Makara Journal of Science
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STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS TERIPANG (HOLOTHUROIDEA) DI BEBERAPA PERAIRAN PANTAI KAI BESAR, MALUKU TENGGARA
No full textHolothurian (Holothuroidea) Community Structure in Some Coastal Waters of Kai Besar Island, South-East Maluku. During October and November 1990 the holothurian community inhabiting littoral areas was assessed at five locations : Borang, Ohoiwait, Nuwahan, Wahadan and Kurit Wur. This involved five ecological indices: density, species richness, diversity, evenness and similarity. It was revealed that the holothurian community consisted of 14 species in which five among them occurred in all locations at higher densities: Holothuria edulis, H. scabra, H. nobilis, H. atra and Stichopus chloronatus. Small variations of the ecological indices at all locations may indicate that the communitycharacteristics at the five locations were relatively similar.Keywords: Seacucumber, Diversity, Kai Besar, Maluku Tenggar
BIODIESEL FROM LOW GRADE USED FRYING OIL USING ESTERIFICATION TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS
No full textBiodiesel from Low Grade Used Frying Oil Using Esterification Transesterification Process. The aim of this research was to obtain the optimal condition for the production of biodiesel from low grade used frying oil through the esterification transesterification process. The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design with Duncan’s advanced test. Results showed that the biodiesel FFA content is ranged between 0.167 to 0.795% (P<0.01) from the 0.5 to 3.06% initial rate, with the biodiesel yield between 69.7 to 94.2%. The esterification-transesterification stage were evidently able to increase the quantity and quality of biodiesel from used frying oil. By esterification, the yield increased and the FFA content reduced. Transesterification with 6:1 methanol molar ratio and 1.5% catalyst could increase the yield up to 9.9%. The testing of four biodiesel property parameters showed that biodiesel from used oil of tofu and chips factories, and chicken fast food 1 and 2 that had been esterified met the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (INS) 04-7182:2006 for biodiesel. Whereas directly processed biodiesel (without esterification) from used oil of chicken fast food 1 known in terms of its acid number, did not meet the requirements. Keywords: biodiesel, esterification, transesterification, used frying oi
SUMBERDAYA TERIPANG DI PERAIRAN TANJUNG PAI PADAIDO BIAK NUMFOR PAPUA
No full textSea Cucumber Resources At Tanjung Pai Waters Padaido Biak Numfor Papua. Observation on sea cucumber diversity was carried out at coastal waters of Pai and Imbeyomi Islands in the Padaido Island Biak Numfor. Sampling was done by using a transect quadrant of 1 m x 1 m. This sampling and observation on its microhabitat were conducted by snorkling. Analyses on the sea cucumber community structure were based on its frequency of occurance, diversity, and density. The results showed that at both locations 10 species of sea cucumber were found where Holothuria edulis, H. atra, and H. nobilis were predominant common and more evenly distributed than the other species.Keywords: Seacucumber, Tanjung Pai Padaido, Biak Numfor
PENGARUH PERBEDAAN LOKASI MENCARI MAKAN TERHADAP KERAGAMAN MANGSA TIGA JENIS KUNTUL DI CAGAR ALAM PULAU DUA SERANG: Casmerodius albus, Egretta garzetta, Bubulcus ibis
No full textPrey diversity influenced by the different or foraging areas for three species herons in Cagar Alam Pulau Dua Serang. This research is to know the influenced of foraging areas to prey diversity for three species herons in Cagar Alam Pulau Dua Serang, Banten Province. This research have been done at feeding area for the herons around Cagar Alam Pulau Dua. The data were from film shooting use Focal Observation Methods, while the film shooting analyze use scan sampling methods. It’s explain that Casmerodius albus and Egretta garzetta have preferency to select the mudflat and fisheries around CAPD as foranging location because they preferency to select fish as they main prey. Bubulcus ibis who select to using rice-field and grassland as a foraging location have preferency to select insects as a main prey. The selection of foraging location for three species herons are depend on the spesific kind and size of preys for them. The preferency for Casmerodius albus to feedinginest is mudflat with the mayority prey are big fish, with the size of more than 15 cm. Egretta garzetta have preferency to select fisheries because they main prey are fish with size ofabout 3-5 cm. Bubulcus ibis is prefer to feeding in grassland because they eat the insect with the preferences prey sizesmaller than 3 cm.Keywords: feeding, location, herons, mudflat, rice-field, grass-land, fisherie
STUDI KANDUNGAN LOGAM Pb DALAM TANAMAN KANGKUNG UMUR 3 DAN 6 MINGGU YANG DITANAM DI MEDIA YANG MENGANDUNG Pb
No full textStudy on Pb Content in 3 Week and 6 Week Old Kangkung (Ipomoea reptans Poir) Planted in Pb containing Media. A study on the content of Pb in kangkung has been conducted. Land kangkung (Ipomoea reptans) was used as the sample, and was planted in hydrophonic media, and watered with Multigrow Complete Plant Food (2000 mg/L) and Pb solution (2 mg/L) twice a day. Samples were taken based on the age (3 and 6 week old), and part of the plant (root and all parts without root). Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICPS) Fison 3410+ was used to measure the Pb content. It was shown that in the plant the accumulation was mostly happened in the root. The 6 week-old plant contained Pb not just in the root (3.36 mg/kg sample) but also in the other part of the plant (2.09 mg/kg sample) and those were exceeded the maximum dietary allowance (2 mg/kg sample) regulated by the Indonesian FDA; while in the 3 week-old plant the Pb content in the root was 1.86 mg/kg sample and in the other part of the plan was 1.13 mg/kg, which is not exceeded the dietary allowance. So it is advisable to harvest the kangkung vegetable at the most of 3 week-old. Keywords: heavy metals, kangkung, lead contamination, contamination in vegetable
Tranformasi Fragmen DNA Kromosom Xanthomonas Campestris Ke Dalam Escherichia Coli
No full textResearch on DNA transformation of Xanthomonas campestris into Escherichia coli DH5αα using plasmid vector Escherichiacoli (pUC19). was carried out. DNA chromosome was isolated using CTAB method, alkali lysis method was used to isolate DNA plasmid. Both of DNA plasmid and chromosome were digested using restriction enzyme EcoRI. Competent cell was prepared with CaCl2 and heat shock method for transformation procedure. The result revealed transformation obtain 5 white colonies, with transformation frequency was 1,22 x 10-8 colony/competent cell. Electrophoresis analysis showed the DNA fragment (insert) in range 0.5 – 7,5 kb. Further research should be carried out to prepare the genomic library to obtain better result of transformant.Keywords: Tranformation, restriction enzyme, plasmid and chromosom
PENGARUH KONDISI POLIMERISASI TERHADAP SIFAT-SIFAT OPTIS FILM POLI o-TOLUIDIN SEBAGAI SENSOR pH
No full textThe Influence of Polymerization Condition to Optical Properties of Poly-o-toludine Films for PH Sensor Application. Properties of poly-o-toludine film strongly bonded to non polar substrate was studied for application as optical pH sensor. Characterization of film in various pH value is carried out by recording absorbance curve using uv-visible spectrophotometer. All poly-o-toluidine film was then found to be applicable as optical pH sensor in the pH range of 2.0- 6.0. Further computational processing by means of curve fitting into logaritmic trend will allow expansion of measurement to the pH range of 2.0-8.0. Sensitivity of pH response was highest in poly-o-toluidine film fabricate at HCl 1.0 M and at 12 hours of dipping time. This paper also studied hysteresis effect in pH response. It was concluded that poly-o-toluidine salt exposed to basic pH will not be easily regenerated. For this reason, poly-o-toluidine film will only be suitable for single usage of pH measurement. Keywords: polymerization conditions, uv-vis measurement, hysteresis effect, poly-o-toluidine film, optical pH senso
APLIKASI REAKSI KATALISIS HETEROGEN UNTUK PEMBUATAN VANILI SINTETIK (3-HIDROKSI-2-METOKSIBENZALDEHIDA) DARI EUGENOL (4-ALLIL-2-METOKSIFENOL) MINYAK CENGKEH
No full textAn Application of heterogenous catalysis reaction for synthesis of synthetic vanillin (3-hydroxy-2- methoxybenzaldehyde) from eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) of clove oil. It has been already known, that heterogeneous catalysts have more advantages compared to homogeneous catalysts. This research tried to utilize heterogeneous catalysts for an alternative reaction on synthesis of vanillin from eugenol of clove stem oil. This synthesis needs two steps reactions, isomerization reaction of eugenol to produce isoeugenol and oxidation reaction ofisoeugenol to produce vanillin. Two types catalysts were used: (1) solid superbase, which was used on eugenol isomerization, and (2) phase transfer catalyst [18]-crown ether-6, which was used on oxidation of isoeugenol. Solid superbase catalyst was prepared using γ- and η-alumina, treated with sodium hydroxide and sodium metal. Alumina was extracted from kaolin from Belitung island by acid process, and the yield of aluminas were 9.0% γ-Al2O3 and 10.28% η-Al2O3. Heterogeneous catalysis study on eugenol isomerization showed that the reaction could proceed at low temperature. The eugenol isomerization reaction conditions were : temperature 10ºC, reaction time 9 hours, clove stem oil 25 mmol, and solid catalyst superbase γ-Al2O3/NaOH/Na 2 g. The result of products conversion were 64.42% transisoeugenol and 6.11% cis-isoeugenol. This study included the comparison activities study of three solid superbase catalysts : γ-Al2O3/NaOH/Na, η-Al2O3/NaOH/Na, and γ-Al2O3 (E.Merck)/NaOH/Na, which showed that γ-Al2O3/NaOH/Na had better activity than those two latter solid superbase catalysts. Study on isoeugenol oxidation reaction using KMnO4 as an oxidazing agent and phase transfer catalyst [18]-crown ether-6, gave the indication that vanillin was produced mixed with other compounds. The yield of vanillin in acid medium (pH 2) was 0.021%, inneutral medium (pH 7) was 0.028% and in basic medium (pH 9) was 0.015%.Keywords: vanillin, heterogeneous catalysis, superbase catalyst; phase transfer catalys
PEMEKARAN DAERAH DAN KONFLIK KERUANGAN Kebijakan Otonomi Daerah dan Implementasinya di Indonesia
No full textArea divergence is a process to establish new autonomous region by dividing formerly local authority entity. This process was driven by the Regional Autonomy Law no. 32, 2004 which ensure decentralization mechanism to occur from. Spatial conflict is a term of interregional conflicts that is potentialy related to former administrative divided border line, which then will create border line dispute. This potential for any interregional relationship (including conflict) is a function neighbour number. According to an Internal Affairs report, thus recent phenomena of local divided authorities has been escalating in Indonesia. Since 1999-2005, there has been 148 new local autonomous governments or more than thirty new additional local autonomus government were born annualy. There are two main questions arise from these issues (1) what is the ideal number of local autonomous government in Indonesia, and (2) what is the quantity of interregional relationship needed to relate spatial conflicts. Based on the central place theory and a spatial conflicts model the ideal number of autonomous districts in Indonesia is 460 of kabupaten/kota and 46 provinces. Theoretically, they need 2760 forms of interregional relationships or six relationship forms in each local government to eliminate the spatial conflict potentialy. Rearrangement of regional autonomous policy focusing on the implementation of areal divergences shall be done as quickly as possible. Keywords: areal divergence, regional autonomy, decentralization, spatial conflic
PERUBAHAN GARIS PANTAI DI WILAYAH PESISIR PERAIRAN CISADANE, PROVINSI BANTEN
No full textObservation and Change Analysis of Coastline in the Cisadane Coast, Banten Province. The observation of coastline in the Cisadane coastal waters, Banten Province from Tanjung Pasir to Rawa Saban were carried out in July, 2005 and November, 2005. Based on the results of observation coastline in the year of 2005 and over lay with the results of coastline digitation analysis from image landsat 5 TM in the year 1997, we found several abration and acration areas, which may be due to the effects of human activities and natural fenomena such as, hight current and hight wave during moonson over that area. Keywords: Landsat 5 TM, coastline, Cisadan