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Envisioning and Observing Women\u27s Exclusion from Sacred Mountains in Japan
No full textExclusion and Ōminesan Reconstructing History: \u22Women cannot climb it\u22 Drawn to Sacrality: \u22Men afire with the yearning to go up there must abandon alcohol, meat, and sex for three months\u22 ConclusionA tenth-century Chinese travelogue, Yìchǔ liùtiě 義楚六帖 (Jpn. Giso rokujō), states that women cannot climb Ōminesan 大峰山 in Nara prefecture and enumerates specific conditions for men\u27s access. This paper explores the disjuncture between the modern reconstruction of ancient practices and the actual practices that take place at the mountain today. First, women\u27s exclusion is conceived as having occurred in the past and is actively observed in the present, yet mention of it is completely absent from World Heritage literature pertaining to the mountain. Second, the modern vision of austerities undertaken by men in ancient times is difficult to reconcile with present-day practices, which permit any man to climb the sacred peak without restriction. These discordances call into question the standard interpretive model of ascribing women\u27s exclusion from sacred mountains an unquestioned (and unquestionable) place in Japan\u27s religious landscape
Negotiations Between the Kami and Buddha Realms : The Establishment of Shrine-Temples in the Eighth Century
No full textIntroduction Actor-Network Theory Two Aspects of the Kami The Kami Encounter Karma Shrine-Temple Founding Legends Concluding Remarks BibliographyBuddhist temples began to be constructed adjacent to shrines in the early eighth century for the purpose of reading sutras and conducting other Buddhist rites for the soteriological benefit of the kami 神. These shrine-temples (jingūji 神宮寺) are often described in scholarship as part of the Buddhist subjugation of the kami. This paper argues that Buddhist rites provided another modality of ritual propitiation that supplemented established kami rituals, and that the interactions between the kami and Buddha realms can more helpfully be described as negotiated. Drawing on Actor- Network Theory, this paper will attempt to account for the ontological status and agency of kami as they are depicted in the founding legends (engi 縁起) of four eighth-century shrine-temples
The Interpretations of De-phrase and Boundedness
No full text1.はじめに 2.基本事実 3.先行研究と問題点 4.本稿の主張と分析 5.まとめIn this paper, I focused on sentences with de-phrase in Mandarin Chinese, which have been discussed in the literature (Huang 1988, Li 1990, Aihara 1991, Sybesma 1999, Cheng 2007). It is well-known that de-phrase denotes manner reading and resultative reading. It is also claimed in previous studies that de-phrases with two different readings are analyzed as a result of the different structures with different lexical items (Li 1990, Cheng 2007). In this paper, I suggest that there is only one lexical item de and the difference between resultative reading and manner reading depends on the boundedness of XP that de selects. Moreover, I also claim that the subject NP in de-phrase plays a crucial role to determine the boundedness of de-phrase
肥満細胞症(色素性蕁麻疹)におけるp16^〈INK4a〉の高発現
No full textThe expression of p16^〈INK4a〉 has been reported to induce cell-cycle arrest and cellular senescence. The p16^〈INK4a〉 expression has never been examined in human mast cells and mastocytosis. We immunohistologically examined the expression of p16^〈INK4a〉 and tryptase in 5 normal human skin and 4 mastocytosis. In normal mast cells, only 5.9 ± 3.4 (mean±standard deviation)％ of tryptase-positive mast cells coexpressed p16^〈INK4a〉. However, significantly higher percentage (86.0 ± 14.1％) of tryptase-positive tumor cells was immunoreactive to p16^〈INK4a〉 in all of 4 mastocytosis. The p16^〈INK4a〉 overexpression may induce the senescence of neoplastic mast cells to undergo spontaneous regression of mastocytosis.p16^〈INK4a〉は細胞増殖を停止させ細胞老化を誘導することが知られている．ヒト肥満細胞および肥満細胞症におけるp16^〈INK4a〉の発現はこれまで検討されていない．我々は，5例の健常皮膚および4 例の肥満細胞症のp16^〈INK4a〉，トリプターゼの発現を免疫組織学的に検討した．健常皮膚では，トリプターゼ陽性の肥満細胞のうち5.9 ± 3.4％のみがp16^〈INK4a〉を発現していた．一方，肥満細胞症におけるトリプターゼ陽性肥満細胞のp16^〈INK4a〉発現率は86.0 ± 14.1 ％にのぼり，健常肥満細胞にくらべ有意に高発現していた．肥満細胞症におけるp16^〈INK4a〉の高発現は，肥満細胞症を構成する腫瘍細胞の増殖を制御し，その自然消褪に関与しているかもしれない
Carrier Density and Mobility in n-Doped Poly(p-Phenylene Vinylene)
No full textThe conductivity of a polymer semiconductor, poly[2-methoxy-5-(2’-ethylhexyloxy) -p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) was drastically improved by n-type doping with LiF. The improvement of the conductivity is mainly caused by the improved carrier mobility. This phenomenon is attributed to trap filling by doping. The carrier generation should take place at a trap level of the semiconductor and the trap level can be filled, resulting in carrier mobility improvement. Furthermore, we fabricated the organic Schottky solar cells with n-doped MEH-PPV. Open circuit voltage (Voc) was significantly increased as the doping concentration increased, indicating that LiF in MEH-PPV can change Fermi level
Can a Non-Practicing Entity Promote Diffusion of Innovation?
No full text2016 Taiwan International Conference on Innovation and Management (ICIM 2016) : January 13-15, 2016 : Taipei, Taiwa
Promotion of Coloration in \u27BK Seedless\u27 Grape (Vitis vinifera complex) with the Treatment of Girdling and Partial Cooling under High Temperature Condition
No full text緒言 材料と方法 結果 考察夏季高温期におけるブドウ\u27BK シードレス\u27の果皮着色促進を目的として, 環状剥皮処理および主枝の局部冷却処理が果実の着色および品質に及ぼす影響を調査した. 環状剥皮処理では, 果皮着色開始前に幅2 cmの環状剥皮処理を行うことにより, 1か月早く収穫できる程度に果皮着色および糖度上昇が促進された. 主枝の局部冷却処理は主枝内部温度を部分的に低下させたが, その効果が及ぶ範囲は狭く, 着色促進効果も限定的であった.The effects of girdling or partial cooling of scaffold branches were investigated for the improvement of berry coloration in \u27BK Seedless\u27 grape (Muscat Bailey A × Kyoho) under the high temperature condition in summer. Girdling of 2cm width carried out around veraison promoted berry coloring and increased sugar content of the berries. Partial cooling of scaffold branches with running cool water (15℃) made the temperature in the inner part fall to some extent; however, the coloring treatment did not show the significant effect on berry coloration and quality
Mathematical Structure Common to Animal Growth Analysis and Space Expansion Analysis
No full textThis study was conducted to investigate mathematical structures common to animal growth analysis and space expansion analysis. Six particular functions for the growth analysis of the individual animal had a common mathematical structure composed of the respective function and its first and second derivatives. The standard model of the space expansion had a deceleration parameter composed of the scale factor and its first and second derivatives. The results obtained from this study suggested hypotheses (α) ～ (γ). (α) The mathematical structure common to six functions for the animal growth analysis was the same as that of the deceleration parameter for the cosmic expansion analysis, except for the reciprocal form with the negative sign in the latter case. This similarity was based on the symmetry that exponential function showed about the differential calculation at the back of both analyses. (β) There were inflection points both in five functions for the animal growth analysis and in the cosmic expansion history. (γ) If the present size of the space was normalized as \u271\u27, then there was a dual interpretation that the cosmic expansion under the general relativity was related to the object recession under the special relativity
Reassessment of Pigmentation Patterns used for Identifying Leptocephali (Gnathophis heterognathos and G. ginanago) Collected from the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region
No full textIdentification of leptocephali of Gnathophis heterognathos and G. ginanago, the most abundant leptocephali in Japanese water, is usually identified based on morphological characteristics such as total number of myomeres (TM), number of myomeres of anterior to the last vertical blood vessel (VBV last) and presence or absence of melanophores on the lateral surface of the posterior spinal cord. However, because some of individuals collected in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region differed from the norm in the above characters, the validity of the last–mentioned was examined using the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA gene to provide genetic evidence. A total of 394 leptocephali were classified into following four morphotypes, Types A1 (TM: 117–128, VBV last: 36–44, pigmentation: absent, Body height (BH)/Total length (TL) ratio: 0.083–0.123), A2(TM: 119–126, VBV last: 40–44, pigmentation: present, BH/TL ratio: 0.082–0.127), B1(TM: 125–134, VBV last: 41–48, pigmentation: present, BH/TL ratio: 0.093–0.137) and B2(TM: 125–135, VBV last: 43–48, pigmentation: absent, BH/TL ratio: 0.080–0.139). Group A showed lower TM, VBV last, and BH/TL ratio than those of Group B. Molecular evidence confirmed that, Groups A (Types A1 and A2) and B (Types B1 and B2) were in fact G. heterognathos and G. ginanago, respectively. In addition, relationship of total length and pre–anal myomere (PAM)/TM ratio as an indicator of metamorphosis showed that the presence of posterior spinal cord melanophores was depended on their growth. These results indicate that Gnathophis leptocephali obtained from the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region were comprising only the two species, and that variations in the pigmentation pattern characters rendered them unsuitable for identification purposes. Combination of above morphometric or meristic characters is effective for identified these two species