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Sources and methods of phosphorus application in maize cultivation
No full textDespite having a vast area for agricultural production, Brazil is highly dependent on mineral sources for phosphate fertilisers, making their use unsustainable and highly dependent on the international market. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of phosphate fertiliser and the depth of application on the development and productivity of maize over two crop seasons. A randomised block design was used in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme comprising 12 treatments, with four replications. Three sources of phosphorus were tested: single superphosphate (SSP), Top-Phos (R) (TOP-PHOS) and reactive natural phosphate (RNP), in addition to four methods of application (broadcast application [0.00 m] and in-furrow application at three depths [0.05 m, 0.08 m and 0.11 m]). The following parameters were evaluated: final plant stand, plant height, stalk diameter, ear insertion height, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, 1000-grain weight, and grain productivity. The data were submitted to analysis of variance using the F-test at a level of 5%, and to principal component analysis (PCA) with biplot graphical analysis. The use of SSP and Top-Phos (R) increased productivity and the ear insertion height compared to the use of RNP. Applications made at a depth of 0.11 m were the most efficient. Seasonal variables affected productivity, with Top-Phos (R) showing a greater correlation with the yield metrics at greater depths.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Federal University of Technology - Parana(UTFPR)Fed Univ Technol Parana UTFPR, Postgrad Programme Agron, Pato Branco Campus, Pato Branco, PR, BrazilFed Univ Technol Parana UTFPR, Dept Agron, Dois Vizinhos Campus, Dois Vizinhos, PR, BrazilJulio Mesquita Filho Paulista State Univ UNESP, Postgrad Programme Agron Hort, Botucatu Campus, Botucatu, SP, BrazilState Univ Mato Grosso UNEMAT, Postgrad Programme Environm & Agr Prod Syst PPGASP, Tangara Da Serra Campus, Tangara Da Serra, MT, BrazilJulio Mesquita Filho Paulista State Univ UNESP, Postgrad Programme Agron Hort, Botucatu Campus, Botucatu, SP, BrazilCAPES: 00
Application of artifact suppression algorithm of post-processing CBCT software in root canal filling materials
No full textCone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an imaging exam used increasingly in various fields of dentistry, and a greater number of endodontists are progressively gaining access to this technology. This study focused on applying an artifact suppression algorithm featured in CBCT software, and designed specifically to address artifacts related to root canal filling materials. Method: The sample consisted of eighty-four mandibular molars, with mesial root canals endodontically treated by using the lateral condensation technique. Four root canal sealers were applied: G1 – Sealapex®, G2 – AH Plus®, G3 – Endofill®, and G4 – Bio-C Sealer. CBCT scans were taken using PreXion 3D Elite®. Initially, the diameter of the root canal filling (in the mesiodistal and buccolingual directions) was measured using a digital micrometer (control). Next, these diameters were reevaluated in the CBCT images using the blooming artifact reduction (BAR) tool of the e-Vol DX software. The Van der Waerden nonparametric analysis of variance was performed, followed by applying the Tukey test to the normalized data. The significance level was set at α = 5%. Results: There were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in the measurement of original root canal filling materials obtained by the micrometer versus the e-Vol DX software in the mesiodistal and buccolingual directions. Conclusions: The tested software algorithm effectively suppressed artifacts resulting from obturation materials.Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG School of Dentistry Department of Stomatologic Science, GOCROIF Diagnostic Imaging Center, MTOMFR Private PracticeUniversidade Estadual Paulista – Unesp Department of Endodontics, SPUniversidade Estadual Paulista – Unesp Department of Endodontics, S
3D-Printed PCL-Based Scaffolds with High Nanosized Synthetic Smectic Clay Content: Fabrication, Mechanical Properties, and Biological Evaluation for Bone Tissue Engineering
No full textBackground: The 3D printing of macro-and mesoporous biomimetic grafts composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) infused with nanosized synthetic smectic clay is a promising innovation in biomaterials for bone tissue engineering (BTE). The main challenge lies in achieving a uniform distribution of nanoceramics across low to high concentrations within the polymer matrix while preserving mechanical properties and biological performance essential for successful osseointegration. Methods: This study utilized 3D printing to fabricate PCL scaffolds enriched with nanosized synthetic smectic clay (LAP) to evaluate its effects on structural, chemical, thermal, mechanical, and degradative properties, with a focus on in vitro biological performance and non-toxicity. Scaffolds were created with varying proportions of PCL and LAP. Comprehensive characterization included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical testing, swelling analysis, and degradation studies. Biological performance was assessed through MTT assays (cell viability), alkaline phosphatase activity, histological analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, highlighting the scaffolds’ biocompatibility and potential applications in regenerative medicine. Results: The developed inks demonstrated excellent injectability, and the 3D-printed PCL/LAP scaffolds exhibited a microporous and rough structure, good structural fidelity, low degradability, thermal stability, and sufficient mechanical strength across all formulations. Intrinsic properties of the scaffolds revealed no cytotoxicity while enhancing bioactivity and promoting in vitro mineralization when cultured with mesenchymal stem cells in all analyzed groups. Notably, the high concentration of LAP within the PCL matrices did not induce in vitro cytotoxicity but rather stimulated in vitro mineralization and differentiation. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of 3D printing PCL/LAP scaffolds with high concentrations of nanoceramics. Both in vitro and in vivo assays validated the regenerative potential of these scaffolds, emphasizing their efficacy as a promising approach for developing advanced biomimetic grafts.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV) Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program (PPGCM) Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), PILaboratory of Innovation in Science and Technology Department of Biophysics and Physiology Federal University of Piauí, PIInstitute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University (UNESP), SPDepartment of Physics Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), PIBiotechnology Research Center State University of Piauí, PIInstitute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University (UNESP), SPCNPq: 310883/2020-2CNPq: 311531/2020-2CNPq: 403890/2023-
The psychosomatic disorder in Winnicott
No full textO distúrbio psicossomático representa um desafio na clínica psicanalítica por situar-se numa área de intersecção entre saberes e devido às características dos pacientes que dificultam o manejo clínico do caso, como a incapacidade de simbolização, o distanciamento afetivo e a negação da relação entre estados emocionais e doenças biológicas. Winnicott diferencia o verdadeiro distúrbio psicossomático dos fenômenos psicossomáticos, ao defini-lo como um sistema defensivo, decorrente da não conquista da integração psicossomática, formado por cisões e dissociações. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi investigar a etiologia do distúrbio psicossomático em Winnicott e suas manifestações clínicas. De modo específico, objetivou-se compreender a diferença entre existência psicossomática e integração psicossomática para o distúrbio psicossomático, além de discutir as noções de cisão e dissociação presentes nesse quadro. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa teórica de cunho conceitual, guiada pela hermenêutica psicanalítica. Através de vinhetas clínicas e de uma análise interpretativa dos textos de Winnicott e dos seus comentadores, os resultados apontaram que a etiologia do distúrbio psicossomático está relacionada ao cuidado insuficiente na fase de dependência absoluta. Falhas recorrentes nas funções maternas de holding e handling comprometem a boa fruição da existência psicossomática, dificultando a transição entre os estados tranquilos e excitados e impedindo a passagem da não-integração para a integração psicossomática. Diante dessas falhas ambientais, o bebê é confrontado com ansiedades inimagináveis e o medo da aniquilação, não conseguindo alcançar a integração psicossomática. Nesse contexto, a desintegração emerge como uma defesa, acompanhada pelos mecanismos da cisão e da dissociação. A cisão atua como um mecanismo de defesa primitivo que segrega o conteúdo traumático sem representação psíquica, podendo gerar uma ruptura entre psique e soma ou entre a mente e o psicossoma. Já a dissociação resulta da manutenção da cisão em um ambiente continuamente falho, favorecendo: a construção do falso self, os estados de despersonalização em que a pessoa sente não habitar o próprio corpo, o distanciamento entre a percepção do corpo anatômico e os estados emocionais, a formação da psique-mente e a disseminação dos agentes responsáveis. Concluiu-se que é possível derivar do estudo da etiologia do distúrbio psicossomático, em Winnicott, contribuições para o manejo clínico desses casos, evidenciando o aspecto positivo da patologia, aprimorando a técnica psicanalítica e ampliando o diálogo entre a psicossomática e a teoria winnicottiana.The psychosomatic disorder presents a challenge in psychoanalytic practice due to its position at the intersection of different fields of knowledge and because of the characteristics of the patients, which complicate clinical management, such as the inability to symbolize, emotional detachment, and the denial of the relationship between emotional states and biological illnesses. Winnicott differentiates true psychosomatic disorder from psychosomatic phenomena by defining it as a defensive system, resulting from the failure to achieve psychosomatic integration, formed by splits and dissociations. The general objective of this study was to investigate the etiology of psychosomatic disorder in Winnicott and its clinical manifestations. Specifically, it aimed to understand the difference between psychosomatic existence and psychosomatic integration regarding psychosomatic disorder, as well as to discuss the notions of splitting and dissociation present in this condition. This was a theoretical, conceptual research guided by psychoanalytic hermeneutics. Through clinical vignettes and an interpretative analysis of Winnicott's texts and those of his commentators, the results indicated that the etiology of psychosomatic disorder is related to insufficient care during the stage of absolute dependence. Recurrent failures in the maternal functions of holding and handling compromise the healthy unfolding of psychosomatic existence, making it difficult for the infant to transition between calm and excited states and preventing the shift from non-integration to psychosomatic integration. In the face of these environmental failures, the baby is confronted with unthinkable anxieties and the fear of annihilation, thus failing to achieve psychosomatic integration. In this context, disintegration emerges as a defense, accompanied by the mechanisms of splitting and dissociation. Splitting acts as a primitive defense mechanism that segregates traumatic content without psychic representation, potentially generating a rupture between psyche and soma or between the mind and the psychosoma. Dissociation, in turn, results from the maintenance of splitting in a continuously failing environment, leading to: the construction of the false self, states of depersonalization in which the person feels detached from their own body, the distancing between the perception of the anatomical body and emotional states, the formation of the psyche-mind, and the dispersion of responsible agents. It was concluded that the study of the etiology of psychosomatic disorder in Winnicott offers contributions to the clinical management of these cases, highlighting the positive aspect of the pathology, enhancing psychoanalytic technique, and expanding the dialogue between psychosomatics and Winnicottian theory
Heteroleptic Copper(I) Complexes with Pyridine-Benzothiazole Ligands as Photocatalysts for Free Radical Photopolymerization and 3D Printing
No full textCopper(I) complexes have attracted considerable attention as efficient redox photocatalysts (PCs) in photopolymerization. In this study, two copper(I) complexes bearing a pyridine-benzothiazole ligand were thoroughly investigated as photocatalysts for the free radical photopolymerization of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate under violet and green light irradiation. A three-component system comprising a copper complex, di-tert-butyl-diphenyl iodonium hexafluorophosphate, and ethyl dimethylaminobenzoate as additives was investigated under various conditions. The copper complexes exhibited remarkable photoinitiation capabilities, achieving high monomer conversion rates and highlighting significant structure-reactivity relationships. Based on free energy calculations and spectroscopic analyses, a mechanistic pathway was proposed. The optimal conditions were successfully applied in 3D printing, producing smooth and uniform 3D structures.Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia UNESP − Univ. Estadual Paulista, SPUniversité de Haute-Alsace CNRS IS2M UMR 7361Université de StrasbourgLaboratoire de Synthèse et Fonctions des Architectures Moléculaires UMR7140 Chimie de la Matiere Complexe Université de Strasbourg CNRS, 4 rue Blaise, PascalInstitut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg IPCMS UMR 7504 CNRS Université de StrasbourgFaculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia UNESP − Univ. Estadual Paulista, S
Bioactivity, Efficacy, and Safety of a Wound Healing Ointment With Medicinal Plant Bioactives: In Vitro and In Vivo Preclinical Evaluations
No full textChronic wounds have a significant impact on patients’ quality of life, necessitating the management of pain, infection, bleeding, and emotional challenges. Debridement, which involves the removal of nonviable tissue, is crucial for promoting wound healing. In addition to surgical methods, cost-effective alternatives such as local solutions and ointments with biological properties have been explored. The use of natural compounds with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and collagen-synthesizing abilities holds promise for wound healing. This in vitro and in vivo preclinical study aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of a wound healing ointment containing bioactive ingredients derived from medicinal plants (extracts, essential oils, and vegetable oils). The chemical composition of the ointment was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to gain insights into its synergistic action. Preclinical tests were conducted following standardized protocols. FTIR analysis revealed similarities between the product’s spectrum and that of bioactive compounds. The in vitro tests demonstrated that all formulations of the ointment induced no cell death, DNA damage, or acute toxicity in cell cultures (p < 0.05). No lethal dose was observed, indicating the safety of the ointment at all concentrations. The ointment also stimulated a notably more organized, significantly higher collagen production compared to control groups (p < 0.05). In vivo preclinical analyses also demonstrated no adverse responses being effective in the healing process compared to the control group (silver sulfadiazine) in terms of wound contraction and ulcer re-epithelization (p < 0.05). Significantly higher means of wound contraction were observed in the groups treated with the bioactive-containing ointment when compared to both the positive control group (sulfadiazine) and the control untreated groups (p < 0.05). The regenerative ointment exhibited excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity in in vitro and in vivo studies, contributing to the development of innovative and sustainable wound management therapies.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, imperial.ac.uk, GBRBotucatu Medical School São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, unesp.br, BRABioengineering and Biomaterials Group School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), unesp.br, BRABiotechnology and Innovation in Health Program Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN), São Paulo, BRADepartment of Health Management Fundação Nacional de Gestão de SaúdeUndergraduate Program Medical School Universidade Nove de Julho, BauruDepartment of Surgery Stomatology Pathology and Radiology Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, usp.br, BRADepartment of Chemistry Institute of Environmental Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, unifesp.br, BRADepartment of Physics School of Sciences POSMAT-Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Technology São Paulo State University (UNESP), São PauloDepartment of Research and Development (RD) and Innovation Center Triplet Biotechnology Solutions Inc, BauruPost-Graduate Program in Dentistry Uniderp Anhanguera University, Mato Grosso do SulPost-Graduate Program in Integrated Dental Sciences University of Cuiabá (UNIC), Mato Grosso do SulDepartment of Physics School of Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, unesp.br, BRABotucatu Medical School São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, unesp.br, BRABioengineering and Biomaterials Group School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), unesp.br, BRADepartment of Physics School of Sciences POSMAT-Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Technology São Paulo State University (UNESP), São PauloDepartment of Physics School of Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, unesp.br, BRAFAPESP: 2023/00460-
Modified Magnetic Nanocomposites with 2-Aminobenzothiazole as a Selective Adsorbent for Dispersive Magnetic Micro-solid Phase Extraction of Ultra-trace Amounts of Cadmium in Environmental and Food Samples by Thermospray Flame Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
No full textThis study reports for the first time the synthesis and analytical performance of two novel magnetic nanocomposites-based silica-coated and carbon nanotubes thiol (2-aminobenzothiazole – ABT) functionalized as adsorbents for preconcentration of cadmium ions in water, cigarette and food samples by dispersive magnetic micro-solid phase extraction (DM-µ-SPE) and determination by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS). The synthesized materials were characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption–desorption, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The pH was investigated univariately while other parameters that influence the DM-µ-SPE were investigated using a two-level (24) full factorial design. As optimized conditions, pH 7.0 and 6.0; 20 mg of nanoparticles; HNO3 1.5 M as eluent and 2 min and 8 min as elution time, were found to m-SiO2-ABT and MMWCNT-ABT, respectively. The method also showed good linearity in the range of 1.0 to 10.0 µg L−1 (r2 ≥ 0.99) and of 2.0 to 20.0 µg L−1 (r2 ≥ 0.99), and low limits of detection (0.02 and 0.11 µg L−1) to m-SiO2-ABT and MMWCNT-ABT, respectively. The nanocomposites, m-SiO2-ABT and MMWCNT-ABT, can be regenerated without significant adsorption capacity loss for ten cycles, yielding recovery percentages of analytical signal of 93.04% and of 103.2%, respectively. The analysis of different water samples (tap water and mineral water), tobacco, green tea, and rice was carried out without matrix interference, yielding recovery values ranging from 88 to 104%.Faculdade de Ciências Exatas E Tecnologia Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD) Cidade Universitária, Rod. Dourados-Itahum, Km 12, MS CEPDepartamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PR CEPInstituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quintadinha, SP CEPInstituto de Química Departamento de Química Analítica Instituto Nacional de Ciência E Tecnologia de Bioanalítica (INCTBio) Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Cidade Universitária, SP CEPInstituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quintadinha, SP CE
Skinny fat model of metabolic syndrome induced by a high-salt/sucrose diet in young male rats
No full textChildhood and puberty can affect metabolism, leading to tissue injury and malfunction later in life. The consumption of high-processed foods rich in salt and sugar is increasing in middle- and high-income countries, especially among young people. It is necessary to evaluate the effects of high salt and sugar levels in the youth on most injured organs during metabolic challenges. We aimed to investigate whether high-salt/sucrose intake affects whole-body development and leads to end-organ injury. Weaned male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a control group fed a standard diet and tap water, and an experimental group (SS) fed a standard diet and a beverage containing 1·8 % NaCl and 20 % sucrose instead of tap water. The animals were treated for 60 d, starting after weaning at 21 d of age, after which the animals were subjected to glucose and insulin tolerance tests, urine collection and heart rate monitoring and euthanised for sample collection at 81 d of age. SS showed reduced body weight gain and increased food intake of sodium/sucrose solution. Interestingly, high-salt/sucrose intake led to increased body adiposity, liver lipid inclusion, heart rate and renal dysfunction. SS exhibits increased levels of PPAR alpha to counterbalance the hypertrophy of brown adipose tissue. Our findings reveal that the SS rat model exhibits non-obvious obesity with end-organ damage and preserved brown adipose tissue function. This model closely parallels human conditions with normal BMI but elevated visceral adiposity, providing a relevant tool for studying atypical metabolic disorders.Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism Federal University of Goiás, GODepartment of Academic Areas Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Goiás, Campus Formosa, GONeuroscience and Cardiovascular Physiology Research Center Federal University of Goiás, GODepartment of Pharmacology Federal University of Goiás, GOLaboratory of Endocrine Physiology State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJSystems Neurobiology Laboratory Federal University of Goiás, GODepartment of Physiology and Pathology School of Dentistry São Paulo State University UNESP, SPDepartment of Physiology and Pathology School of Dentistry São Paulo State University UNESP, S
A pilot study for speech assessment to detect the severity of Parkinson's disease: An ensemble approach
No full textBackground: Changes in voice are a symptom of Parkinson's disease and used to assess the progression of the condition. However, natural differences in the voices of people can make this challenging. Computerized binary speech classification can identify people with PD (PwPD), but its multiclass application to detect the severity of the disease remains difficult. Method: This study investigated six diadochokinetic (DDK) tasks, four features (phonation, articulation, prosody, and their fusion), and three machine learning models for four severity levels of PwPD. The four binary classifications were: (i) Normal vs Not Normal, (ii) Slight vs Not Slight, (iii) Mild vs Not Mild and (iv) Moderate vs. Not Moderate. The best task and features for each class were identified and the models were ensembled to develop a multiclass model to distinguish between Normal vs. Slight vs. Mild vs. Moderate. Results: For Normal vs Not-normal, logistic regression (LR) using the prosody from “ka-ka-ka” task, Random Forest (RF) using articulation from “petaka” for Slight vs Not Slight, RF for the fusion from “ka-ka-ka” for Mild vs Not Mild and Gradient Boosting (GB) using prosody from “ta-ta-ta” for Moderate vs Not Moderate gave the best results. Combining these using LR achieved an accuracy of 72%. Conclusion: Dividing the multiclass problem into four binary problems gives the optimum speech features for each class. This pilot study, conducted on a small public dataset, shows the potential of computerized speech analysis using DDK to evaluate the severity of Parkinson's disease voice symptoms.Stiftelsen PromobiliaCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)School of Engineering RMIT UniversitySchool of Sciences São Paulo State UniversityElectrical Engineering Universitas SurabayaSchool of Sciences São Paulo State UniversityCAPES: 001FAPESP: 2013/07375-0FAPESP: 2019/07665-4FAPESP: 2023/14197-2FAPESP: 2023/14427-8CNPq: 308529/2021-
Percolation Threshold of Bacterial Nanocrystals in Biopolymeric Matrices to Build Up Strengthened Biobased Food Packaging
No full textBacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNCs) extracted from cellulose residues, resulting from film-cutting operations used for the commercial production of dressings, were studied as reinforcement for films based on gelatin, pectin, and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC). The biopolymer matrices differ in their monomer and functional group (gelatin: -COOH and -NH; pectin: -COOH and HPMC -OH). The addition of BCNCs into a polymer matrix for biopolymeric nanocomposite formulation was based on values around the theoretical percolation threshold. The results of this study showed that the BCNCs had a diameter and mean length range of (27 ± 1) nm and (180 ± 10) nm, respectively, producing films reaching 120.13 MPa of tensile strength, 10.9 GPa of Young’s modulus, and a toughness of 335.17 × 106 J/m3. All films showed good transparency and a smooth surface. Surface micrographs (SEM) revealed homogeneous, compact, smooth regions, and no macropores. The crystallinity index of the BCNCs produced was 68.69%. The crystallinity of the gelatin, pectin, and HPMC films improved from 10.25 to 44.61%, from 29.79 to 53.04%, and from 18.81 to 39.88%, respectively. These results show the possibility of using films for freeze-dried food packaging.Hybrid Composites and Nanocomposites Group (GCNH) Department of Physics and Chemistry School of Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SPBrazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano) Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), SPHybrid Composites and Nanocomposites Group (GCNH) Department of Physics and Chemistry School of Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, S