National Institute for Space Research
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Interfaces gráficas em auxílio à implementação e ao uso de modelos hidrológicos
No full textDistributed hydrological models are useful to understand and to simulate land use change impacts on surface water balance and river discharge. Implementing a distributed hydrological model can be a hard task for those who have just basic knowledge of programming techniques, especially regarding to some specific components of hydrological models such as the conservation of mass throughout the time steps and along the surface grid cells. Implementing and running a model on command lines seems not to be the most flexible and comprehensive way to work with hydrological models, once the processes can not be easily understood directly on script languages. Because of this, the use of modeling platforms with visual resources such as graphical interfaces can be helpful to understand the processes being modeled and to make the use of models friendlier. In this paper we discuss the implementation of some basic components of the Terrestrial Hydrology Model with Biogeochemistry, THMB (Coe et al., 2007), as a way to improve model comprehensiveness and usability. The model was built on Dinamica EGO modeling platform, which has visual resources on its graphical user interface (GUI). Those resources were considered especially helpful considering: (a) creation of models on a intuitive data flow perspective; (b) modular organization of the model, including the creation of groups of functions and comments to organize ideas; (c) quick launch of a Map Viewer through the interface helping on visualizing results; (d) a Wizard editor to help on describing your model concepts and to assist model use.Pages: 5737-574
Análise multitemporal do uso e cobertura do solo na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Tejupá, no período de 1984 a 2011
No full textTo observe and monitor changes in patterns of land use, has used the Remote Sensing and GIS, Featured. Thus, the vegetation indices are also important indicators of environmental quality, and are widely used in studies on environment. This study aimed to characterize the vegetation cover in the Environmental Protection Area - APA Tejupá, applying remote sensing techniques using vegetation indices NDVI and check the timeline changes which occurred in the period from 1984 to 2011 as a result of land use. Landsat-5 images were used for preparing the map of land use and for the vegetation index. It was observed during the 27 years the advancement of the urban area and reforestation and reducing annual crop, pasture and native forest in the study area. The big change during the study period was the class that was reforestation of 12,668.98 ha in 1984 and went there in 2011 to 36,430.30. The classes of annual crop, exposed soils, native vegetation and pastures became part of the reforestation areas. The study space / time showed the consequences of different conservation policies regarding the geographic restriction land uses. The study of landscape dynamics provides important elements for understanding the socio-spatial area investigated because it allows a look through the forms created or modified the temporal evolution of the processes that shape the reality. NDVI is a technique that is efficient to analyze temporal changes occurring in vegetation mapping allowing for comparisons between different periods and identify areas with greatest changes.Pages: 7048-705
Aplicação de técnicas de classificação semissupervisionada para análise de séries multitemporais de imagens de satélite
No full textIn the last years remote sensing has become an important tool to support the agricultural crop monitoring in the whole world. In the most of studies involving agriculture specialists have applied medium and high spatial resolution satellites, preferentially. However, an important question is: can low spatial resolution satellites also be used in this monitoring task? In this context, the focus of this work is how to take advantage of the high temporal resolution which is characteristic of this kind of satellite to identify agricultural fields such as sugarcane. Accordingly, this paper proposes to apply two semi-supervisioned classification methods to classify multitemporal satellite images. Thus, we adapted the LNP (Linear Neighborhood Propagation) and HC-LGT (Hierarchical Clustering and Local Graph Transduction) methods to be employed in classification of time series extracted from NDVI-NOAA images. The training dataset was generated with time series of six (agricultural crops, sugarcane, urban areas, forest, pasture and perennial crops) different classes defined by agrometeorologists. The study area encloses state of São Paulo in Brazil where is cultivated large sugarcane fields. Results with both classification methods showed that time series from low spatial resolution satellites can be satisfactorily used to identify regions of agricultural fields as well as forests, pasture and urban areas. Additionally, the classification generated by both methods can also be used to identify the vegetation cover of a specific region as an initial step before applying more complex strategies.Pages: 1750-175
Geotecnologias e aprendizagem espacial em ambiente educacional: o mapeamento de nascentes utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento por meio de softwares livres
No full textThe headwaters of streams are extremely important to maintain the water sources and contribute to the permanent preservation areas (PPA) and hence with the ecosystems of any region. Thus this aspect were investigated by mapping using GIS techniques by free software. The data were validated by field research conducted by students of the 1st year of high school Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio Pedro Migliorini, located in the municipality of Monte Belo do Sul, Brazil. The objective of the study was to allow students to assess quantitatively and qualitatively the headwaters of the city, analyzing water usage, as well as the situation of the same as the environmental laws. Students were divided into work areas, conducted interviews with landowners in order to research on the consumption and use of water and what methods are used for the preservation of the spring on the property. To assess if the sources informed the owners comply with current legislation, GIS tools were employed and was generated a buffer of 50 meters (area corresponding to PPA) around the source. At the end of the study were located 427 points with the following observations: 1) 95 are used for human consumption, 2) 107 for animal consumption, 3) 145 have some protection; 4) 23 are in accordance with current legislation . 37 springs were not informed about the use.Pages: 2650-265
Análise da estrutura da paisagem dos municípios integrantes da micro bacia do Arroio Portão, RS, Brasil
No full textThe Portão stream belongs to the Sinos River Basin and supplies three big cities: Estância Velha, Portão and São Leopoldo. However, is in a critical condition caused by pollution from industrial and domestic wastes and sewers that is poured directly on the stream by population at an intensity threatening to the life of this ecosystem. For this reason, these studies aimed to evaluate the soil use, observe and classify areas of APP (permanent preservation areas) among the three cities for the purpose of demonstrate which one has the largest forest fragmentation. This index might diagnose the critical state in which lies the creek. For the analyzes have been used software Google Earth Pro, Sig and ArcGIS and Fragstats 4.1, where it was possible to capture images, georeference them, classify them according the use of the soil, and thirty meters margin and extract measures of landscape during the whole the course of the stream. The results indicated the importance of conservation of riparian vegetation, showing that the Estância Velha city, where the situation becomes more critical to the water, and is exactly what has greater fragmentation and lack of APPs. The recovery of riparian vegetation and a more viable destination for urban and industrial waste become priority actions for which there is improvement in the water quality of the stream and consequently Sinos River, besides benefiting the entire population that uses both hydric systems.Pages: 3932-393
Uso da geotecnologia na avaliação da vulnerabilidade ambiental na zona de amortecimento do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena
No full textThe analysis of the development activities in the vicinity of protected areas help to identify the elements that interfere with the functionality and are opposed to the limits of sustainable development. In this context, this study evaluates the environmental vulnerability in the immediate surroundings of the National Park Serra da Bodoquena in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. This analysis was built from the images of the Landsat-5, the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data. Using the feature map algebra was cross over plans information: geology, soils, vegetation index and slope as a result we have obtained the letter of vulnerability surrounding the park, which seeks to identify sites susceptible the environmental problems arising from activities anthropogenic. The result aims to contribute to a correct use of the area. The observed scenario shows the need to adopt effective measures for the management and restoration of priority areas to ensure the organic integrity and functional conservation unit.Pages: 4338-434
Cinema, vídeos e Geografia: O Sensoriamento Remoto como Protagonista
No full textThe search for didactic resources that makes the teaching and learning process more dynamic is always important for bringing, both for students and teachers, the opportunity to enrich the classroom environment. Among these resources, the audiovisual is one of the most used. Considering the movies playful nature, this audiovisual tool can be an efficient way to explore new forms of language which can awake reflections, debates and perceptions. In this perspective, geography may use the films, based on a landscape approach, as an assistance on the analysis of reproduction and seizure of reality. The spatial technology, by means, mainly, of aerial and orbital images, is increasingly being used by geography. So, this study aimed to discuss the use of video and films resources on the education, focusing on remote sensing and geography. As a result, is expected an approach between the discussed themes, which are films, geography and remote sensing. To do that, several interesting films, videos and documentaries were surveyed. The methodology was tested on an Environmental Science graduation class of the Fluminense Federal University (UFF) at Rio de Janeiro state. To publicize this audiovisual material, accompanied by a short summary of each production, will be used the GEODEN project website, accessed on www.uff.br/geoden.Pages: 2583-259
Delimitação automática de sub-bacias hidrográficas no município de Ouro Preto-MG
No full textThe automatic delineation of watersheds is essential for being a territorial unit to be used for planning and management of cities, so these are indicated as territorial unit for identification and mapping of areas classified as hill top. Thus, this study aims to delineate sub-basins of the city of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais from methodology automatic watershed delineation as support for mapping of hill top. The process was developed using data from ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) integrated and processed in Geographic Information System (GIS). For the automatic generation of watersheds used the ArcHydro extension of ArcGIS 9.2 software. We carried out the data processing ASTER topography of the study area. For the delineation of watersheds from a DEM in raster format are generated the following information: a) flow direction, b) cumulative flow, c) definition of the drainage network in raster format, d) segmentation and delineation of drainage basins. The results identify and map the micro basins present in the study area, then, considering the drainage network, they were grouped into sub-basins, which were used as the basis for mapping the areas classified as areas of hill top with satisfactory results. The automatic method chosen uses algorithms that facilitate information processing, requiring little intervention from the analyst.Pages: 4496-450
Mapeamento espacial e epidemiológico da malária no estado do Pará
No full textThis study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of malaria incidence among municipalities in the state of Pará, using geoprocessing techniques and exploratory spatial data analysis. For exploratory analysis of spatial data as an indicator of malaria selected the Annual Parasite Index (IPA) and type of parasite species (P. falciparum / P. vivax), the measures were applied autocorrelation Moran global and local. The methodology used spatial analysis allowed determination of priority areas that include the dynamics of the epidemic / endemic disease beyond the strict limits of municipalities. The use of spatial analysis proved to be an important resource for stratification of priority areas for instrumentation and useful levels, central and regional planning control actions, monitoring and evaluation. It was concluded that from the analysis of the data could be verified that the distribution of malaria cases in the region is not homogeneous, since there are areas with high transmission and others with low levels. And therefore there is a spatial autocorrelation among counties for the study of malaria. The records of reported cases of malaria were obtained from the Information System for Epidemiological Surveillance - Malaria (Malaria-SIVEP), for the year 2011. The software used was ArcGIS 10.0 and the GeoDa.Pages: 8546-855
Reflectância espectral relacionada aos constituintes opticamente ativos da água do reservatório Passo Real, RS, Brasil
No full textWater reflectance may indicate the presence of suspended or dissolved substances in the water of an aquatic environment. The aim of this study consists of identifying spectral bands related to limnological condition of Passo Real Reservoir in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We used water reflectance data from FieldSpec spectroradiometer and from four limnological variables in 31 samples stations in the reservoir collected in the months of October of 2009 and March of 2010. The measured variables were: total suspended solids, dissolved organic carbon, chlorophyll-a and water transparency. With the analysis of the water spectral response from the reservoir we found the optically active constituents influence. Higher concentration of total suspended solids resulted in an increase of reflectance in the wavelengths from 570 to 680 nm. The main absorption features corresponding to the red region (610 and 675 nm) are due to chlorophyll-a and under high concentrations of this constituent we also found absorption feature in the blue region (438 nm). In cases of low concentrations of total suspended solids and chlorophyll-a, the water transparency presented strong correlations with the water reflectance in all wavelengths. Due to low concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and little influence in the reflectance albedo.Pages: 5576-558