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ANALISIS BIAYA DAN TATALAKSANA PENGOBATAN MALARIA PADA PASIEN RAW AT INAP DI RSUD ULIN BANJARMASIN KALIMANTAN SELATAN PERIODE TAHUN 2006-2009
Get PDFMalaria is still become one of a serious health problem in Indonesia especially in Kalimantan and other island except Java and Bali. South Kalimantan is one of the endemic province of malaria. Malaria problem is not only about the healthcare, but also concern about the economic problem. economic problem can occured because of cost of healthcare, especially when patient have to hospitalized, and the lost of productivity during the illness.
The purpose of this research is to know any component and direct medical cost that patient have to pay when patient had a health care during opname. This research is also to observe therapy guidelines in RSUD Ulin Banjarmasin South Kalimantan. This research used a descriptive non experimental method. Sample wass collected restrospectively from medical record of patients who hospitalised in 2006-2009 and finance departement to know how much the cost that patient have to spend.
Cost of therapy in malaria patient without complication for VIP, Utama, I, II, and III was Rp 6.010.736,00Rp 3.345.877,00Rp 1.531.057,00Rp 2.384.985,00dan Rp 1.919.354,00 and in malaria patient with complication for Utama and III was Rp 3.993.575,00 dan Rp 3.160.617,00. Average cost of therapy in malaria patient with complication was higher than malaria patient without complication. The component of therapy cost was drug therapy cost and nondrug therapy cost, including hospitalising cost, medical action cost, supporting cost, and administration cost. The evaluation of malaria therapy in complication and non-complication patient shows that not all of antimalaria and antimalaria dosage which were used in RSUD Ulin Banjarmasin was according to DEPKES Rl guidelines in 2003
ANALISIS APLIKASI STANDAR PELAYANAN KE FARMASIAN DI APOTEK KOTA YOGYAKARTA
No full textDalam rangka peningkatan pelayartan kesehatan masyarakat berbagai upaya telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah diantaranya menyediakan sarana-sarana pelayanan kesehatan salah satunya adalah apotek. Sebagai upaya agar apoteker dapat melaksanakan pelayanan kefarmasian secara profesional maka dikeluarkan Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No.1027/Menkes/SK/IX/2004 tentang Standar Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Apotek yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pelaksanaan standar pelayanan kefarmasian di apotek kota Yogyakarta.
Hasil penelitian secara keseluruhan menunjukkan bahwa standar pelayanan kefarmasian di apotek kota Yogyakarta belum terlaksana dengan baik. Diperoleh skor total standar pelayanan kefarmasian di apotek kota Yogyakarta, menurut masing-masing responden sebagai berikut menurut apoteker 21% (baik), 79% (cukup)menurut karyawan 21% (baik), 75% (cukup), 4% (kurang)sedangkan menurut pasien 38% (baik), 42% (cukup), 20% (kurang). Adapun faktor yang menghambat pelaksanaan standar pelayanan kefarmasian diantaranya program pendidikan, seminar atau bentuk lain yang sangat jarang dilakukan sehingga peluang mengembangkan diri sangat terbatas serta kurangnya kegiatan sosialisasi dan lemahnya fungsi kontrol oleh instansi yang berwenang, sehingga perlu dilakukan monitoring dan evaluasi secara berkala oleh pihak-pihak yang terkait
SYDNONE DERIVATIVES A SYNTHONS FOR NOVEL MESOIONIC COMPOUNDS. SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUATION OF SOME 2-(4\u27-SUBSTITUTED ANILINOSYNDON-3\u27-Yl)-1, 3, 4-THIADIAZINO (6, 5-B) INDOLES
No full textIn the present study, a series of 2-(4\u27-Substitutedanilinosydnon-3\u27-yl)-1, 3, 4-thiadiazino (6, 5-b) indoles 7a-j have been synthesized. All the synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental and spectral (I R, 1H-NMR and Mass) spectrometric analysis. Furthermore, above mentioned compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against selected panel of pathogenic strains. Ampicillin trihydrate, ofloxacin and fluconazole, griseofulvin were used as standard drugs for antibacterial and anifungal activity respectively. Compound was found the most potent one with lesser toxicity in the prepared indole derivatives
POROGEN EFFECT TOWARDS THE QUALITY OF CURCUMIN IMPRINTED POLYMER
Get PDFMolecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) is gaining importance in separation technology. In this study, curcumin has been selected as template in MIP hich can be applied as sorbent materials in solid-phase extraction (SPE). Effect of porogen on the quality of curcumin- MIPis very sensitive depends on the molecular size and polarity of the porogen. We varied three solvents as the porogen i.e. tetrahydrofuran (THF), chloroform (CHCI₃) and acetonitrile (MeCN). The MIP was prepared using non-covalent approach through bulk polymerization and non-imprinted polymer (NIP) as control, also prepared using the same procedure in the absence of template. The largest imprinting factor, 1.27 was obtained from polymer P1 at ratio 1:4 of template: functional monomer. The P1 was prepared using methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as porogen with the highest average pore diameter i.e. 618.43 nm trough gas adsorption analysis. This will lead to better access of curcumin during batch binding analysis
THE ADDITION EFFECT OF SULPHANILIC ACID TO THE SYNTHESIS OF 3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYBENZALDEHYDE
Get PDFIt was conducted a research about the addition effect of sulphanilic acid to the synthesis 3,4- methylenedioxybenzaldehyde from the isosafrole using reagents of sodium dichromate, sulphuric acid, and sulphanilic acid. The separation and purification of product were performed using the chromatographycolumn. The
purity of the result was tested using thin layer chromatographyand determination of the melting point. Furthermore, it was identified its structure using infrared spectrophoto meter, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and mass spectrometry. The experimental result showed that the percentage yield of 3,4- methylenedioxybenzaldehyde with addition sulphanilic acid was 79.54%
HYDROLYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES IN CASSAVA PULP AND TAPIOCA FLOUR UNDER MICROWAVE IRRADIATION
No full textCassava pulp and tapioca flour are potential sources of glucose. In this work, validity of microwave irradiation for hydrolysis of carbohydrates, especially starch, present in cassava pulp and tapioca flour was estimated as a nonenzymatic Saccharification technique. Suspensionof cassava pulp or tapioca flour in distilled water (1g/20 mL) was Subjected to microwave irradiation at temperatures of 140-240 °C with pre-heating time of 4 min and heating time of 5 min. Solubilizationrate of cassavapulp increased with increasing temperature of microwave heating treatment and reached maximum (92.54%) at 220 °C, while that of tapioca flour reached almost 100% at 140 °C. Production of malto-oligomers from starch in cassava pulp and tapioca flour was clearly observed at 220 °C. The highest glucose yields from cassava pulp and tapioca flour in this experiment were 28.59 and 58.76% dry matter, respectively. Variation of pre-heating time at 230 °C did not give signifi cant effects on glucose yield from cassava pulp. However, glucose yield from tapioca flour decreased due to increase of pre-heating time. Microwave irradiation is a promising method of hydrolysis for cassava pulp and tapioca flour due to the fast process
ADSORPTION OF Ca(II) , Pb(lI) AND Ag(l) ON SULFONATO-SILICA HYBRID PREPARED FROM RICE HULL ASH
Get PDFIn this research, adsorption of Ca(II), Pb(lI) and Ag(I) in aqueous solution onto sulfonato-silica hybrid (SSH) prepared from rice hull ash (RHA) has been studied. Thepreparation of SSH adsorbent was carried out by oxidation of mercapto-silica hybrid (MSH) with hydrogen peroxide (H𔔔₂Jsolution 33%. MSH was prepared, via sol-gel process, by adding 3 M hydrochloric acid solution to mixture of sodium silicate (Na₂Si0₃) solution and 3 (trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanthio l(MPTS) to reach pH of 7.0. Solution of Na₂Si0₃was generated from destruction of RHA with sodium hydroxide solution followed with heating at 500°C for 30 min. . The SSH produced was characterized with Fourier trans form infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzer, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and determination of ion-exchange capacity for sodium ion (Na). The adsorption of Ag(I) and Ca(II) were conducted in a batch system in various concentrations for one hour. The adsorbent ion was calculated based on difference of concentrations before and after adsorption process determined using atomic absorbance spectrophotometric (AAS) method. The adsorption character was evaluated using model of iso therm Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption to calculate the capacity, constants and energy of adsorption. Result of characterization by EDX and FTIR showed qualitatively that SSH has been successfully synthesized which were indicated by appearance of characteristic absorbance of functional group namely silano! (Si-OH), siloxane (Si-O-Si), methylene (-CH₂-) and disappearance of mercapto group (SH). The XRD data showed amorph, ousstructure of SSH, similar to silica gel (SG) and MSH. The study of adsorption thermo dynamicsshowed that oxidation of MSH into SSH increases the ion-exchange capacity for Na+ from 0.123 to 0.575 mmoL/g. The change in functional group from silanol to mercapto and from mercapto to sulfonato increases the adsorption capacity of Ca(II). However, the capacity order of adsorbents for both ions of Pb(lI) and Ag(I) in aqueous solution is MSH > SG > SSH
A NEW PHENOLIC COMPOUND FROM ACETONE EXTRACT OF LICHEN Usnea flexuosa Tayl.
Get PDFNatural product, 2\u27-hydroxy-1\u27- (4-hydroxyl-5-methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl) -ethanon, (1) , was isolated from the thalli lichen Usnea flexuosa Tayl. Together with the known (-) - usnic acid (2). The structure of compounds 1 and 2 were determined by the spectroscopic studies
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF TEMULAWAK, GINGER, SOYBEAN AND SHRIMP SHELL EXTRACTS IN COMBINATION COMPARED TO DICLOFENAC SODIUM (Ability in Reducing the Pain and Synovial Fluid Leucocyte Count of Osteoarthritis)
Get PDFBackground: The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) in the community is high. This disease is the second most common cause of physical disability worldwide. Pain in OA is caused by several factors, such as inflammation. Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the most common drugs given worldwide to reduce pain in OA. NSAIDs were also associated with a high incidence of gastrointestinal side effects. An alternative to manage this problem is by using the combination of Curcuma xantorrhyza Roxb. (commonly known as temulawak) extract, ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract, soybean (Glycine max), and shrimp shell. Curcuma xantorrhyza contains curcumin which has anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2) enzyme activity, suppressing lipo-oxygenase enzyme activity, and play a role as a free radical scavenger. Ginger can inhibit COX-2 activity in PGE-2 production. Shrimps shell contains glucosamine and chondroitin which can increase proteoglycan in articular chondrocytes and inhibit COX-2 synthesis. Isoflavone in soybean can inhibit articular cartilage degradation and COX-2 synthesis.
Study Aims: The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of the combination to diclofenac sodium in reducing synovial fluid leukocyte count and joint pain in patients with osteoarthritis.
Study Method:This study was a prospective randomized open end blinded evaluation (PROBE). Twenty one patients with knee osteoarthritis diagnosed by American College of Rheumatology criteria were included in this study. Patients were randomized into two groups to receive either diclofenac sodium 25 mg (control group) or the combination of Curcuma xantorrhyza extract 50 mg, ginger extract 100 mg, shrimp shell 100 mg, and soy bean flour 50 mg (treatment group) three times daily for 14 days. Independent t-tests and Mann- Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were used to evaluate changes between prior and post intervention.
Results: There were significantly reduction of synovial fluid leukocyte count in both control group (p=0.017) and treatment group (p=0.008) respectively. The reduction of synovial fluid leukocyte count was not significantly different between control group and treatment group (p=0.929). There were significant improvement of joint pain (VAS score) in both control group (p=0.012) and treatment group (
ANALISIS FINANSIAL DAN EFISIENSI PRODUKSI USAHATANI RUMPUT LAUT DI KOTA KENDARI = Financial and Production Efficiency Analysis of Seaweed Farming in Kendari
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the factors that influence the production of seaweedfarming, the level of efficient use of production factors, the factors that affect the efficiency of production and determine thefeasibility of seaweed farming financially. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis and financial feasibility. The results showed that the factors of production (input)positive effect on production and productivity of seaweed in Kendari is widely kavlingan, number of seeds, the level of education and dummy location. For the analysis of the level of technical efficiency (I\u27ER) with an average value of 1.0001 indicates that the utilization of thefactors of production (input) by seaweed farmers in Kendari is efficient. Allocative efficiency analysis results (efficiency rates) kavlingan widely variable, labor and variable number of seeds not be located efficiently (inefficiently). From the calculationof profit using investment eligibility criteria NPV, IRR , and B/C ratio in the know that seaweedfarming profitable and worth the effort or developed.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk.mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi usahatani rumput laut, tingkat efisien penggunaan faktor produksi, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efisiensi produksi serta mengetahui kelayakan usahatani rumput laut secara tinansial. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linear berganda dan kelayakan fmansial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor produksi (input) yang perpengaruh positif terhadap produksi dan produktivitas rumput laut di Kota Kendari adalah luas kavlingan, jumlah bibit, tingkat pendidikan dan dummy lokasi. Untuk. hasil analisis tingkat efisiensi teknis (TER) dengan nilai rata-rata 1,0001 menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan faIstor-faktorproduksi (input) oleh petani rumput laut di Kota Kendari sudah efisien. HasH analisis efisiensi alokatif (efisiensi harga) variabelluas kavlingan, tenaga kerja dan variabeljumlah bibit belum dilokasikan secara efisien (tidak efisien). Dari hasil perhitungan keuntungan dengan menggunakan kriteria kelayakan investasi NPV, IRR, dan B/C Ratio di ketahui bahwa usahatani rumput laut menguntungkan dan layak diusahakan atau dikembangkan