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The economic valuation of environmental damages in scenarios of tailings dams' ruptures: The case of Brumadinho's catastrophe, Minas Gerais, Brazil
No full textQualifying and quantifying the value of environmental damages that have affected a particular region following a catastrophic event is not always an easy task, because some damages are perceived in the short-term and others can only manifest themselves after many years. Expressing the environmental damage through mathematical formulas is even more difficult to undertake, because some damages can be easily measured and others can be more complex to scale. When it comes to environmental damages caused by tailings dams bursts, the task of estimating their economic value becomes even more complicated considering the multiplicity of factors involved and the length of time they remain at the affected sites. Despite all these uncertainties, the allocation of a monetary compensation to those responsible for the damage is a public duty, so the development of credible and fair methodologies for the economic valuation of environmental damages is a mandatory challenge. With this in mind, in order to financially measure events that promote environmental degradation, we proposed the EVED methodology – Economic Valuation of Environmental Damages, inspired on the standard VERA – Economic valuation of environmental resources. The novelty of EVED is that it moves the focus from valuating the environment based on the classification of features' “use” or “no-use”, to valuating the environment based on the recovery and repair time scale. The tested site was the Ribeirão Ferro-Carvão watershed located in the municipality of Brumadinho, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, which has been affected by the collapse of B1 tailings dam of Vale, S.A. mining company, in 2019. The valuation of environmental damages was restricted to the natural vegetation of Atlantic Forest biome impacted by the tailings' mudflow. The results revealed losses of ecosystem services amounting to R 571,346,957.9. These results increased previous estimates, but were considered more realistic since this study took into account the value of affected ecosystem services as well as the value of direct costs related to the removing of tailings from the affected sites, combined with the effect of time on these values, something that was not previously the case. It was therefore concluded that the EVED methodology provides a realistic framework for the financial amounts to be imputed to mining companies as monetary compensation related to the collapse of tailings dams. It should be noted that the study has valued the damage related to the impact of B1 dam collapse on the natural vegetation of Ribeirão Ferro-Carvão's channel and banks, meaning that it does not represent a comprehensive analysis of environmental damages caused by the disaster, which would naturally have to include damages related to the degradation of soil, air and water, among other compartments. It should also be said that the EVED methodology comprises a set of financial valuation tools designed to support judicial decisions, and does not address moral damages or life loss.Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisUniversidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto DouroFederal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6620, Pampulha, MGCITAB - Center for Agro-environmental and Biological Research and Technologies University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Ap,.1013CQVR - Vila Real Chemistry Center University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Ap. 1013POLUS-Land Use Policy Group Paulista State University (UNESP), Access Way Prof, Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, SPPOLUS-Land Use Policy Group Paulista State University (UNESP), Access Way Prof, Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, S
Regulatory changes during the Covid-19 pandemic: A comparative review of the European Union and Brazilian regulations for biological and biotechnological products
No full textThe process for registration of biologic products is lengthy due to the high number of studies and data required by the health authorities. However, with the COVID-19 pandemic, and the urgent need for an alternative, the authorities reduce the time for registering new products with the challenge of maintaining all the necessary reliable standards. The objective of this paper is to compare the regulatory requirements for biologics in Brazil and the European Union in the context of the pandemic and evaluate the background differences in regulations before and after the emergency. The searches were conducted in the databases of EMA and Anvisa and the results were assessed for type of document/product, regulatory scope/process step, effectiveness, and year of publication/update. Both regulators foresaw the route of registration for emergency use and followed international standards, with strict requirements for quality, safety, and efficacy. After the end of the health emergency, while EMA gradually phased out the emergency regulations, Anvisa withdrew them. It was observed that the challenges faced by the Brazilian authority and industries were related to the lack of a centralized health monitoring system. The regulators were overall aligned in the approaches during the pandemic and both had a regulatory emphasis on vaccines but the measures taken after its end differed. The main difference observed was the slower phase-out and the adoption of lessons learned strategy in the EU, which should be learning points for Anvisa if targeting a continuous readiness strategy for health emergencies.Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University UNESPDepartment of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University UNES
Development of electrocheminal sensors based on hydrochar and antimony nanoparticles for the determination of heavy metals in tea samples
No full textOs metais pesados, ainda hoje, são utilizados nos mais variados setores industriais e seu descarte incorreto acarreta em danos significativos à fauna e à flora, e impactam a saúde humana. A Camellia sinensis é uma das plantas que são afetadas por esse descarte de resíduos, o que causa preocupação, visto que as folhas desse arbusto são responsáveis por produzir os chás, dentre eles, o chá preto e o chá verde. É necessário que existam técnicas simples e de baixo custo que sejam capazes de detectar a presença de metais pesados nessa bebida com o intuito de minimizar a exposição humana a esses contaminantes. Esse trabalho visa desenvolver um sensor eletroquímico baseado em hydrochar (HDC) e nanopartículas de antimônio (SbNPs) para a detecção dos metais cádmio, chumbo, cobre e mercúrio em chá verde e chá preto. O uso do hydrochar está sendo investigado como uma possível alternativa a outros materiais carbonáceos, visto que esse material é produzido a partir de biomassas que não possuem um destino final apropriado, e também acarretam em sérios impactos ambientais. A caracterização morfológica dos materiais foi realizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (FEG-SEM) e a caracterização eletroquímica se deu por meio da voltametria cíclica (CV) e impedância eletroquímica. As técnicas demonstraram que a modificação do HDC pelas SbNPs foi bem-sucedida. Foram realizados experimentos de otimização utilizando-se da técnica de voltametria de onda quadrada de redissolução anódica (SWASV), no qual se avaliaram os seguintes parâmetros: porcentagem de SbCl3 presente no compósito, concentração do filme depositado na superfície do eletrodo, eletrólito de suporte mais adequado, pH da solução fosfato, potencial de acumulação, tempo de acumulação, frequência e amplitude de pulso. Os valores otimizados foram, respectivamente: 40% (m/m), 1,0 mg/mL, solução fosfato, pH 3,0, -1,0 V, 75 s, 50 Hz e 50 mV. A correlação linear com as concentrações dos íons metálicos foi alcançada e os seus limites de detecção (LOD) foram calculados: 134 (Cd2+), 34 (Pb2+), 92 (Cu2+) e 219 (Hg2+) µg L-1. A complexidade da matriz dos chás e a interação entre os íons metálicos em solução afetou a quantificação correta dos metais, por isso também foram realizadas análises simultâneas em água da torneira, bem como análises individuais de cada metal nos chás verde, preto e em água. Para as análises simultâneas nos chás e na água, assim como as análises individuais realizadas nos chás, foram observadas interferências, sendo quantificados valores muito inferiores ao das concentrações adicionadas. As análises individuais em água da torneira foram as únicas que consistentemente foram capazes de quantificar valores de concentrações superiores ao adicionado. Apesar das dificuldades encontradas, o sensor foi desenvolvido e obteve certo sucesso ao se detectar os íons metálicos em solução.Despite its toxicity, heavy metals are still used today in a wide variety of industrial sectors. Incorrect disposal of these compounds causes significant damage to fauna and flore, impacting human health. Camellia sinensis is one of the plants affected by the disposal, which causes concern, given that the leaves of this shrub are responsible for producing one of the most consumed beverages on the planet – teas. There is a need for simple, low-cost techniques that can detect the presence of heavy metals in this beverage in order to minimize human exposure to these contaminants. This work aims to develop an electrochemical sensor based on hydrochar (HDC) and antimony nanoparticles (SbNPs) for the detection of cadmium, lead, copper and mercury in green and black teas. The use of hydrochar is being investigates as a possible alternative to other carbonaceous materials, since HDC is produced from biomasses that do not have an appropriate final destination and also cause serious environmental impacts. The morphological characterization of the materials was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and the electrochemical characterization was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance. The techniques showed that the modification of HDC by SbNPs was successful. Optimization experiments were carried out using the square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) technique, in which the following parameters were evaluated: percentage of SbCl3 present in the composite, concentration of the film deposited on the electrode surface, most suitable support electrolyte, pH of phosphate, accumulation potential, accumulation time, pulse Frequency and amplitude. The optimized values were, respectively: 40% (m/m), 1.0 mg/mL, phosphate solution, pH 3.0, -1.0 V, 75 s, 50 Hz and 50 mV. The linear correlation with the metal ions concentrations was adjusted and their limits of detection (LOD) were successfully calculated: 134 (Cd2+), 34 (Pb2+), 92 (Cu2+) e 219 (Hg2+) µg L-1. The highly complex tea matrix and the interaction between metallic ions in solution affected the correct quantification of the metals. For this reason, the simultaneous analysis in tap water and the individual analysis in both teas and tap water were also conducted. Interferences were observed in both simultaneous analysis and in the individual analysis in tea samples – the concentration values calculated were inferior than the ones that were added. The individual analysis of the metal ions in tap water were the only ones that consistently quantified superior values than what was added. Besides the difficulties, the sensor was developed and was somewhat successful in the detection of the heavy metal ions in solution.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)CAPES: 88887.860509/2023-0
Modelagem de velocidade de sedimentação terminal de agregados fractais de al-caulim: uma abordagem de aprendizado de máquina interpretável usando regressão simbólica
No full textA modelagem por Aprendizado de Máquina (ML) da velocidade de sedimentação terminal de agregados é um avanço de ponta na otimização inteligente de processos de tratamento de água e esgoto. No entanto, a natureza complexa dos agregados frequentemente complica os processos de predição, levando à dependência de uma combinação de múltiplas ferramentas estatísticas, perda de informações e desafios de interpretação. Este estudo apresenta uma nova seleção de características morfológicas de agregados a partir de análise de imagem não intrusiva para modelar a velocidade de sedimentação terminal (TSV) de agregados fractais usando ML interpretável. Primeiramente, quatro modelos de ML (Floresta Aleatória (RF), Reforço de Gradiente Extremo (XGBoost), Máquina de Reforço de Gradiente Leve (LGBM) e Rede Neural Artificial (RNA)) foram treinados e validados. RF e XGBoost foram inicialmente usados para selecionar características de agregados extraíveis diretamente de imagens de flocos e validadas pela análise SHapley Additive ExPlanations (SHAP). Posteriormente, um ML simbólico interpretável (modelo PySR) foi treinado para gerar expressões (marcadas: PySR_1n, PySR_2n, PySR_1u, e PySR_2u) para modelagem direta de TSV a partir de imagens. As propriedades físicas do agregado são caracterizadas por tamanho maior e alta dimensão fractal 3D (mediana Df = 2,82), com a maioria dos agregados sem aglomeração. O TSV mediano foi de 2,65 × 10⁻² m/s, com uma relação significativa com o tamanho (R² = 0,59). Todos os modelos de ML não conseguiram atingir precisão superior a 92% quando submetidos apenas a características físicas. Enquanto isso, a inclusão de facilita a precisão aprimorada por todos os modelos (R²: 0,99 – 1,0). Os modelos PySR registraram precisão de treinamento e teste entre 98% e 99%, exceto para PySR_1u (teste R² = 0,94). As expressões menos complexas (PySR_2n e PySR_2u) tiveram grandes capacidades de generalização (R² = 0,98), enquanto PySR_1u registrou o menor erro de teste (RMSE: 2,158 x 10⁻³; MAE: 1,532 x 10⁻³). Ambos PySR_1n e PySR_1u registraram maior precisão de validação. Este estudo destaca que uma seleção otimizada de características agregadas melhora significativamente a precisão da previsão de TSV. As expressões derivadas do PySR são benéficas para a detecção de TSV agregado em tempo real a partir de imagens e facilitam o monitoramento eficiente do processo de tratamento.Machine Learning (ML) modelling of aggregates terminal settling velocity is a cutting-edge advancement in smart water and wastewater treatment process optimisation. However, aggregate complex nature often complicates the prediction processes, leading to the reliance on a combination of multiple statistical tools, loss of information, and interpretation challenges. This study presents a novel aggregate morphological feature selection from non-intrusive image analysis for modelling terminal settling velocity (TSV) of fractal aggregates using interpretable ML. First, four ML models (Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient Boost Machine (LGBM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)) were trained and validated. RF and XGBoost were initially used to select aggregate features extractable directly from floc images and validated by SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis. Subsequently, an interpretable symbolic ML (PySR model) was trained to generate expressions (tagged: PySR_1n, PySR_2n, PySR_1u, and PySR_2u) for direct TSV modelling from images. The aggregate’s physical properties are characterised by larger size and high 3D fractal dimension (median Df = 2.82), with most aggregates having no clumpiness. The median TSV was 2.65 × 10⁻² m/s, with a significant relationship with size (R² = 0.59). All ML models could not achieve beyond 92% accuracy when subjected to only physical features. Meanwhile, the inclusion of Df facilitates improved accuracy by all models (R²: 0.99 – 1.0). The PySR models recorded training and test accuracy between 98 and 99%, except for PySR_1u (test Df = 0.94). The less complex expressions (PySR_2n and PySR_2u) had great generalisation capabilities (R² = 0.98), while PySR_2u recorded the least test error (RMSE: 2.158 x 10⁻³; MAE: 1.532 x 10⁻³). Both PySR_1n and PySR_1u recorded higher validation accuracy. This study highlights that an optimised aggregate feature selection significantly improves TSV prediction accuracy. The PySR-derived expressions are beneficial for real-time aggregate TSV detection from images and facilitate efficient treatment process monitoring.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Capes: 00
Synthesis of alumina-supported molybdenum disulfide for use in catalysis
No full textO consumo de combustíveis fósseis vem gerando diversos problemas ambientais dentre eles aumento da concentração dos gases de efeito estufa e consequentemente a intensificação do aquecimento global. Neste cenário, a busca por biocombustíveis vem crescendo no decorrer dos anos. No Brasil, a fim de encontrar uma maneira de contornar esta problemática, o senado desenvolveu o Projeto de Lei 528/20, ou projeto de lei dos “Combustíveis do Futuro”, este tem como principais objetivos a promoção da mobilidade sustentável de baixo carbono e a captura e a estocagem geológica de dióxido de carbono, instituir o Programa Nacional de Combustível Sustentável de Aviação (ProBioQAV), o Programa Nacional de Diesel Verde (PNDV). Dentre as fontes de energia renováveis, o Diesel Verde vem ganhando cada vez mais destaque, conhecido como Óleo Vegetal Hidrotratado (OVH), este combustível consiste em um lipídio no qual passou por um tratamento a fim de moldar sua estrutura para uma mais semelhante a do Diesel convencional. Para a produção do diesel verde é necessário realizar uma reação catalítica para desoxigenação e quebra das insaturações dos ácidos graxos. Para essa reação são necessários catalisadores metálicos muitas vezes suportados em alumina. Neste estudo foram analisados métodos de obtenção de dissulfeto de molibdênio suportado em alumina visando sua aplicação para reação de catálise de lipídeos. Realizando a síntese da alumina por coprecipitação homogênea e suportando dissulfeto de molibdênio por métodos como mecanoquímica e sonoquímica.The consumption of fossil fuels has been generating various environmental problems, including the intensification of the greenhouse effect and, consequently, the increase in global temperatures. In this scenario, the search for renewable energy sources has been growing over the years. In Brazil, in an effort to address this issue, the Senate developed Bill 528/20, also known as the "Fuels of the Future" bill. Its main objectives are to promote low-carbon sustainable mobility, carbon dioxide capture and geological storage, and to establish the National Sustainable Aviation Fuel Program (ProBioQAV) and the National Green Diesel Program (PNDV). Among renewable energy sources, Green Diesel has been gaining increasing prominence. Known as Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), this fuel consists of a lipid that has undergone treatment to reshape its structure to one more similar to conventional diesel. The production of green diesel requires a catalytic reaction for deoxygenation and the breakdown of fatty acid unsaturations. This reaction requires metallic catalysts, often supported on alumina. In this study, methods for obtaining molybdenum disulfide supported on alumina were analyzed, aiming at its application for lipid catalysis reactions. The synthesis of alumina was carried out by homogeneous coprecipitation, and molybdenum disulfide was supported using methods such as mechanochemistry
Estrategias agronómicas para la recuperación sostenible de la cadena del cacao en el suroeste Amazónico
No full textO cacau é um dos principais produtos da bioeconomia amazônica, cultivado há mais de três mil anos por povos pré-colombianos e valorizado por seus efeitos nutricionais e farmacológicos, atribuídos à presença de compostos fenólicos como flavonoides e procianidinas. No entanto, em sua região de origem, o cultivo do cacau encontra-se tecnicamente defasado, perdendo importância frente a cadeias mais agressivas ao meio ambiente, como a pecuária extensiva e o cultivo de grãos. Diante disso, este projeto teve como objetivo identificar os principais gargalos agronômicos e propor estratégias científicas para viabilizar a recuperação da cacauicultura amazônica, com base na análise do desempenho nutricional, bioquímico e produtivo de genótipos regionais. As atividades envolveram três eixos principais: (i) análise agronômica e fitossanitária de 25 clones de cacaueiro em Rondônia, com ênfase na identificação de materiais mais tolerantes à vassoura-de-bruxa, menos suscetíveis à germinação interna das sementes e mais eficientes do ponto de vista nutricional; (ii) caracterização do perfil bioquímico e antioxidante de amêndoas submetidas a diferentes tratamentos pós-colheita (fermentadas e não fermentadas), incluindo quantificação de fenóis, taninos, açúcares, aminoácidos, prolina, GB, MDA e atividade da enzima SOD; e (iii) construção de normas nutricionais foliares pelo método da Composição Nutricional Diagnóstica (CND), com base em 194 lavouras comerciais, associada à avaliação da consistência interlaboratorial dos teores e diagnósticos obtidos. Como principal produto aplicado, foi desenvolvido o sistema FertilizaCacau, uma plataforma regional de diagnose nutricional e recomendação de adubação, capaz de integrar dados foliares, atributos do solo e produtividade, fornecendo recomendações mais adaptadas à realidade amazônica. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar genótipos mais resilientes, destacar o impacto do processamento na qualidade funcional do cacau e propor uma abordagem diagnóstica multivariada mais precisa, reforçando a importância de dados regionais e protocolos analíticos consistentes para o fortalecimento da cacauicultura na Amazônia.Cocoa is one of the main products of the Amazonian bioeconomy, cultivated for over three thousand years by pre-Columbian peoples and valued for its nutritional and pharmacological effects, attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and procyanidins. However, in its region of origin, cocoa cultivation is technically outdated, losing importance compared to more environmentally harmful production chains, such as extensive livestock farming and bean cultivation. Therefore, this project aimed to identify the main agronomic bottlenecks and propose scientific strategies to enable the recovery of Amazonian cocoa farming, based on the analysis of the nutritional, biochemical, and productive performance of regional genotypes. The activities involved three main areas: (i) agronomic and phytosanitary analysis f 25 cocoa clones in Rondônia, with an emphasis on identifying materials that are more tolerant to witch's broom, less susceptible to internal seed germination, and more nutritionally efficient; (ii) characterization of the biochemical and antioxidant profile of almonds subjected to different post-harvest treatments (fermented and non-fermented), including quantification of phenols, tannins, sugars, amino acids, proline, GB, MDA, and SOD enzyme activity; and (iii) development of foliar nutritional standards using the Diagnostic Nutritional Composition (DNC) method, based on 194 commercial crops, combined with the assessment of the interlaboratory consistency of the levels and diagnoses obtained. The main product applied was the FertilizaCacau system, a regional platform for nutritional diagnosis and fertilizer recommendations, capable of integrating foliar data, soil attributes, and productivity, providing recommendations more tailored to the Amazonian reality. The results allowed the identification of more resilient genotypes, highlighting the impact of processing on cocoa functional quality, and proposing a more accurate multivariate diagnostic approach, reinforcing the importance of regional data and consistent analytical protocols for strengthening cocoa farming in the Amazon.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)2024/00775-
Ischemic Stroke in Immune-Mediated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura: Diagnostic and Management Challenges
No full textDivision of Hematology Department of Medicine Duke University School of MedicineDepartment of Neurology Duke University School of MedicineDepartment of Medicine Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio PretoGeneral and Applied Biology Program Institute of Biosciences Sao Paulo State UniversityDepartment of Neurology Charleston Area Medical CenterGeneral and Applied Biology Program Institute of Biosciences Sao Paulo State Universit
The dynamic behaviour of a finite periodic structure comprising either symmetric or asymmetric exponential- and conical-shaped rods
No full textPeriodic structure research is driven by the aim of incorporating them into modern engineering systems to address specific challenges, such as vibration reduction within defined frequency ranges. This paper explores the dynamic behaviour of a periodic structure comprising rods with varying cross-sectional areas. Two specific cases are considered, one in which the unit cell consists of two rods where the cross-sectional area varies exponentially and one where the cross-sectional areas vary conically. The structures are modelled using receptance matrices of a single cell, which are then transformed into transfer matrices. This facilitates a comparison of the two structures and helps to relate the results between finite and infinite structures. An experimental study to validate the approach and some of the results is also presented. It is shown that the structures composed of rods with exponentially or conically varying cross-section areas have similar behaviour. Reasonably good correspondence between the predictions and the experimental results were found. However, some additional features were found in the measured receptances due to bending vibration that was not considered in the theoretical model. Asymmetric cells are found to perform better and have a wider attenuation band when compared to symmetrical cells.São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Engineering Campus BauruDepartment of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering The University of AucklandSão Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Engineering Campus Baur
On well-rounded lattices and lower bounds for the minimum norm of ideal lattices
No full textIn this paper, we study properties of well-rounded ideal lattices focusing on the lower bounds for their minimum norm. We present counterexamples showing that the stated bounds in a previous work do not hold for mixed number fields through the canonical embedding. However, we prove that ideal lattices obtained via the Minkowski embedding (instead of the canonical embedding) are well-rounded if and only if the number field is cyclotomic. Additionally, we derive new lower bounds for the minimum norm of ideal lattices under both the canonical and twisted embeddings. Our results not only refine existing theories but also open new possibilities for research on well-rounded ideal lattices in higher dimensions.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Department of Mathematics São Paulo State University (UNESP), 1515, 24A Avenue, SPFaculty of Applied Sciences University of Campinas (Unicamp), 1300, Pedro Zaccaria Street, SPFederal Institute of São Paulo (IFSP), 239, Pastor José Dutra de Moraes Street, SPDepartment of Mathematics São Paulo State University (UNESP), 1515, 24A Avenue, SPFAPESP: 2020/09838-0FAPESP: 2022/12667-9FAPESP: 2024/03333-5CNPq: 405842/2023-
The Braille Bricks program and the online training of educators: inclusive teaching practice
No full textEsta pesquisa investigou e analisou como a abordagem Construcionista, Contextualizada e Significativa (CCS) contribui para a construção de práticas pedagógicas inclusivas e lúdicas, nos processos formativos continuados online destinados a profissionais da educação para o uso do kit LEGO Braille Bricks (LBB). A tese é de que formações continuadas online para profissionais da educação, estruturadas de acordo com os princípios da abordagem CCS, favorecem a inclusão escolar. A pesquisa adotou uma abordagem qualitativa, estruturada no formato multipaper, composta por cinco artigos científicos. O primeiro artigo apresentou uma revisão de escopo que investigou a presença de abordagens pedagógicas em formações online para educação inclusiva, identificando as principais evidências e lacunas na literatura. Os resultados apontaram que, apesar da crescente oferta de formações online, apenas um dos três estudos selecionados para análise apresentou uma formação fundamentada em uma abordagem pedagógica explicitamente delineada, que foi justamente a formação que usou a abordagem CCS. O segundo artigo aprofundou essa análise ao examinar especificamente a aplicação da abordagem CCS em formações online de profissionais da educação, evidenciando que essa abordagem potencializava a aprendizagem significativa e colaborativa. O terceiro artigo concentrou-se na avaliação do processo formativo oferecido em 2020 para profissionais de instituições de apoio a estudantes com deficiência visual. Os resultados mostraram que a mediação pedagógica articulada à abordagem CCS favoreceu a construção de uma rede colaborativa entre os educadores cursistas e suas respectivas instituições, fortalecendo práticas inclusivas no contexto do ensino remoto. O quarto artigo investigou a presença das características da aprendizagem lúdica nos Planos de Intervenção Estratégica (PIEs) elaborados por educadores durante a formação de educadores para uso do LBB. Os achados indicaram que a iteratividade foi a característica mais presente, seguida da interação social, demonstrando que o LBB favorecia práticas inclusivas e participativas, ficando assim o aspecto lúdico evidenciado pelo seu caráter de interação social, de construção coletiva da aprendizagem e de suas soluções. O quinto e último artigo analisou o impacto do processo formativo do PBB na alfabetização e inclusão de estudantes com deficiência visual. A partir de entrevistas com três professoras responsáveis pela alfabetização de um estudante cego, verificou-se que o trabalho colaborativo entre docentes e família foi essencial para a alfabetização do estudante. Além disso, evidenciou-se que a multiplicação dos conhecimentos adquiridos no processo formativo foi um fator-chave para ampliar o alcance da proposta inclusiva do LBB. Os resultados gerais da pesquisa indicaram que a formação continuada online para o uso do LBB contribuiu significativamente para a adoção de práticas inclusivas e lúdicas na educação básica. No entanto, a efetividade do processo formativo dependeu de fatores como o suporte contínuo aos educadores e a implementação de estratégias que garantissem a disseminação dos conhecimentos adquiridos. Diferentemente do que se poderia supor, as limitações do estudo não comprometeram suas conclusões, mas indicaram caminhos para futuras investigações, como o acompanhamento longitudinal dos professores formados e a comparação de experiências formativas em diferentes contextos. Assim, a pesquisa ofereceu contribuições relevantes para a educação inclusiva, ampliando o entendimento sobre o impacto de formações online na transformação das práticas pedagógicas.This research investigated and analyzed how the Constructionist, Contextualized, and Meaningful (CCM) approach contributes to the development of inclusive and playful pedagogical practices in online continuing education programs for educators using the LEGO Braille Bricks (LBB) kit. The central thesis is that continuing online education for educators, structured according to the principles of the CCM approach, promotes school inclusion. The study adopted a qualitative methodology and was structured as a multipaper thesis composed of five scientific articles. The first article presented a scoping review that examined the presence of pedagogical approaches in online training for inclusive education, identifying key evidence and gaps in the literature. The results revealed that, despite the growing availability of online training, only one of the
three studies selected for analysis was based on a clearly defined pedagogical approach, which was the training that used the CCM approach. The second article deepened this analysis by specifically examining the application of the CCM approach in online professional development for educators, demonstrating that this approach fosters meaningful and collaborative learning. The third article focused on the evaluation of the training process offered in 2020 to professionals from institutions supporting students with visual impairments. The results showed that pedagogical mediation aligned with the CCM approach promoted the construction of a collaborative network among the educators and their respective institutions, strengthening inclusive practices in the context of remote education. The fourth article investigated the presence of playful learning characteristics in the Strategic Intervention Plans (SIPs) developed by educators during the LBB training program. The findings indicated that interactivity was the most prominent feature, followed by social interaction, showing that LBB fosters inclusive and participatory practices. The playful aspect was thus evidenced by its nature of social interaction, collective knowledge construction, and co-developed solutions. The fifth and final article analyzed the impact of the PBB training process on the literacy and inclusion of students with visual impairments. Based on interviews with three teachers responsible for the literacy of a blind student, it was found that collaborative work between teachers and families was essential for the student’s literacy process. Furthermore, the dissemination of the knowledge acquired during training was shown to be a key factor in expanding the reach of the LBB’s inclusive proposal. The overall results of the research indicated that continuing online training for the use of LBB significantly contributed to the adoption of inclusive and playful practices in basic education. However, the effectiveness of the training process depended on factors such as continuous support for educators and the implementation of strategies that ensured the dissemination of the acquired knowledge. Contrary to what might be expected, the study's limitations did not compromise its conclusions but instead pointed to directions for future research, such as the longitudinal monitoring of trained teachers and the comparison of training experiences in different contexts. Thus, the research made relevant contributions to inclusive education by expanding the understanding of the impact of online training on the transformation of pedagogical practices.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)CAPES: 00