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Efek Insektisida Decis terhadap Mortalitas dan Struktur Histologis Insang Ikan Nila Merah "Lokal Cangkringan" = The Effect of Decis Insecticide on the Mortality and Gill Histological Structure of the Red Indigo "Cangkri
Full text linkThis study was aimed to determine the effects of Decis insecticide on the mortality, its safe level concentration against mortality, and the cytotoxic effects in the gills of the red tilapia strains of "local Cangkringan" collected from Fish Seed Center, Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Eight hundreds fish weighing 0.5-1.0 g and 2-12 weeks old each were collected randomly and divided into 5 groups with Decis insecticide concentration of 0.27 ppm, 0.81 ppm, 1.00 ppm, 1.35 ppm, 2.4 ppm, respectively and a control group based on preliminary testing. Each treatment comprised three replicates, 10 replicates of each test fish. The observations offish mortality to the test were done every hour - 24, for 96 hours of treatment, whereas mortality at safe levels test done every 4 weeks for 2 months of treatment. Data were analyzed using probit analysis to determine LC50 and LC50-96 hours-48 hours. The assay of 10% safe levels ofLC50-48 hours is 0.13 ppm. Twofactorial analysis of variance was to determine the effect of concentration and duration of exposure to the Decis insecticide test fish mortality. Independent samples ofT test analysis was applied to determine the effect of safe levels. The descriptive and qualitative analysis was done to determine the pathologic lesions on fish gills due to the cytotoxicity of Decis insecticide. Results of the present study showed that the variation of concentrations of Decis insecticide has significant effect on fish mortality (
SPATIAL - TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN TANGERANG CITY
Full text linkUrban Heat Island (UHI) is a phenomenon which is affected by human activities. Land use change by human activities, expressed by urbanization that means rural or suburban areas changed to urban areas. This study is intended to identify the UHI phenomena in Tangerang city. To answer the aim of this research,temperature data is collected (direct and indirect data). Direct collection for air surface temperature conducted by surveying some location collect in 24 hour period (April 2012) and another location by rapid 10- 15 minute in day time (April, July, August and September 2012). This technique employed mobile temperature and humidity tools. Secondary air surface temperature data (24 hour period) during 2009-2012 also use in this study. Indirect data employed Landsat TM only two year data 200I and 2012for land surface temperature. Satellite data employed to identify land cover change to get information about land use change. The result shown that the temperature condition, both air surface and land surface temperature, were changed UHI phenomenon in Tangerang City indicated by temperature higher than 3ife. Based on land surface temperature, UHI phenomenon in 2001 already occurred at small area. UHI phenomenon in 2012 almost covered the Tangerang eity area. UHI Index in 2009 is 3.6 ⁰C, in 2011 is 1.5⁰C and then 2012 become 1.2°C. This study concludes that UHI phenomena found since 2001 and trend of UHI Index AST since 2009 with average UHllndex AST of 2°C. UHllndex LST in 2001 is 9.78 ⁰C and 2012 is 13.96⁰C
Urban Heat Island adlaah sebuah fenomena yang disebabkan oleh aktifias manusia. Perubahan penggunaan tanah akibat dari aktifitas manusia digambarkan dengan urbanisasi, yang berarti pedesaan atau daerah peralihan desa kota menjadi perkotaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk identifikasi fenomena UHI di Kota Tangerang. Untuk menjawab tujuan penelitian ini digunakan pengumpulan data suhu (pengumpulan data secara langsung dan tidak langsung). Pengumpulan data langsung untuk suhu udara permukaan dengan survey, beberapa lokasi diambil selama 24 jam (April 2012) dan beberapa lokasi lainnya dengan pengambilan data cepat selama 10-15 menit pada siang hari (April, Juli, Agustus dan September 2012). Teknik ini mengunakan alat pengukuran suhu dan kelembaban. Data sekunder suhu udara (24jam) selama 2009-2011 juga digunakan. Pengumpulan data tidak langsung menggunakan data Landsat TM yang terdiri dari dua [ahun,yakni 2001 dan 2012 untuk menghasilkan suhu permukaan tanah. Data satelit digunakan untuk identifikasi perubahan data tutupan lahan sebagai indikasi perubahan penggunan tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keadaan temperatur, baik temperatur suhu udara dan suhu permukaan tanah terjadi perubahan. Fenomena UHI di Kota Tangerang terindikasi dengan temperatllr lebih dari 30⁰C. Berdasarkan suhu permukaan tanah, fenomena UHI pada tahun 2001 telah terjadi pada area yang tidak luas. Fenomena UHI tahun 2012 terjadi hampir menutupi seluruh Kota Tangerang. UHI Index di tahun 2009 adalah 3.6 ⁰C, pada tahun 2011 adalah 1.5°C dan kemudian pada tahun 2012 menjadi 1.2°C. Kesimpulan dari penelitian iniadalah fenomena UHI sudah terdapat sejak tahunn 2001 dan tren UHI Index Suhu Udara Permukaan sejak tahun 2009 dengan Uhl lndex rata-rata 2°C tiap tahun. Sedagkan UHI Index Suhu Permukaan Tanahpada tahun 2001 adalah 9.78⁰C dan pada tahun 2012 adalah 13.96⁰C
PENGEMBANGAN USAHATANI TERNAK AYAM BURAS OLEH PETANI MISKIN DI TELUK KULISUSU KABUPATEN BUTON UTARA PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA = (Development Of Farming Livestock Domestic Poultry By Poor Farmers In Ku/isusu Bay, North B
Full text linkPersentase masyarakat tergolong miskin yang tinggi pada masing-masing wilayah pedesaan di Teluk Kulisusu (sekitar 75%), merupakan pokok permasalahan sosial ekonomi pertanian yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini. Sementara itu, sumber kebutuhan masyarakat di desa-desa yang tidak berbatasan langsoog dengan laut, bersumber dari hasil usaha ternak ayam buras. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) vmengkaji besarnya produksi, penerimaan dan pendapatan usahatani ternak ayam buras di tingkat petani, dan (2) mengkaji tingkat keberhasilan dan kemanfaatan usaha ternak ayam buras di tingkat petani. Lokasi studi dikonsentrasikan pada 3 wilayah administrasi desa yakni desa Koepisino (kecamatan Bonegunu), desa Dampalajaya (kecamatan Kulisusu Barat) dan kelurahan Lakonea (kecamatan Kulisusu). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei yang menggooakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menoojukkan bahwa usahatani ternak ayam buras di wilayah teluk Kulisusu masih bersifat usaha sampingan dehgan produktivitas per-taboo masih sangat rendah. Walaupoo tingkat keberhasilan dan kemanfaatan usahatani ternak ayam buras di pesisir teluk Kulisusu tergolong sangat berhasil dan bermanfaat secara ekonomi, namoo usahatani tersebut (sejak tahun 2004 sampai 2008) belum dapat diandalkan ootuk mengatasi kemiskinan masyarakat karena kontribusinya masih relatif kecil bagi total pendapatan rumah tangga peternak. Usahatani ayam buras di desa-desa pesisir teluk Kulisusu masih perlu dikembangkan kapasitasnya, sehingga kedepan memiliki prospek yang lebih tinggi ootuk mengatasi masalah kemiskinan masyarakat. Sejalan dengan itu, sangat diperlukan adanya kegiatan-kegiatan penyuluhan dan pelatihan teknis tentang pengadaan dan pemberian pakan dari bahan baku lokal serta perbaikan sistem budidaya ternak ayam buras semi intensif. Juga sangat diperlukan upaya-upaya pemberdayaan peternak ayam buras melalui pendampingan untuk memperoleh fasilitas modal tunai dan barang-barang modal yang memadai di tingkat lokal
AN ANALYSIS ON SPATIAL PERMEABILITY AND FLUID DYNAMICS OF WIND AND THERMAL IN TROPICAL RIVERSIDE RESIDENTIAL AREAS OF BANJARMASIN CITY, INDONESIA = (Analisis Permibilitas Keruangan dan Dinamika Fluida Angin dan Suhu Kawa
Full text linkRiverside settlements in Banjarmasin that were initially based on their river culture and nature are currently experiencing degradation of life quality and nature. This is caused by fires, floods, and a high risk of urban heat island. In terms of spatial configuration there are no interrelation and integration between regional architecture and inftastructure, which are based on land and water. Problems occurring in these areas are density, less interconnectivity, poor accessibility, and very low intelligibility. In addition, the areas\u27 thermal comfort is very low - poor wind circulation, high humidity, and uncomfortable temperatures. In the study the researcher conducted an experiment based on permeability approach to solve the challenges and problems related to spatial and thermal comfort by using a spatial analysis method, space syntax, and a thermal comfort analysis method, Envimet. This study compared the existing condition with 8 model architecture of a city block kampung settlement, which was based on local vernacular architecture of Banjarmasin river banks. The research concluded that the intelligibility performance of spatial permeability approach could be improved. This approach resulted in a symbiosis between spatial configuration of land and water and the regional architecture. However, in terms of thermal comfort no significant improvement of performance occurred because the morphology of the area was relatively flat and the proportion of the average height of buildings was low. Consequently, wind path as ventilation was not formed and area thermal comfort was not created
QUINOLIN-6-AMINES: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Full text linkSome novel 2[(achloromethoxy) methyl] thio-N-substituted phenyl [1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a) quinolin-6-amines have been derived from 5-bromocoumarin. All the synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental and spectral (I.R., ¹H-NMR, Mass) analysis and evaluated for their antimicrobial, insecticidal and anthelmintic activities
CHARACTERISTIC OF AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM TWO SEMI INDUSTRIAL SITES IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA
Full text linkAir particulate matter concentrations, black carbon as well as elemental concentrations in two semi industrial sites were investigated as a preliminary study for evaluation of air quality in these areas. Sampling of airborne particulate matter was conducted in July 2009 using a Gent stacked filter unit sampler and a total of 18 pairs of samples were collected. Black carbon was determined by reflectance measurement and elemental analysis was performed using particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and As were detected. Twenty four hour PM25 concentration at semi industrial sites Kiaracondong and Holis ranged from 4.0 to 22.2 pg m 3, while the PM1,9concentration ranged from 24.5 to 77.1 pg m 3. High concentration of crustal elements, sulphur and zinc were identified in fine and coarse fractions for both sites. The fine fraction data from both sites were analyzed using a multivariate principal component analysis and for Kiaracondong site, identified factors are attributed to sea-salt with soil dust, vehicular emissions and biomass burning, non ferrous smelter, and iron/steel work industry, while for Holis site identified factors are attributed to soil dust, industrial emissions, vehicular emissions with biomass burning, and sea-salt. Although particulate samples were collected from semi industrial sites, vehicular emissions constituted with S, Zn and BC were identified in both sites.
Investigasi terkait konsentrasi massa partikulat udara, black carbon dan konsentrasi unsur pada sampel partikulat udara yang disampling di dua daerah semi industri merupakan studi pendahuluan sebagai evaluasi kualitas udara di daerah ini. Sampling sampel partikulat udara dilakukan di bulan Juli 2009 menggunakan sampler Gent stacked filter unit, dan diperoleh sebanyak 18 pasang sampel. Penentuan Black carbon dilakukan menggunakan pengukuran reflektansi dan analisis unsur dilakukan menggunakan particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE). Unsur-unsur Na, Mg, Al, Si. P. S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn dan As dapat dideteksi dengan balk. Konsentrasi 24 jam PM2.5 di daerah semi industri Kiaracondong dan Holis berkisar 4,0 hingga 22,2 pg m-3, sementara konsentrasi PM10 berkisar 24,5 hingga 77,1 pg m 3. Unsur-unsur tanah, sulfur dan seng terdeteksi dalam korrsentrasi tinggi pada sampel partikulat udara halus maupun kasar pada kedua lokasi. Data partikulat halus dari kedua lokasi selanjutnya diolah menggunakan multivariate principal component analysis, untuk daerah Kiaracondong dapat diidentifikasikan faktor yang berasal dari garam laut dan debu tanah, emisi kendaraan bermotor dan pembakaran biomassa, peleburan logam non besi, industri besi/baja, sementara itu untuk daerah Ho/is teridentifikasi faktor yang berasal dari debu tanah, emisi industri, emisi kendaraan bermotor dengan pembakaran biomassa dan garam laut. Sekalipun sampel partikulat udara diambil di lokasi semi industri, cumber pencemaran berupa emisi kendaraan bermotor yang terkait korelasi S, Zn dan BC teridentifikasi pada kedua lokasi
CONVERSION OF THE LOW QUALITY INDONESIAN NATURALLY-OCCURRING MINERALS INTO SELECTIVE TYPE OF ZEOLITES BY SEED-ASSISTED SYNTHESIS METHOD
Full text linkAn X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that Indonesian naturally-occurring mineral from Nanggung, Bogor shows to be a low quality product as it does not seem to contain any zeolite materials. As located in the volcanic area, Indonesia essentially has abundant source of natural zeolites and the country has put much efforts on these treasured materials for export commodity. In order to bring the local natural mineral into high value and to discover whether the mineral has at least zeolitic fragments. we have implemented seed-assisted synthesis to see the possibility of growing zeolite and turn this mineral into high quality. In principle, once the mineral has zeolitic fragment or nuclei, recrystallization of the mineral may occur. By utilizing this mineral as seed in aluminosilicate mother solution, selective mordenite-type (MOR) zeolite can be obtained after hydrothermal treatment. Characterization by XRD showed that this MOR zeolite has high crystallinity and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) depicted the crystal morphology. The natural mineral is conclusively essential for the formation of MOR zeolite by seeding the aluminosilicate mother solution. In the absence of aluminosilicate mother solution, natural mineral can be recrystallized into selective analcime-type (ANA) zeolite. MOR zeolite is known to be useful for several applications such as catalysis whereas ANA zeolite has been considered to be less potential due to relatively small microporosity.
Hasil analisis difraksi sinar X (XRD) menunjukkan bahwa mineral alam Indonesia yang berasal dari daerah Nanggung, Bogor memiliki kualitas yang rendah dimana tidak terdapat kandungan material Zeolit. Indonesia yang terletak di kawasan vulkanik memiliki sumber zeolit alam dalam jumlah yang besar dan negara ini telah berusaha untuk menjadikan material ini sebagai komoditi ekspor. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas serta menggali lebih jauh lagi apakah mineral alam ini memiliki setidaknya fragmen atau benih Zeolit, kami telah menerapkan metode sintesis dengan bantuan benih untuk melihat kemungkinan terbentuk atau menumbuhkan material Zeolit dan memberikan mineral ini suatu nilai tambah. Pada prinsipnya, ketika mineral alam memiliki fragmen atau benih Zeolit, rekristalisasi mineral dapat dilakukan. Dengan menggunakan mineral alam sebagai benih Zeolit tipe Mardenit dapat dihasilkan setelah proses hidrotermal. Karakterisasi dengan XRD menunjukkan bahwa zeolit tipe Mordenit yang dihasilkan memiliki kristalinitas yang tinggi, selain itu karakterisasi dengan mikroskopi elektran (SEM) menunjukkan morfologi kristal Zeolit. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan mineral alam sebagai benih dalam larutan induk aluminosilikat pada metode sintesis penelitian ini, sangat berperan panting dalam pembentukan material Zeolit tipe Mordenit. Sedangkan tanpa adanya larutan induk aluminosilikat, mineral alam tersebut hanya dapat direkristalisasi menjadi material Zeolit tipe Analsim. Material zeolit tipe Mordenit memiliki aplikasi yang lebih leas dan bermanfaat contohnya sebagai katalis, dibandingkan material Zeolit tipe Analsim yang kurang potensial pemanfaatannya karena ukuran mikroporinya yang relatif kecil
Pemberian taburia (sprinkle) berpengaruh terhadap lama dan frekuensi diare akut anak = Sprinkle (taburia) supplementation influences the duration and frequency of acute diarrhea in children
Full text linkBackground: Major causes of mortality in children are diarrhea and pneumonia (25.2% and 15.5%). Five steps of diarrhea management is an integrated approach in the management of diarrhea comprising the supplementation of oral rehydration, zinc within 10 days subsequently, breastfeeding and food, selective antibiotics and advice for the mother/family. Zinc supplementation combined with vitamin A and micronutrient on children with the diarrhea had been researchead that result can minimize morbidity, duration and frequency of diarrhea, and the incidence of recurrent diarrhea.
Objective: To fi nd out the effect of taburia supplementation (sprinkle) on duration and frequency of diarrhea.
Method: The study was randomized controlled trial (RCT) with parallel design. Subject consisted of two groups, the fi rst got therapy of taburia (sprinkle) 1 sachet/day and the second was the control group. Each group got standard diarrhea medication at the health center. Samples consisted of 30 children of 1-5 years old per group and they were obtained by using simple randomization technique. Statistical analysis was performed by using Chi-Square and t-test.
Result: Duration of diarrhea of the experiment group was 33.25 ± 18.08 hours (95% CI: 26.49 - 40.00) and the control group was 43.7 ± 19.25 hours (95% CI: 36,50 - 50,89). Frequency of diarrhea of the experiment group was 4.93 ± 3.41 times/day (95% CI: 3,41-3,65) and the control group was 6.33 ± 3.20 times/day (95% CI: 5.13-7.53). The result of statistic test showed that there was effect of taburia supplementation to duration and frequency of diarrhea (
MASALAH KEADILAN PELAKSANAAN KEWAJIBAN VIRUS SHARING DALAM SISTEM IHR
Full text linkThe implementation of obligations under GISN is considered very unfair by the Government of Indonesia, so the Government stated that it is necessary to halt the delivery of sample virus to WHO until some provisions related to virus sharing and vaccine benefits are amended In the perception of the Government, this unfair situation is a result of injustice mechanism under the GISN and IHR. New concepts are required to make changes to realize the global influenza disease surveillance system is more fair, equitable, transparent.
Pelaksanaan kewajiban virus sharing dalam GISN dianggap sangat tidak adil oleh Pemerintah Indonesia, sehingga perlu diambil langkah penghentian pengiriman sample virus sampai ada perubahan oleh WHO terhadap ketentuan mengenai virus sharing dan vaccine benefits. Persepsi mengenai kerugian yang dialami oleh Pemerintah Indonesia itu merupakan wujud dari ketidakadilan yang terjadi dalam sistem GISN dan IHR. Diperlukan konsep-konsepbaru untuk melakukan perubahan untuk mewujudkan sistem pencegahan penularan penyakit influenza global yang lebih berkesetaraan, transparan dan adil
Karakterisasi Morfologi dan Diversitas Genetik Hasil Persilangan Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) Populasi Samas, Bone, dan Sintetis = Morphological Characterization and Genetic Diversity of Macrobrachium rosen
Full text linkIn Indonesia, research for the prime seed of Macrobrachium rosenbergii crossbreeding is rarely done. The aims of this study are to study F l\u27s morphological character and genetic diversity from the result of crossbreeding between Mrosenbergii Samas, Bone, and Sintetis populations. In this study, genetic characterization was known by using PCR RAPD method utilizes three primers and morphological characterization. Data were ana lysed with UPGMA algorithm and Simple Matching coefficient that were presented in dendrogram. F l\u27s coefficient heterosis was counted based on ratio from the average of cephalothorax and abdoment lenght and also ratio from the average of standard length of charapax and the average of abdomen length. The results showed that there was a very high genetic diversity in F 1population. The specific locus was found in individuals from Sintetis and Samsam populations.lOO% Polimorfism was found from F l\u27s DNA amplification result, meanwhile monomorphism 50% was found from parent\u27s DNA amplification result on OPA 20. The highest Fl heterosis was found in Samas and Sintetis genotipe.
Di Indonesia, penelitian terhadap bibit unggul Macrobrachium rosenbergii hasil persilangan masihjarang dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari karakter morfologis dan diversitas genetik F 1 hasil persilangan antara Mrosenbergii populasi Samas, Bone, dan Sintetis. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan karakterisasi genetik dengan metode PCR-RAPD menggunakan tiga primer dan karakterisasi morfologi. Data dianalisis dengan algoritme UPGMA dan koefisien Simple Matching untuk disajikan dalam bentuk dendrogram. Koefisien heterosis Fl dihitung berdasarkan karakter perbandingan rerata panjang sephalothoraks dan abdomen serta perbandingan rerata panjang standar karapaks dan abdomen. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu terdapat diversitas genetik yang tinggi pada populasi Fl. Lokus spesifik ditemukan pada individu-individu dalam populasi Sintetis dan Samsam. Polimorfisme lOO% ditemukan pada hasil amplifikasi DNA F 1, sedangkan monomorfisme 50% ditemukan pada hasil amplifikasi DNA induk pada primer OPA 20. Heterosis terbesar Fl ditemukan pada genotip Samas dan Sintetis