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Demographic and Asthma-Related Characteristics of Asthmatics Using Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers and Dry Powder Inhalers -2
No full textBackground: Asthma controller medications can be delivered via pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) or dry powder inhaler (DPI) devices.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of exacerbations and satisfaction rate with device use in asthmatics using pMDIs or DPIs.Methods: A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted in adults who used pMDIs or DPIs with correct inhaler technique and good adherence for asthma treatment. Demographic and asthma-related characteristics of the subjects and data regarding device satisfaction were collected through a face-to-face interview in the outpatient clinic. Rates of pMDI and DPI users and the data were compared between the two groups.Results: The study included 338 patients (mean age: 48.6 +/- 14.5 years, 253 [74.9%] women). Among participants, 96 (28.4%) were using pMDI and 242 (71.6%) were using DPI. The age of patients using pMDI were significantly lower compared with DPI users. No significant difference was observed in terms of device satisfaction and clinical outcomes of asthma between pMDI and DPI users with good inhaler technique and good adherence.Conclusion: More asthmatics use DPIs, however, pMDIs are used in younger asthmatic patients. No significant difference in terms of device satisfaction and clinical outcomes of asthma was observed between pMDI and DPI users.The study was presented at the Turkish Respiratory Society Congress held in Antalya in 2023
Effect of microplastics on dry matter content in Lactuca sativa L.
No full textPlastics are commonly used in every field of life due to their ease of use and economics. If the plastic wastes are not disposed of properly, they form microplastics by breaking down into smaller particles with decomposition. Microplastics are chemical substances in polymer structure. They are difficult to dissolve in nature and require a long time. Microplastics, that spread to the environment in various ways, cause pollution and negatively affect organisms and ecosystems. This study aimed to determine the effects of microplastics and the combined impact of microplastics and Cd on dry matter content (the ratio of dry mass to fresh mass of an organ), which is the one of the major plant traits for plant growth, in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Five experiment sets were designed by using Simila variety lettuce seedlings, including (1) control, (2) 1.5 % microplastic (3) 2.5 % microplastic, (4) 1.5 % microplastic and 200 ppm Cd solution and (5) 2.5 % microplastic and 200 ppm Cd solution added. The polyethylene mulch pieces (2,5 mm x 4 mm) were used as microplastics. Results showed that the polyethylene microplastic addition to the soil significantly reduced aboveground and belowground DMCs of lettuce seedlings. Concentration of the microplastics in the soil was also effective on DMC. The Cd addition to the soils, which contain microplastics, a bit increased the DMC
Atatürk’ün TBMM Açılış Konuşmalarının İçerik Analizi
No full textThis study focuses on the content analysis of the opening speeches made by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey, at the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) from 1920 to 1938. The speeches are examined under four main categories: economy and development, social life and culture, domestic politics and reforms, and foreign policy and international relations. Using frequency analysis and plot analysis methods, the study evaluates how often and in what context topics within these categories are addressed. Before presenting the findings, it discusses the actions and reforms undertaken in each category during Atatürk's tenure. The study provides examples of the early Republic's reforms to see if the research findings align with the period's developments. It touches not only on the reforms but also on the social, political, economic, cultural, and foreign policy issues of Atatürk's time. The alignment of these topics with the prominent concepts in Atatürk's TGNA opening speeches was assessed. A parallel was found between the discussed concepts in the Economy and Development category and the period's reforms and actions. The Domestic Politics and Reforms category also showed results consistent with the period's actions and events. The category of Foreign Policy and International Relations revealed concepts that aligned with Atatürk's actions and contemporary issues. Only in the Social Life and Culture category did the research findings show a lesser degree of overlap with the period's actions, innovations, and reforms. The analysis according to subject categories reveals a change in the content of Atatürk's opening speeches to the TGNA, indicating shifts in emphasis corresponding to the political, economic, and social developments of the time. This work aims to illuminate the governance philosophy and policies of the Republic of Turkey's early years through an in-depth analysis of Atatürk's TGNA opening speeches.Bu çalışma, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kurucusu Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (TBMM) açılış konuşmalarının içerik analizine odaklanmaktadır. Atatürk'ün 1920-1938 yılları arasında TBMM'de yaptığı açılış konuşmaları, ekonomi ve kalkınma, toplumsal hayat ve kültür, iç siyaset ve inkılaplar, dış politika ve uluslararası ilişkiler olmak üzere dört ana kategoride incelenmiştir. Araştırmada, Atatürk'ün konuşmalarında bu dört kategorideki konuların her birinin ne sıklıkla ve hangi kapsamda ele alındığı, frekans analizi ve plot analizi yöntemleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları verilmeden önce Atatürk döneminde o kategorideki icraatlara değinilmiştir. Çalışmanın dört kategorisini oluşturan konular etrafında Cumhuriyetin ilk dönemlerinde gerçekleşen inkılaplardan örnekler verilmiştir. Bunun sebebi, araştırma sonuçlarının, dönemin gelişmeleri ile uyumlu olup olmadığının görülmesini sağlamaktır. Bu bağlamda sadece inkılaplara değil, Atatürk döneminde gündem olan toplumsal, siyasal, iktisadî, kültürel konularla dış politika konularına da değinilmiştir. Bu konuların Atatürk’ün TBMM açış konuşmalarında öne çıkan kavramlarla örtüşme durumu değerlendirilmiştir. Ekonomi ve Kalkınma kategorisinde incelenen kavramlarla Atatürk döneminde yapılan inkılap ve icraat konularının paralelliği görülmüştür. İç Siyaset ve İnkılaplar kategorisi de dönemin icraat ve olayları ile uyumlu sonuçlar vermiştir. Araştırmada Dış Politika ve Uluslararası İlişkiler olarak belirlenen kategoride öne çıkan kavramlar da Atatürk dönemi icraatları ve gündem konuları ile paralel bulunmuştur. Yalnızca Toplumsal Hayat ve Kültür kategorisinde araştırmanın bulguları dönemin icraat, yenilik ve inkılapları ile daha az ölçüde örtüşmüştür. Araştırmada, konu kategorilerine göre yapılan analizlere bakıldığında Atatürk’ün TBMM açış konuşmalarındaki içerik değişimi de görülmektedir. Araştırmada konuşmaların içeriğinin ve vurgusunun, dönemin siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal gelişmelerine bağlı olarak değiştiğini izlemek mümkündür. Bu çalışma, Atatürk'ün TBMM açılış konuşmalarını derinlemesine analiz ederek, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk yıllarındaki yönetim anlayışı ve politikalarına ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır
An Evaluation on The Applicability of Triple-Entry Recording Method (Momentum Accounting)
No full textİşletmelerin etkin ve verimli olabilmeleri, belirledikleri amaçlara ulaşabilmeleri, büyüyebilmeleri en önemlisi de bunu sürdürülebilir hale getirebilmeleri için muhasebe önemli bir fonksiyondur. Muhasebe fonksiyonunda ise en önemli unsur kayıt sistemidir. Geçmişten günümüze muhasebede kayıt yöntemi olarak, tek taraflı kayıt yöntemi ve çift taraflı kayıt yönteminin kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Ancak son yıllarda çift taraflı kayıt yöntemini bir adım daha öteye taşıyan üç taraflı kayıt yöntemi dillendirilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu yöntemi Japon bilim adamı Yuji Ijiri ilk kez 1982 yılında "Üç Taraflı Kayıt Sistemi ve Gelir Momentumu" adlı eserde ortaya koymuştur. Ijiri, çift taraflı kayıt yönteminin zayıf ve eksik yönlerine vurgu yaparak, bunları giderici üç taraflı kayıt yöntemini geliştirmiş ve daha sonraki yıllarda bu yöntemle ilgili çeşitli eserler de yayımlamıştır. Çalışma da Ijiri tarafından geliştirilen bu yöntemin uygulanabilir olup olmadığının ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, öncelikle üç taraflı kayıt yönteminin işleyiş felsefesi açıklanmış, geliştirilen örnek bir uygulamadan hareketle muhasebe kayıtları hem çift taraflı kayıt yöntemine hem de üç taraflı kayıt yöntemine göre yapılmış ve her iki kayıt yöntemi karşılaştırılarak, üç taraflı kayıt yönteminin uygulanabilirliği değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu kayıt yönteminin bazı koşulları yerine getirmesi şartıyla uygulanabilir olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu sonuçtan hareketle bu çalışmanın literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir
Phosphorus-Nitrogen compounds part 74. Syntheses of (p-dimethylamino)benzyl-spiro-(N/N)-cyclotriphosphazenes: Structural characterizations, bioactivity studies, DFT calculations and reactivity parameters
No full textReactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP, N3P3Cl6), with equimolar amounts of N-methyl-N'-(p-dimethylaminobenzyl)-1,2-diaminoethane (1), N-ethyl-N'-(p-dimethyl-aminobenzyl)-1,2-diaminoethane (2), and N-methyl-N'-(p-dimethylaminobenzyl)-1,3-diami-nopropane (3) produced the corresponding tetrachloro-(p-dimethylaminobenzyl)spiro-(N/N)-cyclotriphosphazenes (4, 5, and 6), regioselectively. Tetrapyrrolidino (4a-6a), tetrapiperidino (4b-6b), tetramorpholinophosphazenes (4c and 6c), dichlorodimorpholinophosphazene (5c) and tetra-1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4,5]decanophosphazenes (DASD) (4d-6d) were synthesized from Cl-substitution reactions of 4, 5 and 6 with excess pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, and DASD, respectively. Their structures were elucidated by MS, FTIR, NMR and single crystal X-ray diffraction (for 4, 4b and 6a) techniques. Hirshfeld surface (HS) analyzes of 4, 4b, and 6a were performed to visualize intermolecular interactions in the crystals. In addition, according to the antimicrobial activity test results, compound 6b shows a better inhibitory effect on S. aureus ATCC 25923 G(+) (MİC: 78.1 µM) and C. tropicalis Y-12968 (MİC: 19.54 µM) microorganisms. The interactions of cyclotriphosphazenes with 5′-G/GATCC-3′ and 5′-A/AGCTT-3′ sequences of DNA were evaluated by examining BamHI and HindIII restriction enzyme digestion. The quantum chemical calculations of 4, 4b, and 6a were performed using DFT, and their experimental parameters were compared with the theoretical ones. Natural bond orbitals (NBOs) were determined and HOMO-LUMO energy gaps (Eg) were calculated as 3.55, 5.23, and 5.24 eV for 4, 4b, and 6a, respectively. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.Türkiye Bilimler AkademisiTUBAHacettepe Üniversitesi, (013 D04 602 004)Hacettepe Üniversites
Understanding adverse childhood experiences and the call for trauma-informed healthcare system in Turkey: a review
No full textOver the past four decades, research has underscored the significance of approaching and preventing trauma from a systemic standpoint. Trauma-informed care (TIC) methodologies offer a structure for healthcare practices, striving to convert organizations into trauma-informed systems that employ trauma-specific interventions. This review employs epidemiological and household data from Turkey to underscore the importance of integrating trauma-informed care as a means of prevention and intervention. Through a desk review, the study examines the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), delving into their origin from family dynamics, migration, violence, exposure to violence, juvenile delinquency, and child maltreatment. The research highlights innovative healthcare approaches that leverage data to address complex patient health issues while considering mental health needs. In contemporary times, healthcare organizations acknowledge the value of a data-driven approach to make informed clinical decisions, enhance treatment procedures, and improve overall healthcare outcomes. The reviewed research and empirical data furnish proof of the importance of effective and efficient treatment methods that prioritize trauma prevention and treatment, integrating the role of ACEs. This paper seeks to contribute to discussions on transforming the healthcare system to meet the healthcare needs of Turkish households, all the while taking into account the evolving sociopolitical factors that shape Turkey's population characteristics
Self-Compassion and Emotion Dysregulation Mediate the Effect of Stress Appraisals on Elder Abuse and Neglect Behaviors in Dementia Family Caregiving
No full textObjectives The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the mechanistic process by which family caregivers' situational stress appraisals of behavioral symptoms of dementia (BSD) increase the likelihood of a caregiver engaging in abusive and neglectful behaviors toward their care recipient with dementia. We test the hypotheses that (1) the effect of daily BSD stress appraisals on elder abuse and neglect (EAN) is mediated by the caregivers' emotion dysregulation (2) and the mediation path is moderated by self-compassion.Methods This study employed a multitime series design in which participants (N = 453) completed traditional longitudinal surveys at enrollment followed by 21 sequential days of diary surveys (n = 9,513). The hypothesized moderated mediation path was evaluated through a multilevel structural equation model.Results Hypotheses were supported. At the within-person level, daily BSD stress appraisal has a significant direct effect on daily EAN. At the between-person level, the path was no longer significant implying a full mediation of emotion dysregulation. The main effect of self-compassion and the interaction term (emotion dysregulation x self-compassion) were also statistically significant indicating the path between emotion dysregulation and EAN is moderated by self-compassion.Discussion This study significantly advances the field by empirically showing a mechanistic pathway for a theoretical explanation of EAN. These findings represent a breakthrough for the field and identify modifiable intervention targets for future behavioral interventions to prevent EAN. Emotion (dys)regulation and self-compassion are modifiable traits and skills that can be learned, with robust evidence bases of efficacious interventions that can be adapted for context to dementia family caregiving.National Institute on Aging [R01AG060083]Funding was provided by the National Institute on Aging (R01AG060083)
Isis and Iraq's religious minorities in the context of religion and violence
No full textBu çalışma, din-şiddet ilişkisi sosyal, dini ve politik sebeplerle Selefiyye'nin temel görüşlerini referans alarak ortaya çıkan Cihadi Selefiyye üzerinden incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Üç bölüme ayrılan çalışmada Cihadi Selefiyye'nin eylemsellik hali olan Küresel Cihat Teorisi'nin anlaşılması amacıyla el-Kaide'nin oluşumundaki dönüm noktaları ele alınmıştır. IŞİD'in ortaya çıkışı ise toplumsallığın rolü bağlamında açıklanmıştır. Dinlerin, şiddeti amaç olarak kullanmayı tavsiye etmediği gerçeğinden hareketle, din ve şiddet ilişkisi temel kavramlar üzerinden tartışılmıştır. Selefiyye'nin ilk ortaya çıkışı, Muhammed bin Abdulvahhab'ın yöntemleri ile tabanını genişletip canlanması ve dönüşümü incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, Afganistan cihadı ile Cihadi Selefiyye'nin metodolojisini güçlendirmesi, küresel cihat teorisinin gelişimi teorisyenlerin eserleri üzerinden ve sosyolojinin metodolojisinden uzaklaşılmadan aktarılmıştır. Çalışmada Irak'ta yaşayan dini azınlıkların tarihleri, yaşadıkları bölgeler, hukuki statüleri, teolojik yapıları incelenmiştir. Dini azınlık mensuplarıyla yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlarda, özellikle Irak'ın işgali sonrasında toplum içindeki değişen konumları incelenmiştir. Devletin hukuki güvencelerinin etkinliği, şiddete maruz kalmaları ve maruz kaldıkları şiddeti anlamlandırma biçimleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca IŞİD'in ortaya çıkışı sonrasında yaşadıkları sorunlar, Türkiye ve Avrupa devletlerine göç süreçlerinde şiddetin etkisi ve hâlihazırda göç edilen ülkedeki durumları değerlendirilmiştir. Grup olma bilinci, dini yaşantılarındaki değişiklikler ve ibadet yerlerine ulaşım imkânları gibi sonuçlar elde edilerek değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Küresel Cihat Teorisi'nin ortaya çıkmasında Cihadi Selefiyye'nin önemli rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, politik sebeplerin yanında IŞİD'in tabanının genişlemesinde toplumsal olayların ve durumların belirleyici olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Irak'ın ABD tarafından işgali, bölgedeki direnişin kurumsallaşmasına yol açmıştır. IŞİD'in 2014 sonrasında dini azınlıklara uyguladığı şiddetin ölüm ve göç gibi iki sonucu olmuştur. Bu sonuçlar ise 2014'te şiddete bizatihi maruz bırakılan dini azınlıkların tecrübelerinden hareketle incelenmeye ve yorumlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular din-şiddet ilişkisinin tarihsel ve toplumsal dinamiklerin etkisiyle şekillendiği yönündedir.This study aims to examine the relationship between religion and violence through Jihadi Salafism, which emerged by referencing the fundamental views of Salafiyya due to social, religious, and political reasons. Divided into three sections, the study addresses the turning points in the formation of al-Qaeda to understand the Global Jihad Theory, which represents the activism of Jihadi Salafism. The emergence of ISIS is explained in the context of the role of sociality. Based on the fact that religions do not advocate the use of violence as a purpose, the relationship between religion and violence is discussed through fundamental concepts. The initial emergence of Salafiyya, its revival and expansion of its base through the methods of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and its transformation are examined. Additionally, the strengthening of Jihadi Salafism's methodology through the Afghan jihad and the development of the Global Jihad Theory are analyzed through the works of theorists without deviating from the methodology of sociology. The study examines the histories of religious minorities living in Iraq, the regions they inhabit, their legal statuses, theological structures, and the forms of their relationships with adherents of other religions. In semi-structured interviews conducted with members of religious minorities, efforts were made to obtain results on various aspects: their changing positions within society, especially after the invasion of Iraq; the validity of state laws in protecting religious minorities; their exposure to violence and their ways of making sense of it; the problems they faced after the emergence of ISIS; the impact of violence on their migration processes to Turkey and European countries; their current situations in the countries to which they have migrated; group consciousness; changes in their religious lives; and access to places of worship. It has been determined that Jihadi Salafism played a significant role in the emergence of the Global Jihad Theory. Furthermore, it has been identified that, in addition to political reasons, social events and circumstances were decisive in the expansion of ISIS's base. The invasion of Iraq by the USA led to the institutionalization of resistance in the region. The violence that ISIS inflicted on religious minorities after 2014 resulted in two main outcomes: death and migration. These outcomes have been examined and interpreted based on the experiences of religious minorities who were directly subjected to violence in 2014. The findings indicate that the relationship between religion and violence is shaped by historical and social dynamics
The Role of Universities in Critical Thinking: Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Ankara University and Kastamonu University
No full textEleştirel düşünme, bireyin kendi düşünce sürecinin bilincinde olması ve çevresinde meydana gelen olayları yorumlayabilmesini sağlayan zihinsel süreçtir. Teknolojik dönüşümler ve bilgi çeşitliliğinin arttığı günümüzde kılavuz olarak benimsenmektedir. Özellikle teknoloji, bilgi ve medya konularında teorik ve pratik eğitim sunan iletişim fakültelerinin bu noktada nasıl bir rol üstlendiği merak uyandırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, yürütülen araştırma iletişim fakültesi öğrencilerinin eleştirel düşünme düzeylerini ölçmeyi ve bu düzeylerin hangi faktörler tarafından etkilendiğini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bunun için ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi, Ankara Üniversitesi ve Kastamonu Üniversitesinin İletişim Fakültesi öğrencileri arasından üniversite ve bölüm değişkenine göre tabakalı örnekleme yöntemine göre belirlenen 391 öğrenci araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Eleştirel düşünmenin bilişsel bilgi ve duyuşsal beceri boyutlarına göre iki faktörlü, elli bir maddelik ölçek tasarlanmış ve yirmi beş hipotez test edilmiştir. Buna göre örneklemin eleştirel düşünme bilişsel bilgi ve duyuşsal beceri boyutunun yüksek ve bu boyutlar arasındaki ilişkinin anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Ancak eleştirel düşünme cinsiyet, sosyoekonomik düzey ve medya kullanım süresi faktörlerinden etkilememiştir. Yaş, sınıf düzeyi ve ailenin eğitim düzeyinin yükselmesi ile bilişsel bilgi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki görülmüştür. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi ve Radyo Televizyon ve Sinema bölümünün bilişsel bilgide, Ankara Üniversitesi ve Gazetecilik bölümünün ise duyuşsal beceride en yüksek düzeye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuç okul kültürü, okul iklimi ve akademik başarı ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Kullanılan sosyal medya platformları ile eleştirel düşünme ilişkisi incelendiğinde ise Twitter’ın (X) hem bilişsel hem de duyuşsal boyutta, Instagram’ın duyuşsal boyutta ve YouTube’un ise sadece bilişsel boyutta anlamlı bir farklılık yarattığı görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak iletişim fakültelerinin, öğrencilerin eleştirel düşünme düzeylerine olumlu bir katkı sağladığı söylenebilir.Critical thinking is a cognitive process that enables individuals to be conscious of their own thought processes and to interpret events occurring around them. In today’s world, characterized by rapid technological transformation and increasing diversity of information, critical thinking is widely regarded as a guiding principle. In this context, the role of communication faculties, which provide both theoretical and practical training in technology, information, and media studies, draws particular interest. This study aims to assess the critical thinking levels of students in Communication Faculties and to identify the factors that influence these levels. To this end, a correlational survey model was employed. The study sample consisted of 391 students from the Communication Faculties of Ankara University, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, and Kastamonu University, selected through a stratified sampling method based on university and department variables. A two-factor, fifty-one-item scale was developed to evaluate critical thinking across cognitive knowledge and affective skill dimensions, and twenty-five hypotheses were tested. The results indicate that the sample exhibited high levels of both cognitive knowledge and affective skill dimensions of critical thinking, with a significant correlation observed between the two dimensions. However, critical thinking was not significantly influenced by gender, socioeconomic status, or media usage duration. A positive correlation was found between cognitive knowledge and variables such as age, academic grade, and parents' educational level. Students from Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University and the Radio, Television, and Cinema department demonstrated the highest levels of cognitive knowledge, while students from Ankara University and the journalism department scored highest in affective skills. These findings are linked to factors such as school culture, academic climate, and educational performance. When examining the relationship between social media platforms and critical thinking, it was found that Twitter (X) significantly impacted both cognitive and affective dimensions, Instagram affected only the affective dimension, and YouTube influenced only the cognitive dimension. In conclusion, the study suggests that communication faculties positively contribute to the critical thinking abilities of their students
Yoğun Bakım Hemşirelerinin COVID-19 Korkusunun ve Mesleki Profesyonelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi
No full textAim: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the fear of COVID-19 and professional professionalism attitudes of nurses working in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Method: This descriptive study was conducted with a total of 248 nurses working in many regions of Turkey. Study data were collected using the nurse descriptive information form, the COVID-19 Fear Scale, and the Professional Attitude Inventory at Occupation (PAIO). Independent samples t test, one way ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests were used in the analysis of the research data. Results: There was no statistically significant correlation between moderate fear of COVID-19 and good MPTE in ICU nurses (p>0.05). Among the factors affecting the fear level of nurses were female gender, working in the secondary intensive care unit, lack of knowledge about the care of COVID-19 patients, and the concern of transmitting the virus to their relatives. The predictors of occupational professionalism attitudes were being diagnosed with COVID-19 by receiving training on patient care and protective equipment. Conclusion: It was determined that the fear of COVID-19 in nurses was not associated with professional professionalism, but some descriptive features could be effective on these evaluated parameters. © 2023 The Authors