Proceedings of The Annual International Conference, Syiah Kuala University - Life Sciences & Engineering Chapter
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Measurement of cements particle size distribution by the buoyancy weighing-bar method
No full textOne of the important characteristics of cement quality is particle size distribution. There are several simple methods to measure the particle size distribution of cement based on the Stokes diameter, like Andreasen pipette method, sedimentation balance method, centrifugal sedimentation method, etc. A major disadvantages of these methods are they are time consuming process and require special skills. Particle size distribution also can be analyzed by using a different principle through microscopy, laser diffraction/scattering methods and Coulter counter method. Even these methods produce highly accurate results within a shorter time, however, the equipments are expensive. In the present study, it has developed a new method to overcome the problem. The method is the buoyancy weighing-bar method. This method is a simple and cost-effective. The principle of the buoyancy weighing-bar method that the density change in a suspension due to particle migration is measured by weighing buoyancy against a weighing bar hung in the suspension, and the particle size distribution is calculated using the length of the weighing-bar and the timecourse change in the the apparent mass of the weighingbar. This apparatus consists of an analytical balance with a hook for underfloor weighing, and a weighingbar, which is used to detect the density change in suspension. The result obtained show that the buoyancy weighingbar method is suitable for measuring the particle size distribution of cement, and the result is comparable to that of determined by settling balance method
Development of simple and cost-effective treatment system for municipal wastewater
No full textThis study developed an alternative municipal sewage treatment system based on the pilot- and full-scale experiments. This proposed system consisting of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and trickling filter using a polyurethane sponge as packing material. This aerobic process was originally developed and named as a down-flow hanging sponge (DHS). DHS reactors accomplished high process performance during pilot- and full-scale experiments in Japan and other countries. The effluent quality of the DHS reactors was comparable to that of activated sludge systems. Moreover, advantages of DHS reactors include simple operation and maintenance (OM), no required oxygen supply, small land requirement, and less excess sludge production. Indeed, the estimated energy requirement and excess sludge production of UASB and DHS systems were found to be approximately 75 and 85 % lower than those of conventional activated sludge systems, respectively. The high process performance can be attributed to the fact that the DHS reactor maintains much of the sludge in the reactor at concentrations 510 times higher than activated sludge. This indicates that DHS reactors have the potential for use as reliable, affordable, and efficient treatment systems, and can be used widely including developing countries
Characteristic and Performance Tests of Membrane PES in Biodiesel Purification by using Ultrafiltration Process
No full textPolyethersulfone (PES) membranes were prepared via phase inversion method. The effect of polymer concentration on the morphology of the fabricated membranes were studied. Furthermore, the effect of transmembrane pressure (TMP)was also studied on the filtration performance of biodiesel purification. The morphology of fabricated PES membrane was analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) indicated that the PES membranes had skin layer on the membrane surface and pores layer on the bottom surface. The permeability coefficient (Lp) of PES membranes were about 21-40 L/m2.h. The Molecular Weight Cut Off (MWCO) test shows that the rejection of dextran solution with the molecular weight 18,8Kda was above 90%. The water contact angle of PES membranes was measured to know the hydrophilicity of PES membrane. The water contact angle was about 73oconfirmed that the PES membrane was hydrophobic. The increasing ofTrans-membrane Pressure (TMP) had a significant effect on the permeability of membrane which isthe permeability of biodiesel increases by increasing the TMP. The maximum of flux was obtained about 110 ml/se
Biopolymer From Starch And Chitosan As Bioplastic Material For Food Packaging
No full textThis research aims to improve economic value of cassava peel waste as raw material of bioplastic making, whose existence is still very abundant and has not been benefitted optimally. Bioplastic making is conducted by mixing starch and chitosan with gliserol as plasticizer. Bioplastic making is carried out at gelatinization temperature of 80oC. Chitosan addition is carried out at variatios of 0; 10; 20; 30; and 40 (% w). Research result indicates that mechanical property i.e. optimum value of tensile strength is obtained at value of 38.25 MPa with chitosan addition as much of 30%. The highest elongation percentage is obtained as much of 41.25% with addition of 10% chitosan. Physical property of resulted bioplastic is obtained from the best swelling test at addition of 40% chitosan i.e. 0.38%, and bioplastic density obtained is ranged from 2 3.33 g/ml. Analysis of functional group by using FTIR exhibits the existence of ester and carbonyl groups that indicates that resulted bioplastic could be degraded. Whereas biodegradability test on environment exhibits that bioplastic could be completely degraded in soil for 24 days
Composites Prepared from Rice Husk and Recycled/Virgin HDPE with Addition of CouplingAgent
No full textCompositesweremade from recycled HDPE and virgin HDPE as matrix and ricehusk as filler and also added with polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (MAPE) as a couplingagent to improve the physical and mechanical properties of composites. Theaim of study isto find the optimum condition of the type of used matrixs and the percentage of addedcoupling agent on the quality of the producedcomposites. Compositeswere prepared byhotpress method. Hot press process was performed at a temperature of 150 oC for 30 minutes.After cooling to room temperature, the product was tested oftensile strength, bendingstrength, thermal test and FTIR. The results show thatcompositesprepared byvirgin HDPEhave much betterphysical and mechanical properties compared to composites prepared byrecycled HDPE. The highest tensile strength valueof 5.69 MPawas foundon composite withmatrix of virgin HDPE and addition of 4 wt% MAPE. While the highest bending strengthvalueof 0.35 Mpa was obtained oncomposite with matrix of recycled HDPE and addition of 2wt% MAPE. The presence of a number of MAPE concentration in the mixture resulted inincreased adhesion properties between rice husk and HDPE thereby increasing the physicalmechanical properties of composites
Effect of Static extraction time on Extraction Efficiencies using On-line Supercritical Fluid Extraction-High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Lipoquinone Analysis in Activated Sludge
No full textAnalysis of microbial community is important for monitoring the performance of biological processes. One of the most simple, quantitative and high reproducible method for analysis of the microbial community is lipoquinone profile method. Lipoquinone is constituent of bacterial plasma membrane that is essential for electron transporter. Lipoquinone could be used as a biomarker to analyze the microbial community because in general one species or genus of bacteria has one dominant type of lipoquinone, thus any changes in the lipoquinone profile would reflect the changes in the microbial community. The method for lipoquinone determination in environmental sample is direct extraction using organic solvent and analysis using chromatography system. Since the method is tedious and uses a large amount of organic solvent, the on-line supercritical fluid extraction-high performance liquid chromatography (on-line SFE-HPLC) has been developed to simplify the method, and was successful determine lipoquinone compounds in activated sludges. The effect of static extraction time on extraction efficiencies of the lipoquinone was investigated in order to eliminate the water pump and methanol pump in the previous system. The CO2 was used as an extraction solvent. The 0.1 g of freeze dried activated sludge was placed into a 1 mL stainless steel extraction vessel and methanol was spiked into the sludge as a modifier. The SFE was connected to HPLC by using trapping column as an interface for collecting lipoquinone extracted from the sludge. The static extraction time was conducted by allowed the matrix to immersed in CO2 and methanol. When the static extraction time finished, the dynamic extraction time was carried out. The extracted and trapped lipoquinone then directly transferred to HPLC system for determination. In this study, the effect of static, dynamic extraction time and volume of spiked methanol were optimized using simplified on-line SFEHPLC for lipoquinone analysis. The best results in terms of extraction yield were obtained at 25 MPa, 45C, 10 min static extraction time with 500 L methanol spiked, and 25 min dynamic extraction time with 0.9 mL min-1 CO2 flow rate. It was concluded that the developed method could simplify the online SFE-HPLC system of lipoquinone determination which is useful for a rapid and routine analysis of microbial community in activated sludge
Extraction of Nickel(II) and Zink(II) by Using A Solvent Impregnated Resin Containing 1-Nitrophenyl-3-methyl-4-octylbenzoyl-5pyrazolone
No full textThe study on the equilibrium distribution of nickel(II) and zink(II) between aqueous solution and macromolecular resin impregnated with 1-nitrophenyl3-methyl-4-octylbenzoyl-5-pyrazolone (HNPMOBP, HL) have been conducted. In this research, the effects of pH values, and metal ion concentration on the yield were investigated. Analysis of the results shows that the extraction of the two metal ions can be explained assuming the formation of metal complexes in the resin phase with a general composition ML2. An extraction reaction is proposed and the equilibrium constants of the complexes were determined to be -6.15 and -3.45. The efficiency of the resin in the separation of nickel (II) and zink(II) is provided according to the separation factors. Under the experimental conditions employed, pH50 values for zink (II) and nickel(II) were respectively found to be at 2.76 and 4.95
Numerical Simulation for Scenario Based Volcanic Hazard Assessment (VHA) at Seulawah Agam Volcano, Aceh, Sumatra
No full textSeulawah Agam is an active volcano with high 1,810 m located at 5.448N 95.658E and close to the capital of Aceh province densely populated. Following Sumatra-Andaman earthquake 26 December 2004, Sumatra Island has increased not only seismicity but also volcanic activity. On the other hand, Sinabung volcano categorized as inactive volcano, but beyond expectations on the 3rd September 2010 experienced eruption and the closest volcanic eruption location to Seulawah Agam volcano. Meanwhile, in 1 September 2010, Seulawah Agam categorized as active volcano was alert to level 2. We cannot predict what happens in future to the Seulawah Agam volcano, but we can provide volcano hazard assessment as important step for mitigation procedure. This paper introduces numerical study for volcanic eruption and integrated with a GIS-based tool for volcanic hazard assessment VORIS (VOlcanic Risk Information System) which develop by Alicia Felpeto. This model investigate scenario based volcanic eruption for ash fallout, PDC (pyroclastic density currents), and lava. Digital elevation model (DEM) from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), meteorological data from NOAA, and geological study are used in this model. In the statovolcano mountain four geothermal manifestations appeared, such as: Fumarol Simpago, crater Heutz, ground steam Ie-Jue, and hot spring Ie-Suum. In this numerical simulation, we consider the location as potential eruption vent to produce erupted material. Wind velocity data at 3rd January 2012 and 1 July 2012 above the summit is selected to represent wet and dry season condition for scenario based ash fallout. Further, the simulation show the ash fallout is possible to reach Banda Aceh and potentially disrupt flight at Sultan Iskandar Muda Air port. Lava flow simulations are only depending on topography data (DEM) and applying some parameter for maximum flow length 5 km. The Simulation resolution depend on DEM data (90m) which produce more precise then volcanic hazard map produce by Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Bandung (CVGHM) and more reasonable with topography slope of mountain at southern part and northern part. Furthermore, PDC simulations are conducted scenario for height eruption column (starting point of the flow) 20m dan 200m. The simulations show PDC can be reach longer location until Banda-Aceh Medan Highway compare then CVGHM map. This preliminary research should be developed to apply high resolution DEM and using adequate method for estimation eruption parameters. This method will be potential to provide more precise volcano hazard assessment for others volcano in Indonesi
The Importance of Chemistry for Nanotechnology
No full textThe paradigm shift from uniform bulk materials towards nanostructured multifunctional materials is essential for future knowledge transfer from fundamental to applied sciences. In nanotechnology, two approaches are employed: top-down and bottom-up. In the top-down approach, larger assemblies are broken down to smaller units, while the bottom-up approach makes use of atomic or molecular building blocks to construct the desired nanostructures. Chemistry plays a major role in the bottom-up approach by providing progressive building blocks, such as smart molecules, that can be combined preferentially by self-organisation to create fundamentally new classes of materials. The ultimate goal is to create environmentally friendly, highly efficient, low-cost devices serving multifunctional purposes for a steadily more diversified modern societ
Glycerolysis for Lowering Free FattyAcid of Waste Cooking Oil
No full textGlycerolysis can be a useful alternative for lowering free fatty acid content present in the sustainable feedstock of waste cooking oil. In the present work, the effect of reaction parameters such as molar ratio of oil to glycerol (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3), catalyst NaOH concentration (0.875, 1.3 and 1.75 %-w of oil) and mass ratio of oil to co-solvent hexane (2:1, 4:1, 8:1) have been investigated. The reaction parameters have a remarkable effect on the free fatty acid (in term of acid value) of waste cooking oil. The final acid value decreased with an increased in molar ratio of oil to glycerol from 1:1 to 1:2. A significant reduction in acid value was not observed with a further increase in molar ratio of oil to glycerol. It has been observed that the optimum catalyst concentration of 1.3% can be reduced acid value from 12.2 to 1 mg KOH/g oil in 20 min. The addition of hexane as co-solvent affected the reaction rate due to immiscibility of the oil and glycerol phases. However, a suitable amount of co-solvent must be added to achieve an optimum of acid value reduction