Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro
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Design of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Monitoring System in Cocoa Fermentation with Internet of Things and Automatic Stirring System
Full text linkIn some areas in Indonesia, more traditional cocoa farmers have yet to carry out special monitoring of O2 and CO2 levels during fermentation because the practices and technologies used by cocoa farmers can vary significantly in different regions and levels of development. The right amount and level of O2 and CO2 can regulate the activity of microorganisms and affect the overall fermentation process. The fermentation box is made using a wooden board measuring 50x50 cm and is equipped with a stirring blade inside. The sensors used are the Gravity O2 I2C Sensor and the CO2 Sensor MG-118, with a high torque D.C. motor as the stirring blade drive. The results of monitoring and controlling the stirrer are carried out using the Blynk IoT platform or directly on the fermentation box. The tests carried out include testing on an empty fermentation box and testing on the fermentation process of 1kg and 6kg cocoa. After carrying out the testing process, the sensors and IoT systems created can work optimally. The sensor test results in the cocoa fermentation process show a change in CO2 concentration, initially 400 ppm, increasing to a maximum of 1600 ppm. Meanwhile, the O2 concentration remains stable at 20-21% vol, and the stirrer can work optimally. The D.C. motor-driven stirrer can operate effectively with a stirrer response time of 2 seconds and a stirring efficiency of 95% at both fermentation loads (1kg and 6kg). The monitoring system integrated with the Blynk IoT platform shows a gas measurement accuracy rate of 98%, making it easier for cocoa farmers to monitor and control the fermentation process more accurately. The effectiveness of this system can improve the quality of cocoa fermentation results by optimizing fermentation conditions through the right O2 and CO2 levels
Bahasa Inggris
No full textThe growing demand for electricity and the environmental impact of fossil fuels have driven the need for alternative, sustainable energy solutions. Hydropower, particularly in irrigation channels, offers a promising option for generating renewable energy. This study focused on developing a small-scale pico-hydro system to generate electricity from water flow in irrigation channels, designed for applications such as street lighting. The research contributes to advancing micro-hydropower technology by integrating an Internet of Things(IoT)-based monitoring system to optimize energy production and simplify performance tracking. The monitoring system enabled real-time tracking of generator output, battery voltage, and load current using a smartphone interface connected via the internet. The study involved laboratory and field testing in some irrigation canals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A water wheel turbine from galvanized plates and plastic converts water flow into electrical energy. Field tests confirmed the system’s ability to produce stable power. The system reached an overall efficiency of 11.38%. The data transmission delay through Blynk averaged 5.64 seconds, while total power consumption was 2,231 watts. Sensor measurements showed high accuracy, with generator voltage accuracy at 99.33% and load current accuracy at 99.26%. In conclusion, the pico-hydro system can effectively harness irrigation water for small-scale power generation, offering a viable, renewable energy source with efficient remote monitoring capabilitiesPermintaan listrik yang terus meningkat serta dampak lingkungan dari penggunaan bahan bakar fosil telah mendorong kebutuhan akan solusi energi alternatif yang berkelanjutan. Pembangkit listrik tenaga air, terutama pada saluran irigasi, menawarkan opsi yang menjanjikan untuk menghasilkan energi terbarukan. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pengembangan sistem pikohidro skala kecil untuk menghasilkan listrik dari aliran air di saluran irigasi, yang dirancang untuk aplikasi seperti penerangan jalan. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada kemajuan teknologi pembangkit listrik mikro dengan mengintegrasikan sistem pemantauan berbasis IoT untuk mengoptimalkan produksi energi dan memudahkan pelacakan kinerja. Sistem pemantauan ini memungkinkan pelacakan keluaran generator, tegangan baterai, dan arus beban secara real-time melalui antarmuka smartphone yang terhubung melalui internet. Penelitian ini melibatkan pengujian laboratorium dan lapangan di beberapa saluran irigasi Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Turbin roda air yang terbuat dari plat galvanis dan plastik digunakan untuk mengubah aliran air menjadi energi listrik. Pengujian lapangan mengonfirmasi kemampuan sistem untuk menghasilkan daya yang stabil. Sistem ini mencapai efisiensi keseluruhan sebesar 11,38%. Rata-rata keterlambatan transmisi data melalui Blynk adalah 5,64 detik, sedangkan total konsumsi daya adalah 2.231 watt. Pengukuran sensor menunjukkan akurasi yang tinggi, dengan akurasi tegangan generator sebesar 99,33% dan akurasi arus beban sebesar 99,26%. Sebagai kesimpulan, sistem pikohidro ini secara efektif memanfaatkan air irigasi untuk pembangkit listrik skala kecil, menawarkan sumber energi terbarukan yang layak dengan kemampuan pemantauan jarak jauh yang efisien
English
No full textThis study addresses the performance limitations of conventional hybrid couplers used in sub-6 GHz 5G infrastructure, targeting the N1 band (1.92–2.17 GHz), and integrates Defected Ground Structure (DGS) technology. The objective is to enhance bandwidth, reduce return and isolation losses, and optimize phase coupling while maintaining cost-effectiveness using FR-4 epoxy substrates. A quadrature hybrid coupler was designed and optimized using microstrip line technology with DGS modifications. The study employed advanced electromagnetic simulation software to evaluate key performance parameters, including return loss, isolation loss, bandwidth, insertion loss, and phase coupling. The DGS-modified design was compared with a conventional coupler to quantify performance improvements. The DGS-modified coupler achieved significant enhancements across all performance metrics. Return loss improved to −23.17 dB, isolation loss to −44.39 dB, and bandwidth increased by 34%, reaching 693.2 MHz. Phase coupling also approached the ideal 90° with a deviation of only 2.56°, significantly outperforming the conventional design. However, the insertion loss increased slightly to −4.34 dB, reflecting a trade-off between bandwidth enhancement and efficiency that must be considered in practical implementations. Overall, the integration of DGS into hybrid coupler designs provides a practical and effective means of enhancing RF component performance for reliable 5G networks while maintaining low-cost fabrication. These results underscore the potential of DGS technology for developing scalable, application-oriented solutions for next-generation wireless communications
Improving Solar Cell Efficiency PV/T Using NEPCM by FEM Method
Full text linkEnergy generated from photovoltaic (PV) systems is often wasted, with about 80% converted to heat and only 20% converted to electricity. This indicates the need for further research to improve the energy conversion efficiency in PV systems. This study aims to analyze the cell efficiency and power generation in a photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) system with variations in nano-encapsulated phase change material (NEPCM) concentration and reservoir thickness. The developed PVT configuration includes a photovoltaic cell layer, a thermal paste layer, a reservoir wall, and a channel filled with nanofluid containing NEPCM surrounded by a protective shell. The research method involves simulation using the Finite Element Method to measure system performance regarding energy conversion efficiency, with encapsulated PCM concentration variations at 2%, 10%, and 20%. Additionally, the laminar flow velocity used is 0.5 m/s under steady-state conditions, and the thickness of the PCM material used is 1 mm and 15 mm. The results show that increasing the NEPCM concentration by 5% can improve the electrical and thermal performance of the system by more than 50%. In addition, variations in reservoir thickness also contribute to the overall efficiency. This study concludes that the proposed PVT configuration can improve energy efficiency and optimize thermal management in the system, making it an effective solution for developing renewable energy technologies. Thus, implementing NEPCM in PVT systems can significantly contribute to overall energy efficiency
Arduino-Based Baby Bath System with Accurate Water Level and Temperature Control
No full textInfant bathing can be challenging for parents due to safety and temperature control concerns. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a fully automated baby bathtub system featuring water level and temperature control using an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller. This system was designed to ensure a safe and comfortable bathing environment for infants while providing convenience for parents. The methodology involved designing and assembling key components, including a 4x4 keypad, relays, water level, and temperature sensors. The system underwent comprehensive testing to evaluate its functionality and accuracy. The results showed that the system maintained a consistent water level of 9 liters and controlled water temperature within a narrow range. For example, when the actual water temperature was 37.8°C, the sensor reading was 37.5°C, demonstrating a minor deviation of 0.3°C. Overall, temperature deviations ranged from 0.5°C to 1.0°C from the setpoint. The total operation time for preparing the bathtub, including heating and filling, ranged from 15 to 20 minutes. All components functioned correctly during testing, confirming the system's reliability and accuracy. In summary, the automated baby bathtub system successfully meets its design objectives, offering a safe, efficient, and user-friendly solution for infant bathing while assuring parents of its safety and ease of use
An Integrated SCADA–PLC–HMI Model for Low-Cost Control and Real-Time Monitoring of Three-Phase AC Motors
Full text linkEfficient and flexible control systems for remote real-time monitoring are highly needed by modern industries. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) has become a core technology in automation. Most commercial SCADA systems, however, are costly and complex, thus limiting their adoption in small industries and educational institutions. Therefore, this study develops an integrated SCADA–PLC–HMI model for low-cost control and real-time monitoring of three-phase AC motors. The model is designed as an economical, portable, and user-friendly system that supports various control configurations, including Direct On-Line (DOL), Forward-Reverse, and Star-Delta. Adopting the ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate) model, the development process involves needs analysis, system design, hardware/software development, system implementation, and performance evaluation through testing and data logging. Experimental results show that the system can alternately operate two three-phase motors, present real-time monitoring through the HMI, and automatically record operational data. The log file records system validity, operating time, and Start/Stop button responses, with timers operating at the configured 5-second delay. Motor 1 and Motor 2 run as programmed, with Motor 2 operating for 14 seconds before shutting down. These findings confirm that the proposed SCADA–PLC–HMI system is reliable, efficient, and cost-effective, thus providing a practical solution for motor control that is both affordable and adaptable. This study contributes to supporting competency development in engineering education and offers a viable automation alternative for small- and medium-scale industries
Digital PID Trainer Based On Arduino For DC Motor Speed Control With Ziegler Nichols Method
Full text linkThis research aims to design and implement a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control system to regulate the speed of a DC motor using the Ziegler Nichols tuning method, focusing on improving the stability and responsiveness of the system for industrial automation applications. The research uses a mathematical model of a DC motor derived from its electrical and mechanical components for simulation and analysis of the system behavior. The PID controller is implemented with the Ziegler Nichols tuning method (open and closed loop) to determine the optimal parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd). The system was tested using Arduino, L298N motor driver, and MATLAB for simulation and analysis. Performance is evaluated based on response characteristics such as rise time, settling time, overshoot, and steady state error. The Ziegler-Nichols method successfully tuned the PID controller with optimal parameters Kp = 11.7, Ki = 1, and Kd = 0.25. Analysis of the system response shows rise time = 0.4866 s, settling time = 2.5829 s, overshoot = 19.6194%, and steady state error = 0.0861%. This PID-controlled system provides fast response and good stability, with significant improvement in reducing steady state error and overshoot compared to systems without controllers or those using trial-and-error tuning. The Ziegler-Nichols tuning method is effective for optimizing PID control in DC motor speed regulation. The proposed system offers a reliable and efficient solution for industrial applications that require precision motor control
Design and Simulation of a QPSK Demodulator Using Discrete Components
No full textQuadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a widely adopted digital modulation technique that encodes two bits of information in each symbol by utilizing four distinct phase states separated by 90 degrees. This approach offers high spectral efficiency, making it especially suitable for modern communication systems that demand robust data transmission with limited bandwidth. This investigation details the design process and LTspice-based simulation of a QPSK demodulator constructed entirely from discrete electronic components. This work addresses a gap in previous research, which has largely relied on integrated circuits or software-based algorithms, by focusing on circuit-level implementation using basic analog and digital components. The demodulator was assembled on a prototype PCB, combining fundamental operational amplifiers, mixers, filters, and digital logic gates to perform the required signal processing functions. The evaluation involved testing the demodulator's ability to accurately recover the transmitted data and its operational stability. Simulation results demonstrated reliable performance across all stages, with the demodulator successfully maintaining phase detection accuracy and reconstructing the original 8-bit test sequence with high fidelity. Under test conditions with a 1 MHz carrier frequency and a data transmission rate of 500 kHz, the recovered signal showed an approximate delay of 4.5 microseconds attributable to the sequential parallel-to-serial conversion process. Despite the delay, the demodulator maintained full symbol-level correlation with the transmitted data stream. These findings confirm that a discrete component-based QPSK demodulator can effectively support reliable digital communication, highlighting its practicality for educational purposes, low-cost prototyping, laboratory training, and preliminary hardware development in the field of wireless and wired communication systems.Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a widely adopted digital modulation technique that encodes two bits of information in each symbol by utilizing four distinct phase states separated by 90 degrees. This approach offers high spectral efficiency, making it especially suitable for modern communication systems that demand robust data transmission with limited bandwidth. This investigation details the design process and LTspice-based simulation of a QPSK demodulator constructed entirely from discrete electronic components. This work addresses a gap in previous research, which has largely relied on integrated circuits or software-based algorithms, by focusing on circuit-level implementation using basic analog and digital components. The demodulator was assembled on a prototype PCB, combining fundamental operational amplifiers, mixers, filters, and digital logic gates to perform the required signal processing functions. The evaluation involved testing the demodulator's ability to accurately recover the transmitted data and its operational stability. Simulation results demonstrated reliable performance across all stages, with the demodulator successfully maintaining phase detection accuracy and reconstructing the original 8-bit test sequence with high fidelity. Under test conditions with a 1 MHz carrier frequency and a data transmission rate of 500 kHz, the recovered signal showed an approximate delay of 4.5 microseconds attributable to the sequential parallel-to-serial conversion process. Despite the delay, the demodulator maintained full symbol-level correlation with the transmitted data stream. These findings confirm that a discrete component-based QPSK demodulator can effectively support reliable digital communication, highlighting its practicality for educational purposes, low-cost prototyping, laboratory training, and preliminary hardware development in the field of wireless and wired communication systems
Speed Control of An Autonomous Electric Vehicle Using Fuzzy Logic With Computer Vision-Based Input
Full text linkA robust speed control mechanism ensures safety in an autonomous electric vehicle system. Such a system must dynamically adjust the vehicle's speed based on its surrounding environment. This research employs computer vision for object and road detection to measure the distance between the car and nearby objects. Fuzzy logic methods—specifically Mamdani and Sugeno—are utilized to automatically and stably regulate the speed of autonomous electric vehicles from their starting point to their destination. The control system considers various road conditions, including left-slanting, straight, and right-slanting roads, and the real-time presence or absence of objects. Testing is conducted across three real-world scenarios using distance and steering angle inputs. The servo angle represents the output, which ranges from 0 to 1800 and corresponds to the vehicle's speed. The results indicate that the Mamdani method provides greater speed control accuracy than the Sugeno method, which relies on a singleton output. For conditions involving left-slanting, straight, and right-slanting roads with objects within a 10-meter range, the Mamdani method produced outputs of 1370, 1800, and 1370, respectively, aligning well with predefined speed control rules. In contrast, the Sugeno method yielded 880, 1470, and 650 outputs for the same conditions, which did not adhere to the predefined rules for slow, medium, and fast speeds. In conclusion, the Mamdani method demonstrates superior accuracy and suitability for speed control in autonomous electric vehicles compared to the Sugeno method.Dalam sistem kendaraan listrik otonom, diperlukan sistem pengatur kecepatan untuk mengatur kecepatan mobil guna memastikan tujuan keselamatan terpenuhi. Kendaraan otonom harus menyesuaikan kecepatannya berdasarkan lingkungan sekitar. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini digunakan deteksi objek dan jalan dengan pendekatan computer vision untuk mengukur jarak antara mobil dengan objek. Dalam penelitian ini, metode logika fuzzy, termasuk Mamdani dan Sugeno, digunakan untuk mengontrol kecepatan kendaraan listrik otonom secara otomatis dan stabil dari lokasi awal hingga tujuan. Pengendalian ini memperhitungkan berbagai kondisi jalan, antara lain miring kiri, lurus, dan miring kanan, serta ada atau tidaknya objek yang ditemui secara real-time. Pengujian dilakukan dengan tiga skenario dunia nyata dengan memanfaatkan input berupa jarak dan sudut kemudi. Outputnya diwakili oleh sudut servo, yang berkisar antara 0 hingga 180, dan sesuai dengan kecepatan kendaraan. Pengujian pada berbagai representasi keluaran kecepatan menggunakan servo menunjukkan akurasi yang lebih besar pada metode Mamdani dibandingkan dengan metode Sugeno, yang mengandalkan keluaran tunggal. Hasil yang diperoleh selaras dengan aturan yang telah ditetapkan untuk sistem kendali kecepatan.
The Efficiency of MPPT in Mitigating the Effects of Partial Shading on Power Stability through the MPNO Method
No full textAn electric vehicle charging station (EV charging station) is an infrastructure designed to charge electricity for electric vehicles. However, most EV charging stations still rely on fossil energy sources. Innovation is needed to overcome this problem. One of them is through the use of solar panels. Using solar panels on the CBMS turns it into a clean and environmentally friendly energy source. However, environmental factors such as weather significantly affect the energy conversion produced by solar panels. Panels that are covered by trees and tall buildings cause partial shading conditions. Partial shading conditions can result in a direct decrease in PV output power. To overcome this, output power optimization using a DC-DC converter is required. The MPPT boost converter system with a modified P&O method is designed to maximize the output power of solar panels when partial shading occurs. The test results show that the developed system can maximize the output power of solar panels in partial shading conditions with an average power increase of 8.13 and an efficiency of 91%. This method can reduce the negative impact of changes in light intensity, keep the system close to the maximum power point, and improve the efficiency of charging electric vehicles at SPKL during unstable weather conditions. However, the modified P&O method is less effective in maximizing the output power in standard solar panels. This research does not address the effectiveness of solar panels concerning temperature, humidity, and dust.Stasiun pengisian kendaraan listrik (SPKL) adalah infrastruktur yang dirancang untuk mengisi daya listrik pada kendaraan listrik. Namun, sebagian besar SPKL saat ini masih bergantung pada sumber energi fosil. Inovasi diperlukan untuk mengatasi masalah ini, salah satunya melalui penggunaan panel surya. Dengan menggunakan panel surya pada SPKL, sumber energinya menjadi bersih dan ramah lingkungan. Namun, faktor lingkungan seperti cuaca sangat memengaruhi konversi energi yang dihasilkan oleh panel surya. Panel yang tertutupi oleh pepohonan dan bangunan tinggi menyebabkan kondisi partial shading (bayangan sebagian). Kondisi ini dapat langsung mengurangi daya keluaran PV (photovoltaic). Untuk mengatasi hal ini, diperlukan optimasi daya keluaran menggunakan konverter DC-DC. Sistem konverter boost MPPT dengan metode P&O yang dimodifikasi dirancang untuk memaksimalkan daya keluaran panel surya saat terjadi partial shading. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang dikembangkan mampu memaksimalkan daya keluaran panel surya dalam kondisi partial shading dengan peningkatan daya rata-rata sebesar 8,13 dan efisiensi mencapai 91%. Metode ini dapat mengurangi dampak negatif dari perubahan intensitas cahaya, menjaga sistem tetap mendekati titik daya maksimum, dan meningkatkan efisiensi pengisian kendaraan listrik di SPKL selama kondisi cuaca tidak stabil. Namun, metode P&O yang dimodifikasi kurang efektif dalam memaksimalkan daya keluaran pada panel surya dalam kondisi normal