National Institute for Space Research
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Emprego de imagens TM/Landsat-5 para estudo da expansão urbana em sistemas de dunas na região costeira de Torres - RS e Passo de Torres - SC
No full textThe coastal zone comprises a dynamic environment between the continent and ocean, with high energy exchange and sediment transport. These sites usually show increasingly urban occupation and activities of summer tourism, which leads to changes in land cover and use. Coastal dunes represent one of the most impacted components by urban development. In this context an analysis of temporal changes of land cover in the coastal dunes was performed in Torres - RS and Passo de Torres SC, using two images of the TM / Landsat-5 for a period of 19 years (1991-2010). Digital image processing was performed using ENVI 4.7. Subsequently, an object based image analysis was made with Definiens 7.0, followed by editing in ArcGIS 10.0. From the final map it was calculated the areas which coastal dunes have changed into other classes. The main change in land cover was from dune type to urban areas, which total changed area was estimated in 1.42 km². The classification maps achieved a kappa indexes of 0.79 (1991) and 0.81 (2010). As product of this analysis, a thematic map with spatial distribution of land cover change detected was made. These results are important since the coastal dunes play an important role in the sediment budget of the beach environment, besides representing the habitat of several species of animals and plants highly adapted to that niche.Pages: 5361-536
Geotecnologias para a caracterização morfométrica de bacia hidrográfica
No full textAccording to the current concerns of society related on water resources, it is necessary efficient measures for optimization of water use. To assist studies on hidrographic basins, the morphometric characterization of it is one of the crucial points for further hydrographic examination on these resources.This study aims to extract the physical characteristics of the river basin Gramame-PB, through the use of algorithms and technologies GIS.The data used in the study were: altimetric - SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), available on the site of EMBRAPA - Brazilian Agricultural Research shapefiles and data from official related to boundaries and drainage basin of the river Gramame-PB, extracted from the AESA website - Agência Executiva de Gestão das Águas do Estado da Paraíba. The data processing were performed using the software ArcGIS 9.3. The results obtained were: the morphometric parameters (area, perimeter, shape factor, compactness index, index of circularity, sinuous drainage, type of drainage and drainage density) and maps of elevation and slope of the basin. From the analysis of these data was classified in the large basin, and predominantly mild relief being less susceptible to erosion (relative to the situation of the terrain), elongated basin shape, less susceptible to floods, moderate drainage and drainage of order 5. It will hope that these studies will assist the better management of the watershed.Pages: 5483-549
Uso de Imagens do Satélite IKONOS II para Estimar Biomassa Aérea de um Fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual
No full textThe objective of this study was to estimate the above ground biomass of a natural forest fragment, classified as Forest Semideciduous Montana, located in the municipality of Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methodological procedures included estimates of stocks of biomass from allometric equations based on a forest inventory conducted in 15 sample plots of 1,000 m2 (20 m × 50 m) spread over the study area, which were related to digital variables (reflectance in the four multispectral bands and in 12 transformed vegetation indices images), extracted from the 4 meters spatial resolution images of IKONOS II, using regression analysis. The main results indicate that the highest (significant) correlations to biomass were found for the spectral bands 2 and 4 and the GEMI, SAVI, TCap1, TCap2 and TCap3 vegetation indices. However, only variables Band 4 and TCap1 were necessary for estimating total biomass.Pages: 2794-280
Estimação da produtividade dos resíduos da cana-de-açúcar por meio do sensor MODIS
No full textCurrently, the development of second generation ethanol has been intensely researched in Brazil. That has generated a demand for identifying the areas with the highest potential for straw production to base second generation ethanol plants. This work described the production of straw for the microregion of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, using the NPP MODIS product for the years 2006 to 2010. The data to build the maps were obtained by using plant carbon content, straw to stalk ratio, aboveground biomass and crop water content values from the literature. The model was calibrated with IBGE official data to correct losses caused by atmospheric interference. The calibration was performed using sugarcane productivity because it is the only data available from IBGE. This calibration generated factors that were multiplied by the straw model. The adjusted values were compared to the official data using the Mann-Whitney test and there werent significant differences between the estimated and observed straw yield for 2006, 2007 and 2009 (p-value> 0.05). However, for 2008 and 2010 the estimated data were significantly different from the observed data, likely due to the extended rainy seasons in both years. Overall, the methodology was appropriate to describe the spatial distribution of sugarcane straw in the studied region.Pages: 193-20
Dados orbitais no contexto espaço-temporal da cafeicultura - estudo de caso: municípios de Alfenas e Machado, MG
No full textSince colonial times the coffee remains as one of the most important products of Brazilian agriculture. During certain times of the early twentieth century, Brazil has come to represent over 80% of total world production. In Brazil is known that the coffee crop is present in about 300.000 farms distributed in 1,700 municipalities. In addition the expansion of the crop has been often influenced by the agricultural policy of this culture. Monitoring coffee crop through the conventional methodology results in entirely subjective outcomes,since the crop area is estimated from information based on opinions of technical and economic agents related to the agricultural sector. The information generated from this approach does not allow a detailed analysis of the errors involved. In this context, the use of satellite imagery appears to be the most appropriate way to achieve this aim, since most satellite images are periodic. The spectral and spatial analysis of the coffee fields was carried out over two municipalities Alfenas and Machado located in southwestern the Minas Gerais State from 1991 until 2012. After mapping coffee areas and validate them through high resolution imagery we assessed the increasing or decreasing of coffee crop for each year in the encompassed period. In order to achieve this aim we have used automated routines based on Map Algebra Language (Legal) available on the software SPRING. Overall, coffee crop increasing is bigger than decreasing for the most of years. The results of this work showed that the satellite images have potential to monitor the coffee crop in terms of mapping areas and also allows quantify, in each analyzed data, the increasing and e decreasing of the coffee areas.Pages: 539-54
Estudo da dinâmica do uso do solo na área destinada ao Parque Estadual do Tainhas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com ênfase na silvicultura de Pinus sp. e sua importância na perda de ecossistemas campestres
No full textTainhas State Park is a "integral protection kind" protected area established in 1975, which has fewer than 5% of its land area regularized. Thus, economic activities still occur within its polygonal, among them forestry Pinus sp. In this context, the analysis of changes in land cover and use of this protected area using Geographic Information System can be an important tool for planning and management. Using the Landsat 5 TM satellite images (years 1984, 1997 and 2009), four categories of land use were established for analysis: native forest, Pinus sp, field/ground vegetation and water. It was observed in the field and undergrowth classes, a variation of -617.9 hec between 1984 and 2009, which means an average loss of area of 24.7 hec / year. In forest class, the variation between 1984 and 2009 was -239.6 hec, representing an average loss of 9.5 hec / year. In Pinus sp class, it was observed an increase of more than 60 times its initial area from 1984 to 2009 (+805.9 hec), representing an average increase of 32.2 hec / year. At the end, considering the current law, the cultivation of Pinus sp in Tainhas State Park is inconsistent with the conservation of biodiversity and maintaining the integrity of local ecosystems, as well as it is at odds with the concepts of "nature conservation", "preservation" and "integral protection" established by the "National System of Protected Areas", as well as the definition of permanent preservation area guaranteed by the Federal Law 4.771/65.Pages: 1806-181
Geotecnologias nas atividades de planejamento da Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento de São Paulo
No full textThe currently available geotechnologies result in inputs of expressive quality to the actors involved with land management and planning of physical space. In this article, we intend to present some results of practical applications for the use of geotechnologies in this institution. Viewed the need for the state to provide resources and public policies to people who really need, the tools of GIS, combined with a consistent database, provide better reliability and dynamism of the decisions taken. The methodology adopted is the presentation of different maps and results obtained on demand at the institution, using Oracle database and software QGIS 1.8, SPRING 5.2 and ArcGIS 9.3 for vector and matrix manipulation. The results obtained underlie maps and discussion of the application of such tools in different cases and objectives. It is hoped that the experiences presented here as a basis to demonstrate the wealth of information that is possible to achieve with the use of the techniques in question, and the use that is being given to them in case of implementation of public policies in state of São Paulo/Brazil. The use of geotechnology is an important factor for proper resource allocation, knowing the demands, difficulties and potentials of each region and presenting himself as the guiding planning activities with assertiveness of final actions.Pages: 52-5
Redução do passivo ambiental em Áreas de Preservação Permanente em São José do Xingu (MT) em decorrência da revogação da Lei 4.771/65 (o Código Florestal brasileiro)
No full textThe main Brazilian environmental legislation on private lands, the Forest Act, has recently been repealed and replaced by the Federal Law 12.651/12. This significantly changed, among many other rules, the criteria to define where vegetation should be protected or recovered along rivers, water springs and lakes(permanent protection areas - PPA). The aim of this work is to estimate the reduction of PPA where forest restoration is mandatory as a result of legislation change in São José do Xingu, a county in Mato Grosso State. Rural properties were randomly sampled and hydrography and land use within them were vectorized based on visual interpretation of Spot satellite images with 2.5m spatial resolution on a 1:25.000 scale. We found that the reduction of the area that should be recovered in PPA is largely variable among properties, with median 39,6% reduction, but up to 92% reduction within a single property. Most of this reduction is due to the fact that previous legislation took into account the highest river level along the year and up to 500m restoration area along each riverside, while the new law considers the regular river level and maximum of 100m of restoration area along riversides. We estimate that about 10.000 ha of restoration areas in PPAs are not anymore mandatory in the studied county. This reduction may endanger the environmental services these areas provide, such as mitigation of ebbs and flows, maintenance of water quality and reduction of erosion and siltation, as well as its diversity and endemism.Pages: 4845-485
Desarrollo de una metodología para la detección de fenómenos observables en series temporales de imágenes de satélites diarias: aplicación a áreas quemadas
No full textSe ha desarrollado una metodología para la detección, a nivel de píxel, de fenómenos observables en series temporales de imágenes de satélites diarias. Consta de varias etapas: a) pre-procesamiento de imágenes diarias para obtener imágenes compuestas de 10 días; b) construcción del espacio de variables estadísticas a considerar en un clasificador bayesiano; c) diseño del algoritmo mediante la selección de los casos de entrenamiento; d) obtención de los mapas de probabilidad relacionados con la presencia/ausencia del fenómeno a observar; y e) post-procesamiento para mejorar los resultados obtenidos mediante la aplicación de múltiples técnicas. Los resultados son analizados mediante métricas de exactitud. Así mismo, se ha diseñado una herramienta software para aplicar dicha metodología a la detección de áreas quemadas en bosques boreales de Norte América utilizando imágenes AVHRR de 0.05\ub0 (~ 5 km) de resolución espacial. La calidad de los resultados obtenidos es comparable a la de trabajos publicados recientemente que utilizan imágenes de 1 km de resolución espacial.Pages: 1719-172
Uso do Sistema de Informação Geográfico para verificação ambiental de rios no município de Salto do Lontra - PR
No full textThis study aimed to use the technologies of remote sensing and GIS to verify impacts of anthropogenic activities in the areas of permanent preservation in the municipality of Salto do Lontra, state of Paraná. We used images available on the site Google Earth to map the areas of permanent preservation, having been performed by visual grading and applying a buffer of 50 meters along the main rivers that are located within the limits of the municipality of Salto do Lontra, for they were certain areas of permanent preservation and the existing image interpretation restore. A Google Earth with ArcGIS 9.3 software enabled the identification in terms of percentage of permanent preservation areas and restore existing. The tools of remote sensing and GIS enabled the identification of environmental impacts in the study area. Having been possible to obtain information about the existence of permanent preservation areas, as well as the permanent preservation areas that are degraded and that would need to be restored based on Federal Code in force. According to the mapping of areas of permanent preservation by the Google Earth image, it was possible to quantify the existing permanent preservation areas and to be restored in the municipality of Salto do Lontra, state of Paraná, contributing information that can be used in actions of territorial planning.Pages: 6993-700