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Säker vård genom prevention: Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att förebygga vårdrelaterade infektioner
No full textBakgrund: Vårdrelaterade infektioner är ett vanligt förekommande, omfattande problem världen över. Konsekvenser av det sker både på individ- och samhällsnivå med lidande för de drabbade patienterna och stora kostnader för samhället. Sjuksköterskan har en betydande roll när det kommer till det förebyggande arbetet för att motverka infektioner och bidra till en patientsäker vård. Genom att tillämpa basala hygienrutiner minskar risken att sprida smittämnen inom slutenvården. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att förebygga vårdrelaterade infektioner inom slutenvård. Metod: Litteraturstudiens arbete utformades efter Roséns granskningsprocess. Databaserna Cinahl och Medline användes för att söka fram relevanta artiklar som svarade till studiens syfte. En kvalitetsgranskning utfördes och arbetet utgick från en induktiv ansats. För att utläsa teman från de valda artiklarna tillämpades Braun och Clarkes tematiska analysmetod som är lämpad för kvalitativa studier. Resultat: Tre teman identifierades utifrån de elva artiklar som låg till grund för litteraturstudiens resultat: Behov av kunskap och arbetslivserfarenhet, Organisatoriska brister samt Behov av en positiv inställning och följsamhet. Otillräcklig utbildning och kunskap hos sjuksköterskorna visades försvåra det infektionsförebyggande arbetet mot vårdrelaterade infektioner. Tidsbrist, hög arbetsbelastning och brist på resurser utgjorde de organisatoriska bristerna. En positiv inställning visades främja följsamheten i det infektionsförebyggande arbetet. Slutsats: Enligt sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter visades det förebyggande arbetet påverkas av flera samverkande orsaker. Basala hygienrutiner och i synnerhet handhygien utgjorde en betydande del i det förebyggande arbetet. Ökad kunskap och en positiv inställning hos sjuksköterskorna var nödvändigt för att förbättra följsamheten och i förlängningen uppnå säker vård.
Transverse modulus of dry-spun cellulose filament
No full textA Finnish company, Spinnova Oyj produces cellulose filaments from wood-sourced Cellulose Nanofibers (CNFs) using environmental-friendly dry-spinning processes. The cross-section of these filaments is rectangular, which differs from the regular circular cross-sections reported in literature. The width and the thickness of the Spinnova filament cross-section were ~70μm and 2-7μm respectively. These anisotropic filaments have great potential for bio-composites application. To calculate the composite properties, elastic properties of the filaments must be studied. In literature, longitudinal modulus of filaments was often tested using tensile testing method, while transverse modulus of filaments has not been studied. This thesis study was about characterization of the transverse elastic properties of Spinnova cellulose filaments and developing a mathematical model to describe and predict elastic properties of the filament. Nano-Indentation (NI) is an accessible, efficient and effective method to characterize the transverse modulus of the filament. NI characterization requires the testing surface be prepared as smooth, clean, and flat as possible. Precise control during manual mechanical grinding and polishing was highly reliant on experience and intuition. Fixing the positions of the filament’s testing surface was the main challenge for accurate NI testing. The limited movement of the indenter head didn’t allow in-situ adjustment of indenting direction, which means the testing surface must be fixed in the correct positions even before sample preparation. To ensure the testing angles met the requirement, stretching and aligning filaments, embedding them into an epoxy composite was the proposed method to solve this problem. Another challenge was to choose the right indenting parameters to control the size of deformed area. Because the longitudinal modulus was much higher than the transverse modulus, different indenting parameters were chosen. The transverse modulus was measured as 12GPa, and the resin modulus was tested as 5GPa. The longitudinal modulus was first measured under a different set of parameters and then extrapolated to be comparable to the transverse modulus. The result was 64GPa for Spinnova longitudinal modulus. A two-scale mathematical model was proposed to describe and predict the elastic properties of cellulose filaments. (1) On the first scale, a single CNF was modeled using Reuss, Voigt, Halpin-Tsai, Hashin, and shear-lag corrected models, considering following parameters: anisotropy of crystalline part, size of crystalline part, CNF crystallinity, and dimensions of CNF. (2) After the calculation of a single CNF properties, the results were used as input for the second scale modeling of filament properties. Cox-Krenchel, Percolation, and Mean-Field models were used. The orientation of CNFs (based on WAXD data), the aspect ratio of the CNFs, the connectivity of the CNF network was considered in scale 2. The Hashin model in scale 1 combined with the Mean-Field model in scale 2, provided the capability to describe the transverse modulus of the cellulose filament close to the experimental results. For the Spinnova filaments, the simulated transverse modulus was 13GPa, indicating success of this mathematical modeling method
Har doktrinutveckling av formuleringen kring motverkan av hybridkrigföring ändrats i moderna svenska doktriner?! En kvalitativ textanalys av svenska doktriner
No full textThis study examines three time periods by analyzing Swedish military doctrines from 2002 to 2022 to determine whether, and if so how, the phrasing related to hybrid warfare has changed. The study also examines whether doctrinal developments have influenced the language used to address and counter hybrid threats. In a world where threats are no longer solely conventional and global security is increasingly characterized by a complex landscape and evolving hybrid threats, traditional approaches are no longer sufficient. Threats have become more multifaceted, combining conventional, irregular, and cyber elements. One way to address these hybrid threats is through the development and adaptation of military doctrine. This study was conducted as a qualitative text analysis on doctrines to examine whether the phrasing regarding how Sweden should counter hybrid warfare can be found in the doctrines, and if found how it has changed between 2002 and 2022. This study concludes that the phrasing related to hybrid warfare has evolved over time. In the early 2000s, the term ‘hybrid warfare’ was not present in Swedish doctrine. However, by the end of the decade, doctrinal adaptations began to incorporate concepts and terminology that would later be recognized as elements of hybrid warfare. By the mid-2010s, explicit references to how Sweden should counter hybrid threats appeared in the doctrine for the first time. In the early 2020s, the doctrines illustrate how Sweden has formally acknowledged the threat of hybrid warfare and how the entire Swedish society has been adapted to counteract such threats
Use Test with Tobacco-free Snus – Can Mint Flavor Contribute To Mucosal Changes and Perceived Discomfort? – A Pilot Study
No full textSyfte: Denna studie syftar till att undersöka och jämföra effekterna av tobaksfritt snus med eller utan mint på munslemhinnan. Genom kliniska undersökningar och deltagarnas upplevelser analyseras om mint i tobaksfritt snus kan bidra till slemhinneförändringar och upplevda besvär jämfört med tobaksfritt snus med fruktsmak. Material och metod: Studien inkluderade 20 deltagare som slumpmässigt fördelades i två grupper, en grupp använde tobaksfritt mintsnus och den andra använde tobaksfritt snus med fruktsmak. En inledande klinisk undersökning av munslemhinnan genomfördes och dokumenterades med fotografering. Efter en veckas daglig snusanvändning genomfördes en uppföljande undersökning med utvärdering av munslemhinnan samt en kartläggning av deltagarnas upplevelser i form av irritation och besvär. Resultat: Studien visade en tendens till ökad förekomst av snuslesioner hos gruppen som använde mintsnus jämfört med gruppen med fruktsmak. Avseende subjektivt rapporterade besvär, sågs dock endast marginella skillnader i grupperna. Inga av de uppmätta skillnaderna var statistiskt signifikanta. Slutsats: Resultaten antyder att mintsmak kan ha en påverkan på munslemhinnan, men studien kunde inte påvisa en signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna. För att säkerställa en tydligare bild av mintsnusets effekter krävs vidare forskning med större urvalsgrupper och längre uppföljningstid.Objective: This study aims to investigate and compare the effects of tobacco-free snus with and without mint on the oral mucosa. Through clinical examinations and participants experiences, the study analyzes whether mint in tobacco-free snus contributes to mucosal changes and perceived discomfort compared to tobacco-free snus without mint. Materials and Methods: The study included 20 participants who were randomly assigned into two groups, one using tobacco-free mint snus and the other using tobacco-free fruit-flavored snus. An initial clinical examination of the oral mucosa was conducted and documented through photography. After one week of daily snus use, a follow-up examination was performed to assess eventual changes of the oral mucosa, such as snus-induced lesions, as well as the participants subjective experiences of irritation and discomfort. Results: The study showed a tendency for an increased occurrence of snus lesions in the group using mint-flavored snus, compared to the fruit-flavored group. However, only marginal differences were observed between the groups regarding subjectively reported symptoms. None of the measured differences were statistically significant. Conclusion: The results suggest that mint flavor may have an impact on the oral mucosa, but the study could not demonstrate a significant difference between the groups. Further research with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods is required to better understand the potential effects of mint-flavored snus.
The Effects of Multimodality on Receptive Vocabulary Acquisition Through Read-Alouds in the Swedish Lower Primary EFL Classroom : A quasi experiment on the effects of reading aloud with or without showing pictures as visual aids
No full textIt is important for children to learn English through both verbal and non-verbal support. This study aimed to research the effects of reading aloud to Swedish first grade pupils, with and without the use of multimodality, by showing pictures simultaneously as narrating. The study was based on the dual coding theory and the cognitive theory of multimedia learning. The method used was a quasi-experiment inspired by similar previous research conducted on other school ages in other parts of the world. The main findings of the study were that the experimental group that was exposed to multimodality during the read aloud had a greater vocabulary acquisition than the control group. An unexpected pattern was also found in the results of the study, showing that there was a noticeable difference between the results of the genders in the assessments. A higher percentage of girls than percentage of boys, in both the control group and the experimental group, scored a higher target word score in both the posttest and the delayed posttest compared to the pretest. Further research on using multimodality when reading aloud to children is suggested to fill in any research gaps. The suggestions for future research are to conduct a similar experiment with more participants, in the same time frame of the day with both groups, with more time having passed before conducting the delayed posttest as well as triangulating the research
När Europa tar över : lärdomar från den misslyckade interventionen i Libyen
No full textAs the European security environment deteriorates, with a full-scale war raging in Ukraine and shifting priorities in U.S. foreign policy, the question of NATO’s burden-sharing is becoming increasingly urgent. Lessons might be drawn from another pivotal moment for the alliance, the 2011 intervention in Libya. For the first time, the United States took a step back, allowing its European allies to take the lead in a major military operation. Despite having the military advantage, NATO forces failed to compel Muammar al-Gaddafi to capitulate, and the conflict only settled after a prolonged campaign. This study aims to explain this failure, with the purpose of contributing to the overall research on NATO’s development toward becoming a post-American alliance. The research was conducted with a theory consuming approach, using coercion theory to analyze the intervention. Particularly, factors related to coalition dynamics and their effect on the variables of a modern theory of coercion were taken into consideration during the analysis. The findings suggest that shortcomings related to coalition dynamics and coercion theory, found in events both preceding and during the intervention, reduced the likelihood of a successful campaign, thus furthering our understanding of why NATO, the strongest military alliance in the world, failed to reach a negotiated settlement with Gaddafi
Lines in the Water : Japan’s Maritime Enforcement Strategies and the Human Security Implications of the Senkaku and Takeshima Disputes
No full textThis thesis investigates how Japan’s maritime enforcement strategies in the Senkaku and Takeshima island disputes affect the human security of local fishing communities. By focusing on the intersection of maritime governance, international law, and border securitization, the study explores the extent to which Japan’s state-centric security approach aligns with or undermines its commitment to human security. The research employs a qualitative methodology that combines legal and policy analysis with comparative case studies of the Senkaku (in dispute with China) and Takeshima (in dispute with South Korea) regions. Through this lens, it assesses Japan’s domestic legal frameworks, its adherence to international maritime law, and its involvement in regional agreements concerning fishing rights and enforcement practices.The findings reveal a stark divergence in Japan’s enforcement strategies: a highly securitized and confrontational posture in the Senkaku area, contrasting with a restrained and symbolic approach around Takeshima. These differing strategies have substantial implications for the economic and social well-being of fishers in Okinawa and Shimane Prefectures. In particular, the securitization of fisheries around Senkaku has led to restricted access, heightened risk of confrontation, and economic precarity for local fishers, issues exacerbated by the ambiguity of maritime boundaries and the dual-use nature of fishing vessels in maritime surveillance. Conversely, the Takeshima dispute, though diplomatically tense, poses fewer direct risks to fishers due to South Korea’s effective control and Japan’s limited enforcement presence.The thesis argues that Japan’s selective application of human security principles in its regional policy reveals a conceptual gap between its international normative commitments and domestic strategic practice. It concludes that human security must be more robustly integrated into maritime governance, with greater emphasis on inclusive policy-making, cooperative agreements, and sustainable livelihoods. Drawing from the Taiwan-Japan fisheries agreement as a potential model, the study proposes pragmatic policy recommendations aimed at balancing territorial integrity with economic and human rights protections. Ultimately, the research contributes to the broader discourse on how middle powers can reconcile national security imperatives with human-centric approaches in contested maritime regions
En rovfågelsklo från Gamla Skogsby på Öland
No full textThis paper proceeds from the excavations by Linnaeus University in 2019–2023 of a Migration Period house foundation at Gamla Skogsby, Öland, SE Sweden, situated in what was originally a large village with one of the largest Migration Period farms recorded on the whole island. The house and the excavation results are presented in brief, and in particular, the find of a raptor claw inside the house is given special attention. The claw is evaluated osteologically, identified as the claw of an eagle and suggested as an indication of prestige related to the local elite at the site. This is followed by an attempt to place the find in a larger context, with an evaluation of the find as a possible indication of falconry at the site in the Migration Period. The role of eagles in falconry is examined and the implications for this in connection with the falconry hypothesis at Gamla Skogsby are discussed. The find and the settlement at which it was made are then analysed in relation to a larger landscape context including important artefact finds, burials, settlements and fortifications, and the possible role of women in relation to falconry is discussed
Neural-XGBoost : A Hybrid Approach for Disaster Prediction and Management Using Machine Learning
No full textEffective disaster prediction is essential for disaster management and mitigation. This study addresses a multi-classification problem and proposes the Neural-XGBoost disaster prediction model (N-XGB), a hybrid model that combines neural networks (NN) for feature extraction with XGBoost for classification. The NN component extracts high-level features, while XGBoost uses gradient-boosted decision trees for accurate predictions, combining the strengths of deep learning and boosting techniques for improved accuracy. The N-XGB model achieves an accuracy of 94.8% and an average F1 score of 0.95 on a real-world dataset that includes wildfires, floods and earthquakes, significantly outperforming baseline models such as random forest, Support vector machine and logistic regression 85% accuracy. The balanced F1 scores for wildfires 0.96, floods 0.93, and earthquakes 0.96 demonstrate the model's robustness in multi-class classification. The Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) balances datasets and improves model efficiency and capability. The proposed N-XGB model provides a reliable and accurate solution for predicting disasters and contributes to improving preparedness, resource allocation and risk management strategies.
Click and feel great – can the mobile generate a new fate? : FIGARO: Digital Therapy in Your Pocket – iCBT and Mobile Gaming for Adults with Persistent Depressive Symptoms
No full textIn recent years, depression and anxiety have been on the rise among adults worldwide. In 2025, Suicide Zero reported that at least 20% of individuals after adolescence had experienced depression. According to the World Health Organization, depression is the leading cause of suicide globally, affecting an estimated 4.5% of the world’s population. We are living in a time marked by alarming statistics on mental health, and for many, long waiting lists for treatment can feel hopeless. There is a shortage of evidence-based psychological interventions that are both accessible and cost-effective—especially in times of crisis—and that can reignite motivation when it fades. Previous research has shown promising indications that serious mobile games, when combined with internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT), may reduce depressive symptoms and improve quality of life. The aim of this study was to explore and contribute new knowledge on whether serious games combined with ICBT can reduce self-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety, and enhance perceived quality of life among adults on antidepressant medication with persistent psychological distress. A randomized controlled design was used, with participants (n = 97) randomly assigned to either a nine-week ICBT treatment group or a waitlist control group. To assess changes in depression, anxiety, and quality of life (measured by MADRS-S, GAD-7, and BBQ), ANCOVA analyses were conducted. Results showed significant and strong symptom reduction for depression (d = .96) and anxiety (d = .89). No significant improvement or deterioration was observed in quality of life. In summary, the study provides a positive indication that ICBT combined with a serious mobile game can reduce depression and anxiety in medicated adults with ongoing psychological difficulties, while also highlighting the need for further research in this more specialized field.Under de senaste åren har depression och ångest ökat bland vuxna världen om. Suicide Zero rapporterade i 2025 att minst tjugo procent efter tonåren lidit av depression. Världshälsoorganisationen beskriver depression som den största bakomliggande orsaken till självmord. På en global nivå uppskattas nästan 4,5% av världens befolkning ha depression. Vi lever i en tid som kan kännas mörk, med oroväckande siffror som alarmerar för psykisk ohälsa hos vår mänskliga population. Med långa vårdköer kan det kännas hopplöst. Det är brist på forskningsbelagda psykologiska interventioner som är lättillgängliga och kostnadseffektiva, när det krisar - och som kan väcka engagemanget när det falnar. Tidigare forskning visar en positiv indikation på att seriösa mobilspel, i kombination med IKBT, kan minska depressiva symtom och främja livskvaliteten. Syftet med följande studie är undersöka och bidra med en utökad kunskap kring huruvida seriösa spel tillsammans med IKBT kan minska självskattade symtom av depression och ångest, samt öka upplevd livskvalitet hos vuxna med kvarstående depressiva besvär som använder antidepressiv medicin. Detta undersöktes med en randomiserad kontrollerad design där deltagarna (n = 97) randomiserades till två grupper, en behandlingsgrupp bestående av nio veckors IKBT eller kontrollgrupp i form av väntelista. För att undersöka effekten på depression, ångest och livskvalité (mätt med MADRS-S, GAD-7 och BBQ), utfördes ANCOVOR. Resultaten visade en signifikant, stark förbättring och symtomreduktion på depressionssymtom (d = .96) och så även för ångestsymtom (d = .89). För livskvalitet kunde ingen signifikant förbättring eller försämring observeras. Sammanfattningsvis ger studien en positiv indikation till att IKBT i kombination med ett seriöst mobilspel kan minska depression och ångest hos medicinerade vuxna med fortsatta psykiska besvär, men den visar även på att det finns ett behov för fortsatt forskning inom detta mer avgränsande området.Figarostudien.s