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Duties and authorities of the president in 1961 and 1982 constitutions
No full textThe National Unity Committee, which took office after a military coup in 1960,
declared that it would endeavor to turn the country into a democracy. For this
purpose, a new constitution was created within a year and the Turkish political
system met with a new body like the Republican Senate. The powers of the
president, who was elected by the Assembly among his own members, were
determined both under the influence of this new order, criticism of the 1924
Constitution and the experiences of 1950-1960. The president has powers such as
issuing or repatriating laws, calling the Assembly to the meeting in relation to
legislative power; electing a prime minister, appointing the Council of Ministers
upon the proposal of the prime minister, presiding over the National Security
Council in relation to the execcutive power and finally electing members to military
high courts, filing cancellation cases and announcing special amnesty in relation to
judiciary. While many of them were welcomed by the legal community, some were
criticized in various ways.
Turkey has gained a new constitution in 1982 with the conditions that occur after a
military coup again. The 1982 Constitution, which forms a stronger president profile
than the 1961 Constitution, regulates its duties and powers accordingly. The
President is also equipped with a number of powers that have the effect of being
symbolic and head of state, as well as executive powers. The 1982 Constitution has
undergone significant changes following some crises in parallel with national
politics. With the amendments made in 2007, different ways have been adopted in
election of the president and term of office. Finally, in 2017, there was a regime change and the definition of ‘president who is the only owner of the executive'
became constitutional.Öz................................................................................................................................iv
Abstract.......................................................................................................................vi
İçindekiler..................................................................................................................viii
BÖLÜMLER
1. Giriş..........................................................................................................................1
2. Hükümet Sistemlerinde Devlet Başkanının Rolü......................................................3
2.1. Devlet Başkanlığı..............................................................................................3
2.2. Genel Olarak Hükümet Sistemleri.....................................................................3
2.2.1. Meclis Hükümeti Sistemi..........................................................................4
2.2.1.1. Meclis Hükümeti Sisteminin Temel Özellikleri……………..………………4
2.2.1.1.1. Yürütmenin Yasamaya Bağlı Olması........................................4
2.2.1.1.2. Meclisin Sürekliliği....................................................................5
2.2.1.1.3. Yürütmenin Yasama Üzerinde Yetkisizliği................................5
2.2.1.2. Meclis Hükümeti Sisteminde Devlet Başkanı....................................5
2.2.2. Başkanlık Sistemi......................................................................................6
2.2.2.1. Başkanlık Sisteminin Temel Özellikleri ............................................6
2.2.2.1.1. Devlet Başkanının Belirli Bir Süre İçin
Halk Tarafından Seçilmesi.........................................................................6
2.2.2.1.2. Yürütmenin Yasama Eliyle Atanamaması
ve Düşürülememesi...................................................................................7
2.2.2.1.3. Yürütme Organının Tamamen Başkan
Tarafından Yönlendirilmesi…………………………………………………………………...8
2.2.2.2. Başkanlık Sisteminde Devlet Başkanı................................................9
2.2.2.2.1. Devlet Başkanının Konumu.......................................................9
2.2.2.2.2. Devlet Başkanının Yetkileri......................................................10
2.2.2.2.2.1. Yasamaya İlişkin Yetkiler..................................................10
2.2.2.2.2.2. Yürütmeye İlişkin Yetkiler................................................12
2.2.2.2.2.3. Yargıya İlişkin Yetkiler......................................................12
2.2.2.3. Yarı Başkanlık Sistemi......................................................................12
2.2.3. Parlamenter Sistem................................................................................14
2.2.3.1. Parlamenter Sistemin Tarihçesi.....................................................14
2.2.3.2. Parlamenter Sistemin Temel Özellikleri........................................15
2.2.3.2.1. Yürütmenin İki Başlı Oluşu......................................................16
2.2.3.2.2. Devlet Başkanının Siyasi Sorumsuzluğu..................................17
2.2.3.2.3. Bakanların Sorumluluğu..........................................................19
2.2.3.2.4. Yürütmenin Yasamayı Fesih Yetkisi.........................................20
2.2.3.3. Parlamenter Sistemde Cumhurbaşkanı ..........................................22
2.2.3.3.1. Cumhurbaşkanlarının seçimi...................................................23
2.2.3.3.2. Cumhurbaşkanlarının Göreve Başlaması Ve Görev Süresi......25
2.2.3.3.3. Cumhurbaşkanlarının Görev ve Yetkileri................................26
3. 1961 Anayasasına Göre Cumhurbaşkanının Görevleri ve Yetkileri…………………….28
3.1. Cumhurbaşkanının Seçimi Ve Görev Süresi.................................................30
3.1.1. Cumhurbaşkanının seçimi.....................................................................30
3.1.1.1. Seçici Organ....................................................................................30
3.1.1.2. Seçilme Yeterliliği...........................................................................32
3.1.1.3. Seçim Usulü.....................................................................................33
3.1.1.4. Yemin..............................................................................................34
3.1.2. Cumhurbaşkanının Görev Süresi............................................................34
3.1.3. Cumhurbaşkanlığına Vekâlet..................................................................36
3.1.3.1. Vekâletin Şartları............................................................................36
3.1.3.1.1. Cumhurbaşkanının Görevinden Geçici Olarak Ayrılması.........36
3.1.3.1.2. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Makamının Boşalması................................37
3.1.3.2. Cumhurbaşkanının Vekili..........................................................................38
3.2. Cumhurbaşkanının Görevleri ve Yetkileri.......................................................39
3.2.1. TBMM’ye İlişkin Görev ve Yetkiler..........................................................40
3.2.1.1. Cumhuriyet Senatosuna Üye Seçmek.............................................40
3.2.1.2. TBMM’yi Toplantıya Çağırma.........................................................41
3.2.1.3. Kanunların Yayınlanması veya Geri Gönderilmesi.........................41
3.2.1.4. TBMM Seçimlerinin Yenilenmesi...................................................44
3.2.2. Yürütmeye İlişkin Görev ve Yetkiler.......................................................46
3.2.2.1. Başbakan ile Bakanları Atama........................................................46
3.2.2.2. Bakanlar Kurulu’na Başkanlık Etme................................................48
3.2.2.3. Diplomatik Temsilci Gönderme ve Kabul Etme...............................50
3.2.2.4. Uluslararası Antlaşmaların Onaylanması ve Yayınlanması..............50
3.2.2.5. Milli Savunma İlgili Görev ve Yetkiler..............................................51
3.2.2.5.1. Başkomutanlığı Temsil.............................................................51
3.2.2.5.2. Genelkurmay Başkanı ve Diğer Generalleri Atama.................51
3.2.2.5.3. Milli Güvenlik Kurulu’na Başkanlık Etme.................................52
3.2.3. Yargıya İlişkin Görev ve Yetkiler.............................................................53
3.2.3.1. İptal Davası Açmak..........................................................................53
3.2.3.2. Özel Af İlânı.....................................................................................54
3.2.3.3. Askeri Yüksek Mahkemelere Üye Seçmek......................................55
3.2.4. Cumhurbaşkanının İşlemleri...................................................................55
3.3. CUMHURBAŞKANININ SORUMSUZLUĞU.......................................................56
4. 1982 Anayasasına Göre Cumhurbaşkanının Görev ve Yetkileri.............................58
4.1. Cumhurbaşkanının Seçimi ve Görev Süresi....................................................58
4.1.1. Cumhurbaşkanının Seçimi......................................................................58
4.1.1.1. Seçici Organ....................................................................................58
4.1.1.1.1. 2007 Değişikliği Öncesi Durum................................................61
4.1.1.1.2. 2007 Değişikliği Sonrası Durum...............................................61
4.1.1.2. Seçilme Yeterliliği ..........................................................................62
4.1.1.3. Seçim Usulü.....................................................................................64
4.1.1.3.1. 2007 Değişikliği Öncesi Durum................................................64
4.1.1.3.2. 2007 Değişikliği Sonrası Durum...............................................65
4.1.1.4. Yemin..............................................................................................66
4.1.2. Cumhurbaşkanının Görev Süresi ve Görevini Sona Erdiren Haller.........67
4.1.2.1. Cumhurbaşkanının Görev Süresi.....................................................67
4.1.2.2. Görevi Sona Erdiren Haller..............................................................69
4.1.2.2.1. Görev Süresinin Sona Ermesi...................................................69
4.1.2.2.2. Ölüm........................................................................................70
4.1.2.2.3. İstifa.........................................................................................71
4.1.2.2.4. Vatana İhanet ile Yargılanma..................................................71
4.2. Cumhurbaşkanının Görev Ve Yetkileri............................................................71
4.2.1. TBMM’ye İlişkin Görev ve Yetkiler..........................................................72
4.2.1.1. TBMM’de Açılış Konuşması Yapmak...............................................72
4.2.1.2. TBMM’yi Toplantıya Çağırmak........................................................72
4.2.1.3. Kanunları Yayımlamak.....................................................................73
4.2.1.4. Kanunları Geri Göndermek.............................................................74
4.2.1.5. Anayasa Değişikliklerini Halkoyuna Sunmak...................................76
4.2.1.6. AYM’de İptal Davası Açmak............................................................77
4.2.1.7. TBMM Seçimlerinin Yenilenmesi....................................................78
4.2.2. Yürütmeye İlişkin Görev ve Yetkiler........................................................80
4.2.2.1. Başbakanı Atamak ve İstifasını Kabul Etmek...................................81
4.2.2.2. Başbakanın Teklifi Üzerine Bakanları Atamak ve Görevlerine
Son Vermek...........................................................................................................82
4.2.2.3. Bakanlar Kuruluna Başkanlık Etmek...............................................83
4.2.2.4. Yabancı Devletlere Temsilci Göndermek ve Temsilcileri
Kabul Etmek………………………………………………………………………………….………………….85
4.2.2.5. Milletlerarası Antlaşmaları Onaylamak.........................................85
4.2.2.6. Başkomutanlığı Temsil Etmek........................................................86
4.2.2.7. TSK’nın Kullanılmasına Karar Vermek............................................86
4.2.2.8. Genelkurmay Başkanını Atamak.....................................................87
4.2.2.9. MGK’yı Toplantıya Çağırmak ve Başkanlık Etmek..........................87
4.2.2.10. Bakanlar Kurulu Kararıyla Sıkıyönetim veya
OHAL İlan Etmek..........................................................................................87
4.2.2.11. Kararnameleri İmzalamak ...........................................................88
4.2.2.12. DDK Üyeleri ve Başkanını Atamak, DDK’ya İnceleme,
Araştırma ve Denetleme Yaptırmak............................................................89
4.2.2.13. YÖK Üyelerini Seçmek...................................................................90
4.2.2.14. Üniversite Rektörlerini Atamak.....................................................91
4.2.3. Yargıya İlişkin Görev ve Yetkiler..............................................................92
4.2.3.1. Af Yetkisi.........................................................................................92
4.2.3.2. Yargıya İlişkin Diğer Yetkiler...........................................................92
4.2.4. Cumhurbaşkanının İşlemleri...................................................................93
4.3. Cumhurbaşkanının Sorumsuzluğu..................................................................95
4.3.1. Cumhurbaşkanının Siyasi Sorumsuzluğu................................................95
4.3.2. Cumhurbaşkanının Cezai Sorumsuzluğu................................................96
4.3.3. Cumhurbaşkanının Hukuki Sorumsuzluğu..............................................97
5. Sonuç ve Değerlendirme.......................................................................................99
Kaynakça..................................................................................................................10
Retorik ve eylem arasında:Erdoğan'ın 2014-2018 yılları arasında Rusya'ya dış politika yaklaşımı
No full textThis work explores Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's unique style of leadership and foreign policy approach. Through the case study of Turkey's relations with Russia since 2014, the divergence between Erdogan's rhetoric and Turkey's actual stance towards Russia is analyzed while the existing differences are explained by the way of literature on populism, securitization, and discourse analysis.Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iv
Öz ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. v
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………………………………. vi
List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. viii
List of Figures and Illustrations …………………………………………………………………………….. ix
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
2. Review of Literature ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2.1 Populism …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2.2 Speech act, framing and an agenda setting …………………………………………………. 9
2.3 Securitization Theory ………………………………………………………………………………… 12
2.4 Populism and Erdogan ………………………………………………………………………………. 15
3. Foreign Policy Analysis: Status Quo or Change? ………………………………………………. 19
3.1 Turkish Foreign Policy Towards Russia: Historical Background ………………….. 19
3.2 Turkish-Russian Relations in the JDP Era ……………………………………………………. 21
3.3 Changes in Foreign Policies? From Economic to Political Spheres ………………. 27
3.4 Turkey and Russia: Deepening Cooperation ………………………………………………. 32
4. Incongruence Between Rhetoric and Policy?
Erdogan’s Speeches Analyzed ……………………………………………………………………….... 36
4.1 Summary Findings …………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
4.2 2014 Data …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 42
4.3 2015 Data …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43
4.4 2016 Data …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
4.5 2017 Data …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55
4.6 2018 Data …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 56
4.7 (Un)Importance of Venue, Audience and Context …………………………………….. 59
5. Discussion and Implications of This Research ………………………………………………….. 63
5.1 Concluding Remarks and Recommendations for Further Research…………….72
Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 75
Appendices …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86
A……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
Mehmed Uzun'un "Mirina Kaleki Rind" (Yaşlı Rind'in Ölümü) ve “Rojek ji Rojen Evdale Zeynike” (Abdal'ın Bir Günü) romanlarına dair anlatıbilimsel bir inceleme
No full textThis thesis aims to analyse what kind of novels Mehmed Uzun presents to his readers
in the early period of his authorship, in the context of the narrative strategies used
by him. The research topic will be enriched in relation to the kind of narrative
strategies Uzun used such as the identities of the narrator, the focalizor, and the
actor, and whether they overlap, or differ, and the types of focalization and speech.
In addition, what kind of a form came in the end/ in its latest version will also be
examined. Based on a textual analysis, the study examines Uzun’s two novels, Mirina
Kalekî Rind (The Death of Elderly Rind) and Rojek ji Rojên Evdalê Zeynikê (A Day From
the days of Evdalê Zeynikê) from the early period of his literary corpus. The
theoretical framework of this study relies on Mieke Bal’s narratology model. This
thesis will provide others who will study Uzun a new perspective about his early
period novels that include oral culture traces mostly in a modern novel form as it
questions narrative strategies used by the author. As a result of narratological
analysis of both novels in three levels being fabula, story, and text separately, the
findings show that although there are many common features in both novels, there
are also differences. Moreover, by positioning different narrators like a character
bound narrator at the second level (CN2), and an external narrator at the first level
(EN1) in the primary narratives as well as including embedded narratives within them,
and using internal, double and embedded focalizations, and constructing narrators,
focalizors, and actors in different identities etc, Uzun presents a dengbêj and an exile
narratives serving to protect and transmit oral culture, and Kurdish cultural memory in deeper level, in a modern novel form, through all the narrative strategies mentioned above.Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….…iv
Öz………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..….vi
Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..viii
Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………..………………………………….…ix
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………………………….….x
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..xi
List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………………...xii
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….……….1
1.1. Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………………2
1.2. Ereb Şemo and the first Kurdish novel Şivanê Kurmanca or Şivanê Kurd.6
1.3. Mehmed Uzun…………………………………………………………………………………....12
2. Theoretical Framework and Methodology…………………………………………………..…...18
2.1. Mieke Bal’s Narratology Model…………………………………………………………...18
3. Comparative Analysis of Uzun’s First Novels…………………………………………………....52
3.1. The Death of Elderly Rind (1987)…………………………………………………………52
3.2. A Day from the Days of Evdalê Zeynikê (1991)…………………………………….73
4. Conclusion………………………………..…………………………………………………………………….102
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
İstanbul stadyumlarının sosyo-mekansal analizi (1890-1980)
No full textThis thesis aims an exploratory attempt to analyze the transformation of football
stadiums in Turkey from late 19th century, when the history of football in Turkey has
started, until 1980s, when the stadiums have faced new chapter of transformation
through globalization and commodification of football all over the world. To ease this
initial attempt on stadiums research, first I scope down the focus only to football
stadiums in Istanbul where is the hegemonic home of football in Turkey and in particular
to its stadiums hosting first league of professional football in Turkey. Second, I draw
broad and multifaceted level of analysis by focusing on key elements of transformation
of Istanbul stadiums through a documentary research methodology and a theoretical
framework built on Lefebvre’s spatial triad. This thesis provides initial insights into the
social spatial production of stadiums in Istanbul, associated with transformations of
football and its stadiums globally, and social, economic and political shifts of Turkey and
particularly of Istanbul.Abstract ............................................................................................................................ iv Öz ...................................................................................................................................... v Dedication ......................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ vii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... viii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................................................... x CHAPTERS 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Locating the Research ........................................................................................ 1 1.2. Understanding Modern Football Stadiums ........................................................ 3 2. Exploring How to Explore Football Stadiums ............................................................. 19 2.1. A Critical Realist Inquiry ................................................................................... 19 2.2. Spatial Triad Model .......................................................................................... 23 2.3. Exploring How to Research Istanbul Stadiums ................................................. 28 2.4. Applying Documentary Research Method ....................................................... 32 3. Reflections of Turkish Modernization in Space Making ............................................. 36 3.1. Turkish Modernization, Nation Building and Architecture .............................. 37 3.2. Shy Modernity .................................................................................................. 39 3.3. Radical Modernity ............................................................................................ 40 3.4. Populist Modernity ........................................................................................... 44 4. Istanbul Stadiums (1890-1980) .................................................................................. 48 4.1. Istanbul Stadiums, 1890-1923 .......................................................................... 48 4.2. Istanbul Stadiums, 1923-1950 .......................................................................... 56 4.3. Istanbul Stadiums, 1950-1980 .......................................................................... 67 5. Discussion and Conclusion.......................................................................................... 72 5.1. Recoding Re-productions of Istanbul Stadiums through Spatial Triad ............ 72 5.2. Analysis of Generative Mechanisms ................................................................ 82 5.3. Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................... 90 References ...................................................................................................................... 9
Cihan Aktaş ve Leila Aboulela'da çağdaş Müslüman karakterler
No full textThroughout history, many have spoken and assumed on behalf of Muslim women
ignoring her individual and feminine voice. Subsequently, the misrepresentation of
Muslim women in macro narratives, especially after 9/11, allowed the marginalization
and Islamophobic attacks on Muslim women globally. As a response, Muslim women
writers like Leila Aboulela and Cihan Aktaş have deconstructed the discourses depicting
Muslim women as a collective identity in their literary works and reconstructed
contemporary Muslim female and male characters demanding individuality.
For this reason, I have analyzed the individual journeys of contemporary Muslim female
and male characters in Leila Aboulela and Cihan Aktaş to show the participation and
difference of present Muslim women writing. Moreover, this dissertation made it
possible to see the everyday life struggles of Muslim women reconstructing their
Muslim identity in Britain and Turkey despite the negative portrayals of Islam and
Muslims widespread.Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iv
Öz ....................................................................................................................................... v
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... vi
Dedication ........................................................................................................................ vii
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ viii
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1
2. Contemporary Muslim Women Writers: Cihan Aktaş and Leila Aboulela ................... 10
2.1 Cihan Aktaş and Turkish Literature ................................................................... 13
2.2 Writing Back and Reconstructing Muslim Women in Turkey ........................... 14
2.3 Leila Aboulela and British Literature ................................................................. 19
2.4 Writing Back and Reconstructing Muslim Women in Britain ............................ 22
3. Women Writing & Muslim Female Characters in Leila Aboulela and Cihan Aktaş ...... 27
3.1 The Importance of Muslim Women Writing Women ....................................... 27
3.2 The Individual Journey of Muslim Female Characters in Leila Aboulela ........... 34
3.3 The Individual Journey of Muslim Female Characters in Cihan Aktaş .............. 43
4. Women Writing Men: Problematizing Immaturity in Cihan Aktaş and Leila Aboulela54
4.1 The Modernity Paradigm and the Immaturity of Male Characters .................. 59
4.2 Contemporary Male Characters in Familial Relationships ................................ 63
4.3 Problematizing the Irrationality of the Modern Muslim Man .......................... 67
4.4 Questioning Patriarchal Authority in Terms of Religion ................................... 71
5. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 79
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 8
Miras alanında toplumsal hafızanın rolü:Mevlanakapı mahallesi ve kara surları örneği
No full textThis thesis is based on a field research, on a unique urban case of an intertwinement of cultural heritage site with a traditional neighborhood, Mevlanakapı, at the center of Istanbul. Since 2014 the park project of Fatih Municipality within inner conservation zone of the land walls turned into a conflict between the settlers of the neighborhood and the municipality. The building of the park was possible by a renewal project on a settled part of the neighborhood, which will lead to demolishing the houses already there. The conflict between the sides have revealed a field of research of the meanings given to history and heritage, besides political applications. Yearslong experience in the neighborhood enabled the dwellers to come together against the demolition threat easily and show an alternative way of having a relationship with history, through social memory based on everyday experiences. The mechanisms of social and spatial identification of the dwellers are based on a relationship of everyday life practices with social memory. Everyday life features in the spatial setting of the land walls, lead to an original relationship with a heritage site on a local basis. These different experiences have allowed the inhabitants to have a heterogeneous imagination of the land walls compared to the great politically instrumentalized historical narratives.Abstract ................................................................................................................... iv Öz ............................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. vi Table of Contents ................................................................................................... vii List of Figures........................................................................................................... ix CHAPTERS 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 2. Theoretical Background ........................................................................................ 4 2.1. Scope of the Field of Social Memory .............................................................. 4 2.1.1. The Role of Memory in Social Identification ........................................... 6 2.1.1.1. Nostalgia as a Tool of Social Identification .................................... 10 2.1.2. The Role of Memory in Spatial Identification........................................ 13 2.1.3. Place Memory ...................................................................................... 15 2.1.3.1. Intimate Places of Memory ........................................................... 15 2.1.3.2. Urban Memory ............................................................................. 18 2.1.3.2.1. Performance of Sites of Memory........................................... 21 2.1.3.2.2. Gendered Differences in Remembering ................................ 23 2.1.3.2.3. Palimpsests of the City .......................................................... 25 2.1.3.3. Organization of Sites of Memory .................................................. 28 2.1.3.4. Organization of Heritage Sites ...................................................... 31 2.1.3.4.1. Museumuzation of Heritage Sites ......................................... 32 2.1.3.4.2. Erasing Locality ..................................................................... 33 2.1.3.4.3. Urban Heritage Sites ............................................................. 35 2. 1.4. Empowerment Role of Memory ........................................................... 36 3. Methodology ...................................................................................................... 40 4. Administrative Interventions to the Land Walls .................................................. 44 4.1. Renewal Projects on the Inner-Wall Neighborhoods.................................... 45 4.2. Commemoration of the Conquest of Istanbul .............................................. 48 4.3. Recreational Park Project in Mevlanakapı Neighborhood ............................ 51 5. Mevlanakapı Neighborhood Narratives ............................................................... 58
5.1. Neighborhood’s Physical and Social Circumstances ..................................... 58 5.2. Social Relations in the Neighborhood .......................................................... 61 5.2.1. Neighboring Practices: Ambiguous Borders .......................................... 65 5.2.2. Businnes Life in the Neighborhood....................................................... 68 5.2.3. Leisure Time in the Neighborhood ....................................................... 74 5.3. Sharing an Identity ...................................................................................... 81 5.3.1. Nostalgia of the Neighborhood: Good old Days .................................... 85 6. The Land Walls As A Neighborhood Place ........................................................... 89 6.1. Experiences of the Land Walls ..................................................................... 90 6.1.1. The Land Walls Experiences Changing By Age ...................................... 90 6.1.2. The Land Walls Experiences Changing by Gender ................................. 98 6.1.2.1 The Relationship Between The Land Walls and Safety ................. 102 6.1.3. The Landwalls and Businnes Relationships ......................................... 105 6.2. Various Imaginations on the Land Walls .................................................... 110 7. Relationship of History and Everyday Life ......................................................... 116 7.1. Relationship with the History of the Neighborhood ................................... 116 7.2. Relationship with the History of the Land Walls ........................................ 127 R eferences ............................................................................................................ 141 APPENDICES A. General Information of the Participants ....................................................... 150 B. In-depth Interview Questionnaire ................................................................ 15
The socio-spatial transformation of Beyazıt Square
Full text linkIn this study, I elaborated formation and transformation of the Beyazıt Square
witnessed in modernization process of Turkey. Throughout the research, I examine
thematically the impacts of socio-political breaks the on shaping of Beyazıt Square
since the 19th century. According to Lefebvre's theory of the spatial triad, which is
conceptualized as perceived space, conceived space and lived space, I focus on how
Beyazıt Square is imagined and reproduced and how it corresponds to unclear
everyday life. I also discuss the creation of ideal public space and society as connected
with the arrangement of Beyazit Square. In this thesis, I tried to discuss the Beyazıt
Square which has a significant place in social history in the light of an image of “ideal
public space or square".Abstract ................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ............................................................................................................................. v
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. vi
List of Tables ............................................................................................................ ix
List of Figures ............................................................................................................ x
List of Maps ........................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Limits of the Research .................................................................................. 4
1.2. Personal Motivation ..................................................................................... 4
1.3. Methodological Considerations .................................................................... 5
1.4. Content of the Study..................................................................................... 6
2. Introducing Beyazit Square ................................................................................... 8
2.1. The Boundaries of Beyazıt Square ................................................................. 8
2.2. Roman Period ............................................................................................. 10
2.3. The Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire ................................................... 10
2.4. Beyazıt Square in the Modern Period.......................................................... 14
2.5. The Political History of Beyazıt Square ........................................................ 18
3. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................... 21
3.1. Theoretical Debates on the Public, Public Space, and Public Sphere ........... 21
3.2. Lefebvre's Consideration of Space .............................................................. 24
3.2.1. Conceived Space (Representations of Space) ....................................... 25
3.2.2. Perceived Space (Spatial Practices)....................................................... 25
3.2.3. Lived Space (Representational Space) .................................................. 26
3.3. The Space of Everyday Life.......................................................................... 27
4. Imagination of the Square ................................................................................... 29
4.1. The Changes on Beyazıt Square in the Late Ottoman Period ....................... 30
4.1.1. Abolishment of the Janissaries ............................................................. 31
4.1.2. Kasr-ı Hümâyûn .................................................................................... 33
4.1.3. The Exterior Courtyard of the Bayezid Mosque .................................... 35
4.1.4. Fires in Ottoman İstanbul ..................................................................... 40
4.1.5. The Beyazıt Tower ................................................................................ 41
4.1.6. The Main Gate of Bab-ı Seraskeri ......................................................... 45
4.1.7. The Harbiye Nezâreti and New Gate of Seraskeriye .............................. 46
4.1.8. Administrative Buildings and Mansions of Beyazıt Square .................... 50
4.1.9. Changes on the Square in Sultan Abdülhamid II Period (1876-1909) .... 54
4.2. The Changes on Beyazıt Square in the Republican Period ........................... 56
4.2.1. İstanbul University ............................................................................... 57
4.2.2. The Haydar Bey Pond ........................................................................... 59
4.2.3. Bayezid Bath (Çifte Hamam) ................................................................. 63
4.2.4. Bayezid Madrasah (Havuzlu Medrese).................................................. 67
4.3. The “First Conquest” on Public Improvements from 1930s to 1950s ........... 70
5. The Lost Space: Beyazit Square ........................................................................... 76
5.1. The Development of Istanbul in the Multi-Party Government..................... 76
5.2. The Menderes Operations and Expropriation Works .................................. 80
5.2.1. Changes on Beyazıt Square in the Menderes Period. ............................ 81
5.2.2. Demolishment of the Coffeehouses Surrounding Beyazıt Square ......... 88
5.3. Design as a Solution in Media ...................................................................... 89
5.4. The military Coup in 1960 and Hürriyet Square ........................................... 90
5.5. Design of Beyazıt Square by Turgut Cansever ............................................. 93
5.5.1. Criticisms about Beyazıt Square project of Turgut Cansever ............... 100
5.6. Beyazıt Square in 1980s .............................................................................105
5.7. Reorganization of Beyazıt Square in 2013 ..................................................109
5.8. Criticisms on the Last Project .....................................................................114
6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 120
Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 12
2003'ten bu yana Irak dış politikası ve etnik-mezhepçi siyasi kimlik
No full textThis thesis aims to tackle the relationship between foreign policy and political
identity, mainly sectarian and ethnic identity. The main question of this thesis is why
Iraqi foreign policy (post-US occupation) is instrumentalizing sectarian and ethnic
identity. That due to the pro-ethnic and sectarian foreign policy is boosting the
regime survival domestically in the domestic division and fragmentation, and gives
the regime regional legitimacy. Sectarian and ethnic identity are rationally used and
pursued by the regime. The importance of this thesis is driven from underlining the
role of ethnic and sectarian motives in foreign policy and how such motives have
been rationally used by Iraqi foreign policy-makers. Besides, throughout history Iraqi
foreign policy has been instrumentalized to boost ethnic and sectarian identities that
are the cornerstone of regime survival. The main findings that enabled the argument
is that Iraqi foreign policy is contested, lacks independency, and is affiliated to
different parties. Similarly, the contested foreign policy and open vulnerability of the
country troubled the Iraqi foreign policy, this was seen mainly from the Ba’ath and
post-2003 era. In the post-occupation period, the different foreign interests and
objectives of regional and global powers determined vulnerability and interference.
Therefore, the main characteristic of the Shia-majority regime since 2003 is domestic
political, social, and economic fragmentation. Moreover, the heavy regional influence
led to the sectarian and ethnic foreign policy.Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ................................................................................................................................. v
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................... vi
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................vii
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Thesis Statement ............................................................................................... 1
1.2. Literature Review .............................................................................................. 3
1.2.1. Foreign Policy .............................................................................................. 4
1.2.2. Political Identity .......................................................................................... 6
1.2.3. Ethnic-Sectarian Identity ............................................................................ 7
1.2.4. Regime Survival ........................................................................................... 9
1.3. Theories ........................................................................................................... 13
1.3.1. Neo-classical realism and Foreign Policy .................................................. 13
1.3.2. Domestic-level Constructivism ................................................................. 15
1.4. Research Design and Methodology ................................................................. 16
2. Historical Background ............................................................................................ 18
2.1. Late Ottoman Period and the Development of Identity ................................. 18
2.2. British Mandate ............................................................................................... 20
2.3. Independence .................................................................................................. 21
2.4. Iraq between 1939 and 1958 .......................................................................... 23
2.5. Republican Era ................................................................................................. 25
2.5.1. Abd al-Karim Qasim, 1958-1963 ............................................................... 25
2.5.2. Abdul Salam Arif and Abdul Rahman Arif, 1966-1968 .............................. 27
2.5.3. Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 1968-1979 ............................................................ 29
2.5.4. Saddam Hussein ........................................................................................ 29
2.6. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 33
3. Recent History of Iraqi Foreign Policy .................................................................... 36
3.1 Iraqi Foreign Policy during 1990s till 2003 ....................................................... 36
3.1.1. United States Factor ................................................................................. 37
3.1.2. Iranian Factor and Domestic Context: Shia .............................................. 41
3.1.3. Kurds and the Turkish Factor .................................................................... 43
3.2. Iraqi Foreign Policy from 2003 till 2011 .......................................................... 44
3.2.1. The Domestic Context and the Phases of Insurgencies ............................... 45
3.2.2. US Strategies ............................................................................................. 47
3.2.3. Iran and the Shia ....................................................................................... 48
3.2.4. Turkey and the Kurds ................................................................................ 50
3.2.5. Arab Gulf States ........................................................................................ 52
3.3. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 52
4. Current Foreign Policy ............................................................................................ 54
4.1. Domestic Context Post-2011 ........................................................................... 54
4.1.1. US Withdrawal .......................................................................................... 54
4.1.2. Kurdish Referendum ................................................................................. 60
4.1.3. Basra Protest ............................................................................................. 63
4.2. Regional Context Post-2011 and Regional Powers ......................................... 64
4.2.1. Iran ............................................................................................................ 64
4.2.2. Turkey during the Arab Spring .................................................................. 69
4.2.3. Arab Gulf States ........................................................................................ 72
4.3. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 74
5. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 76
References .................................................................................................................. 8
Liberal olmayan bir değer çoğulculuğu mümkün müdür?:Isaiah Berlin'in ötesinde
No full textThis thesis explores the compatibility between the conception of value pluralism and
liberalism. Isaiah Berlin is one of the chief political theorists who developed a
particular notion of value pluralism, which has been widely discussed for decades.
After stating the meaning and the roots of Berlinian value pluralism, the thesis
focuses on how Berlin’s conception of value pluralism has been interpreted and
appropriated by other prominent political theorists. The thesis locates two main
positions in the literature concerning the relationship between value pluralism and
liberalism. The first is the liberal pluralist one. William Galston and George Crowder
are the two prominent theorists developing liberal accounts of value pluralism. The
second position is the agonistic pluralist one. John Gray and Chantal Mouffe are
leading representatives of agonistic notions of (value) pluralism. This thesis aims, first
of all, to point out how the liberal pluralist camp of Galston and Crowder relies on the
Berlinian conception of value pluralism to build and justify their liberal political
projects, sometimes to the detriment of value pluralism itself. Second, the thesis aims
to explore agonistic pluralist theories developed by Gray and Mouffe in response to
the liberal pluralist theories in order to see at which points these two positions
converge and diverge. The final, and the primary, aim of the thesis is to discuss the
possibility of non-liberal value pluralism and to reveal liberal limits of the agonistic
pluralist theories. It is mainly argued that although Gray and Mouffe rightly criticize
the promotion of liberalism as the universal and ultimate political ideal and accuse
the liberal pluralists of championing certain values such as autonomy and toleration over others, their agonistic theories fail to go beyond those liberal limits, particularly in their pursuit of a minimum common ground.Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ................................................................................................................................ vi
Dedication .................................................................................................................. viii
Table Of Contents ........................................................................................................ix
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
2. Value Pluralism of Isaiah Berlin ................................................................................ 8
2.1. The Pursuit of The Ideal .................................................................................. 10
2.2. The Problem of Rationality ............................................................................. 15
2.3. The Confusion of Values .................................................................................. 17
2.4. The Ineradicability of Choice ........................................................................... 22
2.5. The Human Horizon ........................................................................................ 25
3. From Value Pluralism to Liberalism ....................................................................... 27
3.1. The Argument from Diversity and Tolerance: William Galston ...................... 27
3.2. The Argument from Personal Autonomy: George Crowder ........................... 32
3.3. The Family Dispute of Liberal Pluralism .......................................................... 37
4. Towards a Non-Liberal Value Pluralism: Agonism ................................................. 44
4.1. Strong Value Pluralism of John Gray ............................................................... 45
4.2. Agonistic Pluralism of Chantal Mouffe ........................................................... 49
4.3. The Liberal Pluralist Critique of Agonistic Pluralism ....................................... 56
5. Concluding Discussion ............................................................................................ 62
Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 6
İki dünya arasındaki Mirza Makhdum:Osmanlı dünyasında Safavili bir sadrazam ve Kızılbaş inançlarına eleştirisi
No full textThis thesis aims to understand the identity crisis of Mīrzā Makhdūm who traveled to
the Ottoman Empire from the Safavid lands in the late sixteenth century and his
work on the Qizilbash titled Al-Nawākiḍ li-Bunyān al-Rawāfiḍ. This book contains
refutation of the Qizilbash beliefs. Mīrzā Makhdūm was a high-ranking bureaucrat in
the Safavid State, but after taking refuge in the Ottoman Empire, he began a career
as a judge in Diyarbakir, Tripoli and Haramayn. This thesis investigates the Sunni
Shia conflict through the eyes of a scholar and tries to understand how a scholar
from Iran has reached high ranks in the Ottoman Empire. This study provides an
exciting opportunity to understand the Safavid policy in the sixteenth century, the
bureaucracy in the ilmiye class and the attitude of the Ottoman bureaucrats
towards the Safavid scholars.Abstract ..................................................................................................................... iv
Öz ............................................................................................................................... v
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................... vi
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................vii
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….ix
CHAPTERS
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1. The Author ............................................................................................... 2
1.2. About Al-Nawākiḍ li-Bunyān al-Rawāfiḍ .................................................. 4
1.3. The Outline of Chapters ........................................................................... 5
1.4. Literature Review ..................................................................................... 6
2. Mīrzā Makhdūm In Safavid Iran And His Flight Into The Ottomans .................... 8
2.1. Mīrzā Makhdūm’s Ancestry ..................................................................... 9
2.2. Mīrzā Makhdūm’s Education ................................................................. 12
2.3. Mīrzā Makhdūm’s Life in the Safavid Court ........................................... 14
3. Mīrzā Makhdūm In The Ottoman Lands ............................................................ 29
3.1. Mīrzā Makhdūm’s Flee ........................................................................... 29
3.2. Mīrzā Makhdūm’s Career ....................................................................... 35
3.3. Mīrzā Makhdūm’s Withdrawal .............................................................. 37
3.4. Mīrzā Makhdūm’s Literary Activities ..................................................... 38
3.4.1. Al-Nawākiḍ li-Bunyān al-Rawāfiḍ ………….…………………....………………….39
3.4.2. Unmuzecü’l-Murad ………………………………………………………………………..40 3.4.3. Dhakhirat al-Uqba fi Dhamm al-Dunya …………………………………………..40
4. Mīrzā Makhdūm’s Refutation Of The Safavid Beliefs ........................................ 42
4.1. Safavids as a Political and Religious Problem ........................................ 42
4.2. Ottoman Reactions ................................................................................ 49
4.2.1. Mīrzā Makhdūm’s Juristic Fetwa and Ottoman Lawful Framewor.….49 4.2.2. Mīrzā Makhdūm’s Polemical Work (Al-Nawākiḍ li-Bunyān al-
Rawāfiḍ)…………………………………………………………………………………………………….52 4.2.2.1.About the copies…………..…………………………………………………………53 4.2.2.2.The motivations behind the work……………………………………..…….61 4.2.2.3.The outline of the book……………………………………………………………62
5. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 67
Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 7