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Efeito da adição de Megathyrsus maximus em ração total mista sobre desempenho, metabolismo e qualidade de carcaças de cordeiros
No full textThis study assessed the impact of total mixed ration silage of Megathyrsus maximus harvested with 70 cm composed of Megathyrsus maximus harvested at 70 cm in height and concentrate at the time of silage or total mixed ration of grass cut at 70 cm composed of Megathyrsus maximus harvested with 70 cm in height (in Exp. I and III) and total mixed ration silage cut at 130 cm composed of Megathyrsus maximus harvested 130 cm height and concentrate at the time of silage or total mixed ration of Megathyrsus maximus harvested with 130 cm composed of Megathyrsus maximus harvested at 130 cm height (in Exp. II and IV), on rumen metabolism, nutrient digestibility, and the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot lambs. The results showed that TMRS70 increased ruminal pH in Exp. I and TMRS130 exhibited higher ether extract digestibility, propionic concentration, and lower acetic to propionic ratio and ruminal pH compared to TMR130 in Exp. II. In Exp. III and IV, there was no significant effect on the performance and quality of the carcass. However, in Exp. IV, TMRS130 led to decreased dry matter intake and average daily gain, while lambs fed with TMR130 showed a higher rib-eye area. Total ration ensilage could be used as a conservation method for young grasses (70 cm) without impairing performance, metabolism, carcasses, and meat quality. However, further research is recommended to evaluate the economic analysis of feeding total ration ensilage (70 cm) instead of total mixed ration as a forage conservation method.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia Faculdade de Engenharia do Campus de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), SPDepartamento de Zootecnia Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SPDepartamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SPDepartamento de Produção Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), SPDepartamento de Biologia e Zootecnia Faculdade de Engenharia do Campus de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), SPDepartamento de Produção Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), SPFAPESP: 2016/15945-
Macroalgal diversity drives abundance and richness of amphipod community
No full textBiodiversity loss is a process that has accelerated in recent decades. In this scenario, the loss of habitat-forming species is of great concern since they facilitate the occurrence of other organisms. These habitat-forming organisms facilitate the occurrence of other species by providing new habitats or increasing the complexity of existing ones. Also, they can minimize adverse abiotic conditions and negative interactions and, thus, their presence allows for the development of an abundant and diverse associated fauna, such as amphipod species. Amphipods have an intimate relationship with macroalgae and can use macroalgae as shelter and food. Marine macroalgae have been under strong decline in abundance and diversity, mainly due to climate change. The loss of diversity of host macroalgae means the loss of the facilitation process that these organisms perform, potentially affecting associated amphipods. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate how the loss of habitat-forming species affects the associated fauna. Specifically, the questions are (1) What is the effect of host macroalgal diversity on the amphipod assemblage? (2) What is the relative importance of richness and identity of host macroalgae for the amphipod assemblage? To answer these questions, a field experiment is conducted to manipulate the richness of host macroalgae (Dichotomaria marginata, Padina gymnospora, Sargassum filipendula) on a subtropical rocky shore (Ubatuba, SP, Brazil). Treatments ranged from monoculture to polycultures, combining additive and substitutive designs. The polyculture treatment harbored higher amphipod abundance and richness than monocultures and had a unique assemblage composition. These results were attributed to the richness, but not to the identity of host macroalgae. This pattern was observed in additive and substitutive experimental designs performed. Moreover, an overyielding of the polyculture relative to that expected from the individual contribution of the monocultures (Dt > 0) and based on the yield of the best monoculture (Dmax>0) is observed, indicating a complementarity effect. These results show that more diverse substrates provide a greater variety of resources (e.g. habitat and food) than monospecific substrates, harboring a richer associated fauna. Therefore, the importance of maintaining the diversity of host macroalgae for the associated faunal community should be emphasized.Postgraduate Program in Ecology Bioscience Institute University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SPDepartment of Animal Biology Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), SPSão Paulo State University - UNESP Institute of Biosciences, SPSão Paulo State University - UNESP Institute of Biosciences, S
Two-stage versus single-stage anaerobic co-digestion on methane synthesis: Energy prospects and microbial community
No full textCassava processing wastewater (CW), a byproduct generated during cassava processing activities, and glycerol (Gly), a byproduct of biodiesel production processes, have a high concentration of organic matter and digestibility, which provides them with great potential for hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) generation. This study evaluated the co-digestion of cassava wastewater and glycerol in a single-stage versus two-stage process using a fluidized bed reactor (AFBR), i.e., a mesophilic acidogenic reactor (MAR) + a sequential mesophilic reactor (SMR) and a mesophilic methanogenic reactor (MMR), operated at mesophilic temperature (30°C). Thus, the effect of increasing the organic matter concentration of 1–12.5 g [chemical oxygen demand] COD.L−1 (50 %:50 % on a COD basis) on CH4 production was verified. Co-digestion consistently yielded methane production in both single and two-stage processes. The two-stage process stood out as the single stage, providing a maximum CH4 Yield (MY) of 341.10 mL CH4. gCOD−1cons and CH4 production rate (MPR) of 168.23 mL of CH4.L−1.h−1, respectively. Regarding the microbial community, the methanogens Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacter prevailed. Moreover, the two-stage and single-stage presented energy potentials of 161.23 kJ.d−1 and 54.26 kJ.d−1, in that order. Upon comparative analysis of the performance between two-stage and single-stage methanogenic reactors, it becomes apparent that the co-digestion of CW and Gly in a two-stage configuration exhibited enhancements over the single-stage.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)São Carlos School of Engineering University of São Paulo (EESC/USP), Av. Trabalhador São Carlense 400, SPBioenergy Research Institute (IPBEN) UNESP – São Paulo State University, SPDepartment of Chemical Engineering Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, SPBioenergy Research Institute (IPBEN) UNESP – São Paulo State University, SPFAPESP: 2015/06246-7FAPESP: 2022/10615-1CNPq: 308987/2023-3CNPq: 422223/2018-
Relationship of Chronic Stress and Hypertension with Bone Resorption
No full textBackground/Objectives: Chronic exposure to stress has been considered a risk factor for hypertension, which is also associated with increased bone resorption. This review aimed to investigate the effect of acute and chronic stress, associated with hypertension, on the skeletal system. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, focusing on peer-reviewed articles published in English. We include experimental, clinical, and peer-reviewed studies focused on the relationship between stress, hypertension, and bone resorption. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase and Scopus, with the last search completed on 10 September 2024. Results: The main topics include situations that favor bone loss, such as psychological stress, which can lead to osteoporotic fractures through immunological and endocrine mechanisms. The relationship between psychological stress and loss of bone density, as in osteoporosis, occurs due to the reduction in the number of osteoblasts and loss in the balance between physiological formation/resorption. Conclusions: Chronic stress significantly affects cardiovascular health and bone resorption. This narrative review study highlights the vulnerability of the skeletal system, along with the cardiovascular system, to prolonged stress, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary strategies in preventing stress-related conditions. Effective stress management can help reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease and bone resorption, emphasizing their role in comprehensive health care.Department of Basic and Oral Biology School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo (FORP-USP), Ribeirão PretoLABOATEM Laboratory of Ostearticular Biology and Tissue Engineering School of Medicine, RosarioResearch Council National Rosario University (CIUNR-CONICET), RosarioMedical School University Center of Adamantina (FAI)Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of São Paulo FMVZ/USP)Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals São Paulo State University CEVAP/UNESP)Department of Biological Sciences School of Dentistry of Bauru University of São Paulo (FOB-USP)Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals São Paulo State University CEVAP/UNESP
The role of the bicycle in promoting urban mobility and sustainability
No full textEste trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o papel da bicicleta na promoção da mobilidade urbana sustentável, com foco na cidade de Ilha Solteira (SP). A pesquisa parte da constatação de que o atual modelo de transporte urbano, centrado no automóvel, gera impactos negativos sobre o meio ambiente, a saúde pública e a qualidade de vida. Em contrapartida, a bicicleta se apresenta como uma alternativa eficiente, econômica e ambientalmente responsável, especialmente em cidades de médio porte com topografia favorável e malha urbana compacta. O estudo adota uma abordagem quali-quantitativa, combinando levantamento bibliográfico, análise documental e observações de campo, com foco na infraestrutura cicloviária da cidade — especialmente nas avenidas Brasil, Perimetral Sul e Adriano Teruhiko Kishimoto. Foram avaliadas as condições físicas das ciclovias, o fluxo de ciclistas nos principais pontos geradores de viagens (PGVs) e os efeitos da inserção crescente das bicicletas elétricas no trânsito urbano. Os resultados apontam para uma infraestrutura existente, porém fragmentada e em estado precário, que compromete a segurança e a atratividade do modal cicloviário. Ainda assim, o uso da bicicleta é expressivo, especialmente entre estudantes e trabalhadores. Conclui-se que, com investimentos adequados, políticas públicas de incentivo e regulamentação específica para bicicletas elétricas, Ilha Solteira possui grande potencial para consolidar um modelo de mobilidade urbana mais sustentável, inclusivo e eficiente.This study aims to analyze the role of bicycles in promoting sustainable urban mobility, with a focus on the city of Ilha Solteira (SP), Brazil. The research starts from the observation that the current urban transport model, centered on automobiles, generates negative impacts on the environment, public health, and quality of life. In contrast, the bicycle emerges as an efficient, affordable, and environmentally responsible alternative, especially in medium-sized cities with favorable topography and a compact urban layout. The study adopts a qualitative and quantitative approach, combining bibliographic research, document analysis, and field observations, focusing on the city's cycling infrastructure — particularly along the Brasil, Perimetral Sul, and Adriano Teruhiko Kishimoto avenues. The study evaluated the physical conditions of the bike lanes, the cyclist flow in the main trip-generating points (PGVs), and the effects of the growing use of electric bicycles in urban traffic. The results reveal an existing but fragmented and deteriorated infrastructure, which compromises the safety and attractiveness of cycling as a transportation mode. Nevertheless, bicycle usage is significant, especially among students and workers. The study concludes that, with adequate investments, public policies, and specific regulations for electric bicycles, Ilha Solteira has strong potential to establish a more sustainable, inclusive, and efficient urban mobility model
Comparative assessment of LiDAR and conventional methods in evaluating genetic parameters of eucalypt progeny trials
No full textThis study compared Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and conventional methods in progeny trials of Eucalyptus cloeziana and E. saligna. Two populations, derived from open-pollinated progenies, were evaluated by using a randomized complete block design. Measurements were taken six years after planting for E. cloeziana and three years for E. saligna. The study aimed to assess genetic parameters and select individuals at typical breeding evaluation ages in Brazil. Both methods demonstrated strong alignment, with high correlations in genetic parameters and values at both progeny and individual levels. Correlations exceeded 97% for progenies and 81% for individuals when analyzing the genetic values of diameter at breast height and height. The methods aligned closely under lower selection intensities but diverged under higher selection intensities. While the accuracy of LiDAR can be improved through refinement, the choice between these methods ultimately depends on operational factors such as the availability of skilled labor and equipment.Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais, Via Comendador Pedro Morganti, 3500, Bairro Monte Alegre, SPForlidar, Rua Cezira Giovanoni Moretti, 655, SPUniversidade Federal de Lavras, Trevo Ro-tatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, MGEscola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Quei-roz, Avenida Pádua Dias, 235, Agronomia, SPUniversidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n, Vila Industrial, SPUniversidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n, Vila Industrial, S
Occurrence of gastrointestinal helminths in a dairy herd in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo
No full textO objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de helmintos gastrintestinais em rebanhos de bovinos leiteiros na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Foram avaliadas 27 propriedades distribuídas em sete municípios, com um total de 550 animais, vacas em período de lactação e seus respectivos bezerros lactantes. Em cada propriedade foi aplicado um questionário para coleta de informações sobre manejo e sanidade, e amostras fecais foram coletadas diretamente da ampola das vacas e seus respectivos bezerros retal para contagem de ovos por grama de fezes e coprocultura com posterior identificação das larvas infectantes. A média geral de OPG das vacas foi de 67,8 e dos bezerros 455,2 OPG. As médias de OPG das vacas conforme a classificação de ECC foram 62,5 para escore 2, 74,0 para escore 3 e 20,4 para escore 4, já em relação aos bezerros as médias foram de 751,5 para escore 2, de 418,8 para escore 3 e 389,2 para escore 4. As médias de OPG das vacas de acordo com a classificação do escore fecal foram de 87,8 para o escore 1, de 60,9 para o escore 2, de 64,9 para o escore 3 e 60,0 para o escore 4, em relação aos bezerros foram de 560,0 para o escore 1, de 389,9 para o escore 2, de 252,5 para o escore 3 e 200,0 para o escore 4. As médias de OPG dos bezerros classificados conforme a faixa etária foram de 212,5 para bezerros de 0-3 meses, de 412,0 para 4-6 meses e 159,0 para bezerros com 7-9 meses. As médias de OPG das vacas classificadas conforme à produção de leite foram de 62,3 para vacas de 0-10 litros, de 80,6 para vacas de 11-20 litros e 47,9 para vacas de 21-31 litros. As médias de OPG das vacas criadas em sistema semi-intensivo foi de 70,3 e de 85,2 no sistema extensivo. As vacas mantidas em sistema de pastejo rotacionado apresentaram um OPG médio de 48,7 e 70,3 no sistema de pastejo contínuo. As raças encontradas nas propriedades avaliadas foram girolando (70%), mestiças (19%), jersey (7%), gir (3%) e holandesa (1%). As forrageiras predominantes nas propriedades eram Mombaça (39%), Tânzania (18%), U. debumbens (17%), capim elefante (4%) e silo (4%). O sistema semi-intensivo era empregado em 56% das propriedades e o sistema extensivo em 44%. Das propriedades avaliadas 74% não realizavam um manejo específico no período pré-parto das vacas e 26% adotam essa prática. Pode-se concluir que os bezerros são mais acometidos por helmintos do que suas respectivas mães, com predominância do gênero Haemonchus, enquanto em vacas o gênero mais encontrado foi Cooperia. O ECC influenciou na carga parasitária tanto das vacas quanto de bezerros. Já em relação ao escore fecal houve alteração no OPG apenas dos bezerros. Evidenciou-se que a idade influenciou na carga de helmintos dos bezerros, sendo a faixa etária mais acometida de 4 a 6 meses. Nas vacas a produção de leite não interferiu no grau de infecção helmíntica, no entanto esta foi influenciada pelo sistema de pastejo, sendo que o pastejo rotacionado proporcionou menor desafio parasitário. Os diferentes sistemas de produção não influenciaram na infecção por helmintos dos rebanhos avaliados.The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of gastrointestinal helminths in dairy cattle herds in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo. A total of 27 properties spread over seven municipalities were evaluated, with a total of 550 animals, lactating cows and their respective suckling calves. A questionnaire was applied to each property to collect information on management and health, and fecal samples were collected directly from the ampulla of the cows and their respective rectal calves for counting eggs per gram of feces and coproculture with subsequent identification of the infective larvae. The overall OPG average for cows was 67.8 and for calves 455.2 OPG. The cows' OPG averages according to ECC classification were 62.5 for Score 2, 74.0 for Score 3 and 20.4 for Score 4, while the calves' averages were 751.5 for Score 2, 418.8 for Score 3 and 389.2 for Score 4. The average OPG of the cows according to the fecal score classification were 87.8 for Score 1, 60.9 for Score 2, 64.9 for Score 3 and 60.0 for Score 4, while for the calves they were 560.0 for Score 1, 389.9 for Score 2, 252.5 for Score 3 and 200.0 for Score 4. The OPG averages for calves classified according to age group were 212.5 for calves aged 0-3 months, 412.0 for calves aged 4-6 months and 159.0 for calves aged 7-9 months. The OPG averages for cows classified according to milk production were 62.3 for 0-10 liter cows, 80.6 for 11-20 liter cows and 47.9 for 21-31 liter cows. The average OPG of cows raised in a semi-intensive system was 70.3 and 85.2 in an extensive system. Cows kept in a rotational grazing system had an average OPG of 48.7 and 70.3 in the continuous grazing system. The breeds found on the properties evaluated were girolando (70%), mestizo (19%), jersey (7%), gir (3%) and holandesa (1%). The predominant forage crops on the farms were Mombasa (39%), Tanzania (18%), U. debumbens (17%), elephant grass (4%) and silo (4%). The semi-intensive system was used on 56% of the properties and the extensive system on 44%. Of the properties evaluated, 74% did not carry out specific management of the cows' pre-calving period and 26% did. It can be concluded that calves are more affected by helminths than their mothers, with a predominance of the genus Haemonchus, while in cows the most common genus found was Cooperia. ECC influenced the parasite load of both cows and calves. In relation to fecal score, there was a change in OPG only in calves. Age was found to influence the helminth load in calves, with the most affected age group being 4 to 6 months. In cows, milk production did not affect the degree of helminth infection, although it was influenced by the grazing system, with rotational grazing providing a lower parasite challenge. The different production systems did not influence helminth infection in the herds evaluated.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES
Photoactivated Rose Bengal Triggers Phospholipid Hydroperoxidation and Late Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells
No full textRose Bengal (RB) is a promising photosensitizer (PS) for photodynamic therapy (PDT), but its application to colorectal carcinoma remains largely unexplored. Herein, we employ in vitro assays to demonstrate that incorporation of RB has substantial phototoxicity against Caco-2 cells, with more than 80% reduction in cell viability for 24 h incubation with 5 × 10-6 mol/L RB followed by irradiation. In contrast, RB had minimal toxicity without irradiation. The mechanisms of RB action were further elucidated using confocal fluorescence microscopy, Langmuir monolayers as cell membrane models, and flow cytometry to determine the cell death pathways. Flow cytometry revealed that the primary mode of cell death was late apoptosis. RB incorporation affected Caco-2 plasma membrane morphology under light irradiation, and membrane interactions were confirmed using Langmuir monolayers of Caco-2 lipid extracts. Incorporation of RB into the monolayers shifted the pressure-area isotherms toward larger molecular areas, especially at low surface pressures and increasing RB concentrations (1, 10, and 25 × 10-6 mol/L). RB adsorption also caused a decrease in the in-plane elasticity (Cs1-) of the Caco-2 monolayers, with a large increase in monolayer flexibility as RB concentration increased. According to polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), the anionic RB interacted electrostatically with positively charged phospholipid groups. Moreover, the changes in surface area observed in the monolayers upon RB incorporation and irradiation could be attributed to hydroperoxidation reactions triggered by the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2). These findings indicate that RB may be used as a PS in the PDT of colorectal cancer, providing detailed insights into its mechanism of action and phototoxicity.São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Sciences Humanities and Languages, SPUniversity of Sao Paulo (USP) São Carlos Institute of Physics, SPConcordia University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Centre for NanoScience ResearchSão Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Sciences Humanities and Languages, S
Control and protection of turbo generators in sugar-energy industries
No full textNo presente trabalho, foi realizado uma análise do funcionamento da cogeração no setor sucroenergético, trazendo a evolução histórica do setor, projeções de crescimento até 2030 e uma revisão do processo industrial, desde a entrada de cana de açúcar até o produto final, sendo etanol e açúcar, para que sejam interligados os conceitos de manutenção elétricos, mecânicos e de instrumentação, com os associados a produção a fim de compreender os aspectos que estão em torno da tomada de decisão dos operadores de campo no setor de geração de energia e como o sistema de controle atua para estabilizar os turbogeradores com o surgimento de distúrbios elétricos e variações no processo. Através deste conteúdo, a planta industrial considerada foi a unidade Conquista do Pontal do grupo Atvos Bioenergia, que contém três turbogeradores, sendo dois de contrapressão e um de condensação, sendo respectivamente de 50MVA, 62,5MVA e 25MVA e durante o trabalho, foi realizado análise de falha referente a uma ocasião de desarme dos geradores. Com a metodologia de estudo definida internamente, com diagramas de Ishikawa, “5W2H”, matriz dos porquês e a matriz de priorização “GUT”, foi possível diagnosticar problemas e causas raízes relacionadas e estes resultados ressaltaram na importância do conhecimento das variáveis do processo da planta com questões mecânicas, elétricas, de automação, controle e proteção dos turbogeradores.In this work, an analysis of the functioning of cogeneration in the sugar-energy sector was carried out, bringing the historical evolution of the sector, growth projections until 2030 and a review of the industrial process, from the entry of sugarcane to the final product, being ethanol and sugar, so that the concepts of electrical, mechanical and instrumentation maintenance are interconnected, with those associated with production in order to understand the aspects that surround the decision-making of field operators in the energy generation sector and how the control system acts to stabilize the turbogenerators with the emergence of electrical disturbances and variations in the process. Through this content, the industrial plant considered was the Conquista do Pontal unit of the Atvos Bioenergia group, which contains three turbo generators, two of which are backpressure and one is condensing, with capacities of 50 MVA, 62.5 MVA and 25 MVA respectively. During the work, failure analyses were performed regarding three generator tripping occasions and with the internally defined study methodology, with Ishikawa diagrams, “5W2H”, the why matrix and the “GUT” prioritization
matrix, it was possible to diagnose problems and related root causes and these results highlighted the importance of knowledge of the plant process variables with mechanical, electrical, automation, control and protection logic issues
Comparative analysis of bacterial and microalgal natural astaxanthin: Part I — Focus on composition, molecular interactions, antioxidant activities, physicochemical and biological functions
No full textAstaxanthin (AXT) has increasingly become an integral part of our daily lives, recognized for its extensive health benefits, particularly its potent antioxidant properties that help protect cells from oxidative stress and damage. This comparative research work focuses on the composition, molecular interactions, antioxidant activities, physicochemical properties, and biological processes of AXT from the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis and the bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens. The Part I of this study aims to address the following key questions: What are the differences in composition between Haematococcus and Paracoccus? What do the molecular interactions in intracellular recovery reveal? What are the antioxidant activities? How does the AXT type exhibit its physicochemical behavior? How do they perform in specific biological functions? Key findings reveal that H. pluvialis contains a more diverse array of AXT esters, enhancing solubilization during intracellular recovery compared to the free AXT form in P. carotinifaciens. Antioxidant assays demonstrate that H. pluvialis exhibits superior radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, stability assessments indicate that esterified AXT from H. pluvialis outperforms the free forms from P. carotinifaciens. Molecular target predictions suggest potential health benefits from both sources, with H. pluvialis likely impacting a broader range of biological pathways. This research underscores the commercial viability of H. pluvialis for human consumption and highlights the need for further exploration of P. carotinifaciens as a sustainable source of AXT for animal nutrition.Escuela de Agronomía Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos Pontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoDepartment of Chemical Engineering Polytechnique Center Federal University of Paraná, PRMessina Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences Former Veterinary School University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci sncDepartamento de Ciencias de la Salud División de Ciencias Biomédicas Centro Universitario de los Altos Universidad de GuadalajaraChromaleont s.r.l. Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina, viale AnnunziataBioengineering & Biomaterials Group School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), SPLaboratory of Magnetic Materials and Colloids Department of Analytical Chemistry Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), SPDepartment of Biomedical Dental Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences University of Messina, Via Consolare ValeriaChemistry and Biotechnology of Natural Products CHEMBIOPRO ESIROI Agroalimentaire Université de La Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, CEDEX 9Bioengineering & Biomaterials Group School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), SPLaboratory of Magnetic Materials and Colloids Department of Analytical Chemistry Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), S