 31
2.18. Middle Powers’ Volunteerism and Peacekeeping Operations ..................... 32
3. Measuring the Change in Turkey’s Participation ................................................... 37
3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 37
3.2. Analyzing the Data .......................................................................................... 37
3.3. Peacekeeping Operations in Africa ................................................................. 51
3.4. Peacekeeping Operations in Asia .................................................................... 55
3.5. Peacekeeping Operations in Europe ............................................................... 58
3.6. Peacekeeping Operations in South America ................................................... 60
4. Understanding the Reasons Behind Turkey’s Participation to UN Missions ......... 64
4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 64
4.2. Proactive Foreign Policy and Soft Power Of Turkey? ...................................... 64
4.3. Which Operations and Which Strategy? ......................................................... 70
4.3.1. Neo-Islamism? ...................................................................................... 70
4.3.1.1. Peacekeeping Operations in Muslim Countries in Africa ........ 71
4.3.1.2. Peacekeeping Operations in Muslim Countries in Asia ........... 74
4.3.1.3. Peacekeeping Operations in Muslim Countries in Europe ...... 78
4.3.1.4. South America .......................................................................... 81
4.3.2. Neo-Ottomanism? ................................................................................ 82
4.3.2.1. Africa ........................................................................................ 83
4.3.2.2. Asia ........................................................................................... 87
4.3.2.3. Europe ...................................................................................... 90
4.3.2.4. South America .......................................................................... 92
4.3.3. Turkism? ............................................................................................... 93
4.4. Trend Among Middle Powers? ........................................................................ 94
5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 100
5.1. Recommendations for Future Studies .......................................................... 103
References ................................................................................................................ 105
Appendices ............................................................................................................... 112
Appendix 1 ........................................................................................................... 112
Appendix 2 ........................................................................................................... 137
Appendix 3 ........................................................................................................... 148
Appendix 4 ........................................................................................................... 152
Appendix 5 ........................................................................................................... 154
Appendix 6 ........................................................................................................... 156
Appendix 7 ........................................................................................................... 157
Appendix 8 ........................................................................................................... 159
Appendix 9 ........................................................................................................... 160
Appendix 10 ......................................................................................................... 161
Appendix 11 ......................................................................................................... 162
Appendix 12 ......................................................................................................... 163
Appendix 13 ......................................................................................................... 164
Appendix 14 ......................................................................................................... 165
Appendix 15 ......................................................................................................... 169
Appendix 16 ......................................................................................................... 171
Appendix 17 ......................................................................................................... 173
Appendix 18 ......................................................................................................... 174
Appendix 19 ......................................................................................................... 176
Appendix 20 ......................................................................................................... 177
Appendix 21 ......................................................................................................... 178
Appendix 22 ......................................................................................................... 179
Appendix 23 ......................................................................................................... 180
Appendix 24 ......................................................................................................... 181
Appendix 25 ......................................................................................................... 185
Appendix 26 ......................................................................................................... 187
Appendix 27 ......................................................................................................... 189
Appendix 28 ......................................................................................................... 190
Appendix 29 ......................................................................................................... 192
Appendix 30 ......................................................................................................... 193
Appendix 31 ......................................................................................................... 19
[Mahmut Şevket Paşa ve Bahriye nazırı Salih Paşa'nın aralarında bulunduğu fotoğraf]
No full textMahmut Şevket Paşa Arşivi.
Not: İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Öğretim Üyesi Doç.Dr. Kahraman Şakul aracılığıyla Mahmut Şevket Paşa ailesi tarafından bağışlanmıştır
Estimation of online reviews biases by Kalman filter
Full text linkThe purpose of the research is to study the presence of bias (sequential) in online reviews according to the collected data and quantify it. Estimation of bias is based on the Kalman filter. The Kalman filter belongs to a family of filters called Bayesian filters. The Kalman Filter is popular recursive estimator algorithms with no history of observations or estimates. Worth to mention there are other types of Kalman filters: Extended Kalman filter, Unscented Kalman Filter, Extended Information Filter, and Sparse Extended Information Filter. Selection of a filter and its performances depends on an application. In this study, we use the Kalman filter for linear models (LKF), which allowsoptimallinearestimation. Inthisstudy, alongsidewiththeKalmanfilterforlinear models, we use the Kalman filter for non-linear problems (NKF), and the Kalman Filter for a second-order systems (SOKF) to estimate biases in online reviews more efficiently.Declaration of Authorship ii
Abstract iii
Öz iv
Acknowledgments v
List of Figures viii
1 Introduction 1 1.1 Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Recommender Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Search and Experience Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Historical Background And Definition Of The Problem 5 2.1 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.1 Application of the Kalman Filter in Estimation of Biases . . . . . . 6 2.2 Definition of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Methodology 7 3.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1.1 Overview of the Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1.2 Modelling the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1.3 Gaussian Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2 Modelling of the Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.3 Multivariate Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.3.1 Predicting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.3.2 Updating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4 Experimental Procedure 16 4.1 The Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.1.1 Predicting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.2 Updating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.2 Non-linear Kalman Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.3 The Second-order Kalman filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5 Results 29 5.1 Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2 Estimation of Biases of Online Hotel Reviews by Kalman Filter: Results . 29 5.3 EstimationofBiasesofOnlineHotelReviewsbyNon-linearKalmanFilter: Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.4 Estimation of Biases of Online Hotel Reviews by Second-order Kalman Filter: Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6 Discussion Of The Results 31 6.1 General Overview of the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.1.1 Estimation of Biases by Linear Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.1.2 Estimation of Biases by Non-linear Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . 33 6.1.3 Estimation of Biases by Second-order Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . 34
7 Conclusion and Future Directions 36 7.1 Decision Making Based on Online Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7.1.1 Evaluating Filter Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
A Dataset 38
B Estimation of Biases of Online Hotel Reviews by Kalman Filter: Results 39
C Estimation of Biases Of Online Hotel Reviews by Non-linear Kalman Filter: Results 40
D Estimation Of Biases of Online Hotel Reviews by second-order Kalman Filter: Results 42
Bibliography 4
[Mahmut Şevket Paşa, Enver Bey, Tevfik Bey ve Halid Bey'in Alman askeri yetkilileri ile fotoğrafı]
No full textMahmut Şevket Paşa Arşivi.
Not: İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Öğretim Üyesi Doç.Dr. Kahraman Şakul aracılığıyla Mahmut Şevket Paşa ailesi tarafından bağışlanmıştır
A collective biography study of musicians:patterns, networks and music as a “profession” in the late Ottoman era and the early republican years in Istanbul
Full text linkThis dissertation focuses on the musicians of Istanbul who experienced the
transitional period from the late Ottoman to the Early Republican years in Turkey.
By focusing on their career trajectories, the thesis seeks to understand the ways in
which musicians responded to broader socio-political changes.
The thesis offers a wide range of quantitative analyses that were generated in IBM
SPSS Statistics 23.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The thesis explores the
geographical origins, birth dates, family backgrounds, education patterns, language
proficiency, occupational distribution with a view to bring the common as well as
the distinct features of musicians under investigation to light.
The study gives emphasis to the musicians’ mobility in Istanbul in order to enhance
the geographical understanding of music. The frequency analysis enabled this study
to identify the most frequented neighborhoods by musicians as well as the musical
interactions among the neighborhoods. Gephi, which is software to visualize social
connections, was used to show the most musically connected neighborhoods to
understand how the urban music was generated at the local level.
By addressing the issue of music education, the thesis aimed to show that musicians
were not monolithic but diverse and reflected different values about music. Many
modes of learning music lead to the formation of different musical identities. For the majority of musicians, it was perceived as part of the urban culture, and thereby
they built a non-professional (non-profit) relationship with it.
The dissertation pays particular attention to the emergence of music schools after
1909 and the radio broadcasts in 1927 to uncover the interactions between state
policies and music. The study perceives the role of these two institutions as a
turning point in music in terms of the transition from plurality in music-tradition to
cultural uniformity, the emergence of music as a “profession”, the re-organization
of musicians’ social status, and the remaking of women in music.CONTENTS:Abstract ......................................................................................................................... iv Öz .................................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................ xiv List of Figures ............................................................................................................. xvii List of Photos .............................................................................................................. xvii List of Maps ................................................................................................................. xix Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xx CHAPTERS 1.INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Thesis Subject and Research Question ............................................................... 1 1.2. Historical Framework .......................................................................................... 4 1.3. Terminological Framework ................................................................................. 7 1.4. Methodological Framework .............................................................................. 12 1.5. Key Sources ....................................................................................................... 16 1.5.1. The Assessment of İbnülemin’s Hoş Sadâ...................................................... 21 1.6. Thesis Structure ................................................................................................. 25 2.HISTORIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................... 27 2.1. Scholarship on the Late Ottoman Music ........................................................... 27 2.1.1. Literature on the Nationalization of Ottoman Music .................................... 28 2.1.2. Emphasis on Non-Muslim Presence in Music Literature ............................... 31 2.2. What Do the Biographical Dictionaries of Past Mean for Collective Biography Studies? .................................................................................................................... 34 2.2.1. The Biographical Turn and Its Influence on Collective Biography Study ....... 36 2.3. Literature Review on Some Collective Biography Studies in the History of Music ........................................................................................................................ 39 3.THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF MUSICIANS ....................................................................... 44 3.1. Age Composition Characteristics ...................................................................... 44 3.2. Geographical Origins ......................................................................................... 49 3.3. Education Patterns ............................................................................................ 55 3.3.1. Primary Education ...................................................................................... 56 3.3.2. Secondary Education .................................................................................. 57 3.3.3. Higher Education ........................................................................................ 61 3.3.4. Private Tutorage ......................................................................................... 65
3.3.5. Learning a Language................................................................................... 69 3.4. Occupational Continuity.................................................................................... 73 3.5. Musicians’ Profession ........................................................................................ 81 3.6. Musicians’ Career Paths in the Ottoman Bureaucracy ..................................... 86 3.6.1. Education Records of Musicians in the Ottoman State Service ................. 88 3.6.2. Career Patterns of Musicians in the Ottoman State Service ..................... 92 3.7. Causes of Mortality ........................................................................................... 96 3.8. Lives Struck by Poverty ..................................................................................... 99 3.9. Conclusion .......................................................................................................103 4.MUSIC AND GEOGRAPHY: MUSICIANS ON THE MOVE ...........................................105 4.1. The Musical Setting of Istanbul .......................................................................105 4.2. Eyüp: The Sense of Locality .............................................................................118 4.3. Üsküdar: The Composite Structure .................................................................122 4.4. Beyoğlu or an Essential Tour from Pera to Galata ..........................................134 4.5. Fatih: The Musical Stronghold of the City .......................................................147 4.6. Conclusion .......................................................................................................162 5.CULTIVATING MUSIC ...............................................................................................167 5.1. Distribution Based on Musical Instrument .....................................................167 5.2. The Age of Music Education ............................................................................176 5.3. Non-Muslim Musicians and Music Education .................................................187 5.3.1. Musical Specialty Questioned .................................................................188 5.3.2. Who Teaches Whom Among the Non-Muslim Musicians? .....................193 5.4. Social Analysis of Muslim Musicians ...............................................................195 5.4.1. Debating the Religious Character of Music through Sheikh Cemaleddin Efendi (1870-1937) .............................................................................................196 5.4.2. Musicians with Religious School Education and Reciters of Qur’an ........201 5.5. A Sociocultural Analysis of Musicians with Sufi Affiliation .............................206 5.5.1. Mevlevî Musicians Reconsidered .............................................................207 5.5.2. The Sufi Impact on the Music Education .................................................208 5.5.3. A Brief Social History of Ney and the Players...........................................212 5.6. Hamparsum Knowledge Among Musicians ....................................................216 5.7. Exploring Musicians’ Networks: Who Teaches Whom? .................................221 5.8. Conclusion .......................................................................................................227 6.RECONSIDERING CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN MUSIC THROUGH THE CAREER PATHS OF MUSICIANS ................................................................................................229 6.1. Interpreting the Career Changes.....................................................................229
6.1.1. Change in Career Patterns Towards Music ..............................................230 6.1.2. The Consistent Musicians ........................................................................234 6.2. The Social Basis of the Music Schools .............................................................238 6.3. Radio Broadcast: An Opportunity or Threat to Ottoman Music? ...................244 7.CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................251 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................258 APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................278 A. The Full List Of Musicians Under Study (names are listed in date of birth order)278 VITA ............................................................................................................................28
[Mahmut Şevket Paşa'nın askeri ve idari yetkililer ile İstanbul içlerinde bulunduğu sırada çekilen fotoğraf]
No full textMahmut Şevket Paşa Arşivi.
Not: İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Öğretim Üyesi Doç.Dr. Kahraman Şakul aracılığıyla Mahmut Şevket Paşa ailesi tarafından bağışlanmıştır
[Mahmut Şevket Paşa arşivinden çıkmış olan Bağdat'ta çekilmiş yakın arkadaşına ait fotoğraf]
No full textMahmut Şevket Paşa Arşivi.
Not: İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Öğretim Görevlisi Doç.Dr. Kahraman Şakul aracılığıyla Mahmut Şevket Paşa ailesi tarafından bağışlanmıştır