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No full textCiencia para las Políticas Públicas - Science 4 Policy.-- Coordinado por: Carles Sierra, Lissette Lemus del Cueto, Txetxu Ausín, Jorge Hernández Moreno, Jesús Cerquides Bueno, Ángela Ribeiro Seijas.El CSIC tiene entre sus funciones las de informar, asistir y asesorar en materia de ciencia y tecnología a entidades públicas y privadas, según recoge el artículo 5 de su estatuto. Enmarcado en esta función, el informe Inteligencia artificial: transformando la gestión de políticas y bienes públicos en la era digital se presenta como un documento dirigido a Administraciones y a la sociedad en general. En él, se explica cómo la evolución y el potencial impacto en nuestra sociedad de esta tecnología permiten considerarla una herramienta integrable de manera efectiva en la formulación de políticas públicas. Asimismo, recoge algunas de las líneas de innovación más destacadas que está llevando a cabo el CSIC en cuanto al potencial uso de la inteligencia artificial en la gestión de políticas de diversos ámbitos como la educación, el bienestar, la acción social y la sostenibilidad.Peer reviewe
Seasonal mass transfer on the nucleus of comet 67P/Chuyumov-Gerasimenko
No full textKeller, H.U. et al.-- Full list of authors: Keller, H. U.; Mottola, S.; Hviid, S. F.; Agarwal, J.; Kührt, E.; Skorov, Y.; Otto, K.; Vincent, J. -B.; Oklay, N.; Schröder, S. E.; Davidsson, B.; Pajola, M.; Shi, X.; Bodewits, D.; Toth, I.; Preusker, F.; Scholten, F.; Sierks, H.; Barbieri, C.; Lamy, P.; Rodrigo, R.; Koschny, D.; Rickman, H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Barucci, M. A.; Bertaux, J. -L.; Bertini, I.; Cremonese, G.; Da Deppo, V.; Debei, S.; De Cecco, M.; Deller, J.; Fornasier, S.; Fulle, M.; Groussin, O.; Gutiérrez, P. J.; Güttler, C.; Hofmann, M.; Ip, W. -H.; Jorda, L.; Knollenberg, J.; Kramm, J. R.; Küppers, M.; Lara, L. -M.; Lazzarin, M.; Lopez-Moreno, J. J.; Marzari, F.; Naletto, G.; Tubiana, C.; Thomas, N.We collect observational evidence that supports the scheme of mass transfer on the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The obliquity of the rotation axis of 67P causes strong seasonal variations. During perihelion the southern hemisphere is four times more active than the north. Northern territories are widely covered by granular material that indicates back fall originating from the active south. Decimetre sized chunks contain water ice and their trajectories are influenced by an antisolar force instigated by sublimation. OSIRIS observations suggest that up to 20 per cent of the particles directly return to the nucleus surface taking several hours of traveltime. The back fall covered northern areas are active if illuminated but produce mainly water vapour. The decimetre chunks from the nucleus surface are too small to contain more volatile compounds such as CO or CO. This causes a north-south dichotomy of the composition measurements in the coma. Active particles are trapped in the gravitational minimum of Hapi during northern winter. They are 'shock frozen' and only re-activated when the comet approaches the sun after its aphelion passage. The insolation of the big cavity is enhanced by self-heating, i.e. reflection and IR radiation from the walls. This, together with the pristinity of the active back fall, explains the early observed activity of the Hapi region. Sobek may be a role model for the consolidated bottom of Hapi. Mass transfer in the case of 67P strongly influences the evolution of the nucleus and the interpretation of coma measurements. © 2017 The AuthorsOSIRIS was built by a consortium of the Max-Planck-Institut
fur Sonnensystemforschung, in G ¨ ottingen, Germany, CISAS- ¨
University of Padova, Italy, the Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de
Marseille, France, the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, CSIC,
Granada, Spain, the Research and Scientific Support Department of
the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, the Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Spain, the Universidad Politechnica de Madrid, Spain, the Department of Physics and
Astronomy of Uppsala University, Sweden, and the Institut fur Da- ¨
tentechnik und Kommunikationsnetze der Technischen Universitat¨
Braunschweig, Germany. The support of the national funding agencies of Germany (DLR), France (CNES), Italy (ASI), Spain (MEC),
Sweden (SNSB) and the ESA Technical Directorate is gratefully
acknowledged. This research project also received funding from
the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 686709.
In memoriam of Mike F. A’Hearn. Much of Rosetta’s research
has been motivated by the results of the Deep Impact and EPOXI
missions that were under Mike’s leadership. We lost an outstanding
colleague and dear friend
The interactions between plant life form and fungal traits of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi determine the symbiotic community
No full text© 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have traditionally been considered generalist symbionts. However, an increasing number of studies are pointing out the selectivity potential of plant hosts. Plant life form, determined by plant life history traits, seems to drive the AM fungal community composition. The AM fungi also exhibit a wide diversity of functional traits known to be responsible for their distribution in natural ecosystems. However, little is known about the role of plant and fungal traits driving the resultant symbiotic assemblages. With the aim of testing the feedback relationship between plant and fungal traits on the resulting AM fungal community, we inoculated three different plant life forms, i.e. annual herbs, perennial herbs and perennial semi-woody plants, with AM fungal communities sampled in different seasons. We hypothesized that the annual climate variation will induce changes in the mean traits of the AM fungal communities present in the soil throughout the year. Furthermore, the association of plants with different life forms with AM fungi with contrasting life history traits will show certain preferences according to reciprocal traits of the plants and fungi. We found changes in the AM fungal community throughout the year, which were differentially disrupted by disturbance and altered by plant growth form and plant biomass. Both plant and fungal traits clearly contributed to the resultant AM fungal communities. The revealed process can have implications for the functioning of ecosystems since changes in dominant plant life forms or climatic variables could influence the traits of AM fungal communities in soil and hence ecosystem processes.Dr Álvaro López-García thanks the Formación de Personal Investigador Programme (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain) for financial support. This research was supported by the Spanish government under the Plan Nacional de I+D+I (project CGL-2009-08825
Substrate Origin Controls Phosphorus Availability in Globally Distributed Long-Term Chronosequences
Get PDF15 páginas.- 5 figuras.- referenciasPhosphorus (P) is one of the most important elements for soil biology and biogeochemistry worldwide. Yet, despite decades of research, important uncertainties persist about the drivers and changes in soil P forms during long-term soil formation. Here, we analyzed topsoils from nine globally distributed retrogressive soil chronosequences aiming to evaluate the relative contribution of key environmental factors (that is, soil age, substrate origin, climate, soil attributes, and vegetation) in explaining the long-term dynamics of primary, occluded, non-occluded, organic, and total P across different terrestrial ecosystems. We found that, rather than soil age, substrate origin was the main driver controlling the fate of different P fractions across contrasting environmental conditions. Moreover, our findings suggest that temporal patterns governing the long-term dynamics of different P forms as soils develop are not consistent among soil chronosequences, which is a result of contrasting environmental conditions, especially substrate origin. We further showed that topsoil total P was the greatest at intermediate soil development stage across the globe. Lastly, our results showed that P fractions were highly correlated with multiple surrogates of ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, plant productivity, and biodiversity. Together, our work provides new insights into the natural history of P availability, and further highlights that substrate origin, rather than soil age, is essential to predict changes in P availability in response to physical perturbation and climate change.The sampling included in this study were supported by Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 702057 (CLIMIFUN). This project was also financed by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades-Agencia Estatal de Investigación/Proyect (CGL2017-88124-R). M.D-B. is supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant (RYC2018-025483-I), a project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-115813RA-I00), and a project PAIDI 2020 from the Junta de Andalucía (P20_00879). T.S.-S. and A.G. were supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades-Agencia Estatal de Investigación/ Proyect (CGL2017-88124-R). We would like to thank the researchers involved in the CLIMIFUN project for the help with soil sampling. Funding for open access publishing: Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CBUA.Peer reviewe
Hybrid natural language processing tool for semantic annotation of medical texts in Spanish
No full textBackground
Natural language processing (NLP) enables the extraction of information embedded within unstructured texts, such as clinical case reports and trial eligibility criteria. By identifying relevant medical concepts, NLP facilitates the generation of structured and actionable data, supporting complex tasks like cohort identification and the analysis of clinical records. To accomplish those tasks, we introduce a deep learning-based and lexicon-based named entity recognition (NER) tool for texts in Spanish. It performs medical NER and normalization, medication information extraction and detection of temporal entities, negation and speculation, and temporality or experiencer attributes (Age, Contraindicated, Negated, Speculated, Hypothetical, Future, Family_member, Patient and Other). We built the tool with a dedicated lexicon and rules adapted from NegEx and HeidelTime. Using these resources, we annotated a corpus of 1200 texts, with high inter-annotator agreement (average F1 = 0.841% ± 0.045 for entities, and average F1 = 0.881% ± 0.032 for attributes). We used this corpus to train Transformer-based models (RoBERTa-based models, mBERT and mDeBERTa). We integrated them with the dictionary-based system in a hybrid tool, and distribute the models via the Hugging Face hub. For an internal validation, we used a held-out test set and conducted an error analysis. For an external validation, eight medical professionals evaluated the system by revising the annotation of 200 new texts not used in development.Results
In the internal validation, the models yielded F1 values up to 0.915. In the external validation with 100 clinical trials, the tool achieved an average F1 score of 0.858 (± 0.032); and in 100 anonymized clinical cases, it achieved an average F1 score of 0.910 (± 0.019).Conclusions
The tool is available at https://claramed.csic.es/medspaner . We also release the code (https://github.com/lcampillos/medspaner) and the annotated corpus to train the models.The first version of MEDSPANER was developed under the Marie Curie COFUND grant agreement no. 713366 (InterTalentum UAM). The training of the Transformer-based models and their integration into the new version was conducted under the CLARA-MeD project (PID2020-116001RA-C33), funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/, in project call: “Proyectos I+D+i Retos de investigación".Peer reviewe
Characterization of VldE (Spr1875), a Pneumococcal Two-State l,d-Endopeptidase with a Four-Zinc Cluster in the Active Site
Get PDFRemodeling of the pneumococcal cell wall, carried out by peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolases, is imperative for maintaining bacterial cell shape and ensuring survival, particularly during cell division or stress response. The Streptococcus pneumoniae protein Spr1875 plays a role in stress response, both regulated by the VicRK two-component system (analogous to the WalRK TCS found in Firmicutes). Modular Spr1875 presents a putative cell-wall binding module at the N-terminus and a catalytic C-terminal module (Spr1875) connected by a long linker. Assays of the full-length protein and Spr1875 with PG-based synthetic substrates by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed Spr1875 as an l,d-endopeptidase, renamed VldE (for VicRK-regulated l,d-endopeptidase), which hydrolyzed the cross-linked stem peptide in the PG. Remarkably, we observed asymmetric turnover with specific recognition of the acceptor peptide strand. Localization experiments showed that the protein is directed to the septum, which suggests that muralytic activity could be required for pneumococcal growth under stress conditions. Our findings, based on six high-resolution X-ray crystallographic structures and molecular-dynamics simulations, reveal two states for VldE. The protein transitions between a noncatalytic state that binds up to four zinc ions, thus behaving as a Zn reservoir, and a catalytic state that performs the hydrolytic reaction with a single zinc ion. Furthermore, computational studies provide insight into the mechanism of catalytic-water activation and nucleophilic attack on the specific scissile peptide bond of the asymmetric cross-linked PG.This work was supported by a grant from the US National
Institutes of Health (GM131685 to S.M.) and by grants
PID2020-115331GB-100 and PID2023-153118OB-I00
awarded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and
CRSII5_198737/1 (Swiss National Science Foundation) to
J.A.H. grant ANR-19-CE15-0011-01 awarded by the Agence
National de la recherche to C.G., and PID2022-136307OB-
C22 to F.G
Enriquecimiento de Co-Ni-Cu en sulfuros de Fe en rocas básicas de la Cordillera Bética
No full textComunicación oral presentada en XIII Jornadas Científicas en Ciencias de la Tierra. Materias primas críticas y transición energética. En Alicante del 23 al 24 de octubre de 202
The role of subduction zone serpentinite dehydration in the deep sulphur cycle
No full textComunicación oral presentada en II Edición de las jornadas de doctorandos y jóvenes postdocs del IACT, Granada 24 de mayo de 202
On the selection of damped Lyman α systems using Mg II absorption at 2 < zabs < 4
Get PDFThe XQ-100 survey provides optical and near-infrared coverage of 36 blindly selected, intervening damped Lyman α systems (DLAs) at 2 < z < 4, simultaneously covering the MgII doublet at λλ2796, 2803Å, and the Ly α transition. Using the XQ-100 DLA sample, we investigate the completeness of selecting DLA absorbers based on their MgII restframe equivalent width (W ) at these redshifts. Of the 29 DLAs with clean MgII profiles, we find that six (20 per cent of DLAs) have W < 0.6 Å. The DLA incidence rate of W < 0.6Å absorbers is a factor of ~5 higher than what is seen in z ~ 1 samples, indicating a potential evolution in the MgII properties of DLAs with redshift. All of the W < 0.6Å DLAs have low metallicities (-2.5 < [M/H] < -1.7), small velocity widths (v < 50 km s), and tend to have relatively low N(H I). We demonstrate that the exclusion of these low W DLAs results in a higher mean N(H I) which in turn leads to an ~7 per cent increase in the cosmological gas density of HI of DLAs at 2 < z < 4; and that this exclusion has a minimal effect on the HI-weighted mean metallicity. © 2016 The AuthorsWe are very grateful to Sandhya Rao for her useful comments on
an earlier edition of this manuscript, and sharing her results of a
new Mg II survey prior to publication. We also thank the referee
(Michael Murphy) for his comments for improving the manuscript.
SLE acknowledges the receipt of an NSERC Discovery Grant which
supported this research. JXP is supported by NSF grant AST1109447. SL has been supported by FONDECYT grant number
1140838 and partially by PFB-06 CATA. KDD is supported by an
NSF AAPF fellowship awarded under NSF grant AST-130209
Assessing the origin of N-bearing species in the surface waters from the Arno River Basin (Tuscany, central Italy): insights from nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in dissolved nitrate and nitrite
No full textComunicación oral presentada en Congresso DGI-SIMP 2024, Bari, 2-5 September 2024Agricultural and industrial activities are regarded as the main responsible for the discharge of pollutants in natural environments, and river waters are extremely sensitive to anthropogenic contamination. Over the years, the influence of man-related activities, together with the effects of climate change, has led to an
impoverishment of water quality. N-bearing species (i.e., NO3-, NO2-, and NH4+) are considered to be among the main pollutants in surface waters and shallow aquifers at global scale, these compounds being released by multiple sources (industrial discharges, domestic and agro-zootechnical wastes, nursery and agricultural activities). Nitrogenated species are strictly regulated since the consumption of water containing high levels of nitrogenated species can cause severe health problems, i.e., cancer, birth defects, methemoglobinemia, and other adverse effects. Therefore, assessing the sources of N-bearing species is a pivotal step to improve water management.
The Arno River Basin (ARB) has been suffered more than a century of industrial and demographic development and it is currently affected by a significant anthropogenic pressure due to the presence of relatively large cities (e.g., Florence, Prato, Pisa) and widespread industrial and agricultural activities. In this work, 26 water samples (13 from the Arno River and 13 from the main tributaries) were analyzed to assess the water pollution status. Moreover, the 15N and 18O values in both nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) were determined to understand the origin and fate of nitrogenated species. The Arno River composition evolves from Ca-HCO3 to Na-Cl(SO4) from the source to the mouth with an increasing deterioration in terms of quality of the surface
waters. The significant increment of the Na+ and Cl- contents downstream of Florence has to be attributed to anthropogenic contributions (i.e., untreated, or partly treated, wastewaters from industrial activities) and, eventually, to seawater instrusion. Critical concentrations in nitrate and nitrite (up to 63 and 9 mg/L, respectively) were detected in the Middle and Lower Valdarno sub-basins. The Ombrone and Usciana tributaries are the main contributors of anthropogenic pollutants into the Arno River, whilst the Elsa tributary supplies the main course with significant contents of geogenic sulfate. The Sieve, Pesa, Egola and Era tributaries act as diluters of the Arno River waters, partially decreasing the Na+ and Cl- impact. The combined application of 15N- and 18O-NO3 allowed to identify sewage and domestic wastes as primary sources for dissolved NO3- in the ARB running waters. Moreover, the isotopic data of 15N and 18O in NO2 clearly suggest that the nitrification process (oxidation of NH4+ to NO3-with NO2- as an intermediate product) affects the waters flowing in the ARB,
thus playing an important role in terms of abundances and respective proportion of the nitrogenated species