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PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANT BY Pseudomonas fIuorescens USING CASSAVA FLOUR WASTEWATER AS MEDIA
Full text linkBiosurfactant with efficient emulsification properlies could be produced by Pseudomonas flourescens using cassava flour wastewater (manipueira) as media. The ability of P. flourescens to produce biosurfactant could suggest potential use in industrial and environmental applications. Media containing a mixture of natural manipueira and nutrient broth with 48 h fermentation was the optimum condition for the biosurfactant production. Based on UV- Vis and FT-IR spectra, the biosurfactant was indicated as rhamnolipids containing hydroxyl, ester, carboxylic and aliphatic carbon chain functional groups. Biosurfactant exhibited critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of 715 mg/L and reduced the surface tension of the water from 80 mN/m to 59 mN/m. The biosurfactant was able to decrease the interfacial tension about 51-70% when benzyl chloride, palm oil and kerosene were used as waterimmiscible compounds. The biosurfactant was able to form stable emulsion until 30 days when paraffin, soybean oil, lubricant oil and kerosene were used as water-immiscible compounds.
Biosurfaktan dengan sifat emulsifikasi yang baik dapat diproduksi oleh P. fIuorescens menggunakan limbah industri tepung tapioka (nfanipueira) sebagai media. Kemampuan produksi biosurfaktan oleh P. fluorescens bisa diaplikasikan di industri dan untuk penyelesaian masalah lingkungan. Penggunaan campuran media nutrient broth dan manipueira tanpa perlakuan awal dengan lama fermentasi 48 jam merupakan kondisi optimum untuk produksi biosurfaktan. Analisa spektrofotometer UV-Vis dan FT-IR menunjukkan bahwa biosurfaktan merupakan rhamnolipida yang mempunyai gugus hidroksi, ester, karboksilat dan rantai alifatik. Biosurfaktan mempunyai nilai konsentrasi kritis misel (KKM) 715 mg/L dan mampu menurunkan tegangan permukaan air dari 80 mN/m ke 59 mN/m. Biosurfaktan ini dapat menurunkan tegangan muka sebesar 51-70% untuk senyawa hidrokarbon benzil klorida, minyak sawit dan kerosene. Biosurfaktan mampu membentuk emulsi yang stabil sampai 30 hari untuk senyawa hidrokarbon parafin, minyak kedelai, minyak pelumas dan kerosene
Deteksi Gen Penyandi Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-lIsolat Staphylococcus aureus Asal Susu Sapi dan Susu Kambing dengan Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction = The Detection of Encoding Gene of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-l S. au
Full text linkStaphylococcus aureus is the main bacterium found in cow\u27s and goat\u27s milk. The bacteria can produce toxin called toxic shock syndrome toxin-l (TSST-I) that can infect humans and animals causing several serious diseases. The objective of this study was to detect the existence of encoding gene ofTSST-1 S. aureus isolate from cow\u27s and goat\u27s milk. The research is initiated by re-identification stage of S. aureus conventionally continued by identification based on the molecular method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A number of 10 S. aureus isolates from cow\u27s and goat\u27s milk cultured in aerobics continued by Gram stain, catalase, coagulase, MSA, VJA and VP tests. The identification of S. aureus based on the molecular approach conducted by 16S rRNA gene amplification continued with amplification ofTSST-l encoding gene as the target gene. The PCR product ofTSST-l encoding gene then sequenced to ensure whether the DNA fragment amplified is the TSST-l encoding gene or not. The result of the research indicates that re-identification of S. aureus conventionally generating positive reaction of S. aureus species. Molecular identification of 16S rRNA gene amplification gives a good result by producing DNA fragment of 745 bp size and meets the target gene. The detection result of encoding gene TSST-l gives negative result marked by DNA fragment which the size does not match the target gene. The allignment result of sequence isolate SA. 1 indicates that the sequence is not tst gene but the gene which coded glutamate sinthetase belongs to S. aureus, whereas sequence ofisolate KI.8 is 50S rRNAgene belongs to S. saprophyticus.
Staphylococcus aureus adalah bakteri yang pada umumnya terdapat dalam air susu sapi dan kambing. Bakteri terse but menghasilkan toksin (toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 atau TSST-1) yang dapat menimbulkan berbagai macam penyakit pada hewan maupun manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeteksi gen penyandi TSST-l isolat S. aureus berasal dari susu sapi dan susu kambing. Penelitian ini diawali dengan tahap identifikasi ulang S. aureus secara konvensional dan dilanjutkan dengan identifikasi S. aureus berbasis molekuler dengan polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sepuluh isolat S. aureus berasal dari susu sapi dan kambing dikultur aerobik dan dilanjutkan dengan pewamaan Gram dan uji katalase, koagulase, MSA, VJA and VP. Identifikasi S. Aureus berbasis molekuler dilakukan melalui amplifikasi gen 16S rRNA, di1anjutkan amplifikasi gen penyandi TSST-1, kemudian disekuensing untuk memastikan bahwa fragmen DNA yang teramplifikasi merupakan gen penyandi TSST-1 atau tidak. Penelitian ini memberikan hasil positif S. aureus pada uji reidentifikasi, selanjutnya dikonfirmasi identitas spesiesnya secara molekuler. Semua isolat memberikan hasil positifterhadap amplifikasi gen 16S rRNA menghasilkan fragmen tunggal, serta berukuran 745 bp.Deteksi gen penyandi TSST-1 adalah negatif ditandai oleh adanya fragmen DNA yang ukurannya tidak sesuai dengan DNA target. Hasil alignment sekuen gen isolat SA. 1menunjukkan, bahwa sekuen terse but tidak gen tst, tetapi merupakan gen yang mengkode glutamate synthase milik S. aureus. Sedangkan, sekuen isolat KI.8 adalah gen 50S rRNA milik S. saprophyticus
THE EFFECT OF LAND USE AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON FLOOD CONTROL AT NORTH ACEH DISTRICT
Full text linkThis study is intended to answer the effect of land use, community participation and their relationship to flooding. The result states that land use has a direct effect toflooding with value of ahout -0.323, all of the land use does not have an indirect effect, therefore the total score is -0.323. Community participation for flood control has a direct effect of about 1.640. The participation does not have an indirect effect, therefore the total effect is 1.640. Community participation has a direct effect toflooding with score of -0.416. The indirect effect is 2.322, while the total effect is 1.906. Land useforflood control has no direct effect and indirect effect. Land use has a direct effect toflood with score of a bout -0.323. it does not have an indirect effect, while the total effect is -0.323. Flood conlrol effect on flooding has a direct effecl of 1.416. It does not have indirect effecl, Ihus the total effect is 1.416. The sludy reveals thatlhe land use and community participation related 10flood variables have significant effecl. Moreover, flood control effort also has significant efJectto reduceflooding
Penelitian ini berlujuan unluk menjawab besamya pengaruh tataglma lahcm. partisipasi mmyarakat dan hubungan keduanya lerhadap banjir. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa lataguna lahan lerhadap banjir berpengaruh langsung -0.323. lidak ada pengaruh lak langsung, efek lolal -0.323, Parlisipasi masyarakal lerhadap pengendalian banjir berpengaruh langsung 1.640, tidak ada pengaruh lak langsung, efek lotal 1,640. Partisipasi masyarakat lerhadap banjir berpengaruh langsung -0.416, pengaruh lak langsung 2,322, efek lotal 1,906. Tataguna lahan terhadap pengendalian banjir tidak berpengaruh langsung maupun tak langsung. Talaguna lahan lerhadap banjir berpengaruh langsung -0.323, tidak ada pengaruh lak langsung, efek total - 0,323. Pengendalian banjir lerhadap banjir berpengaruh langsung 1.416, tidak ada pengaruh lak langsung, efek lolal 1,416. Hasil penelitian menyalakan bahwa lataguna lahan dan parlisipasi masyarakal berpengaruh signifikan terhadap banjir. Pengendalian banjir berpengaruh signifikan terhadap hanjir
DAMPAK PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN TERHADAP TINGKAT KEKRITISAN AIR SUB-DAS CITARUM HULU
Full text linkSehubungan dengan pertumbuhan penduduk yang membutuhkan ruang untuk hidup telah mengubah pola penggunaan tanah khususnya di DAS Citarum Hulu yang juga merupakan salah satu DAS kritis di Indonesia. Perubahan penggunaan tanah tersebut akan berakibat pada berkurangnya sumberdaya air sehingga menjadikan tingkat kekritisan air semakin tinggi. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi peta jaringan sungai, peta penggunaan lahan yang diperoleh dari Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN), data curah hujandan suhu Tahun 1975-2005, peta tanah, peta kemiringan lereng, tutupan vegetasi dan data kebutuhan air primer. Melalui metode GIS yang dipadukan pendekatan hidrologis telah menghasilkan wilayah-wilayah sub DAS yang mengalami kekurangan air dalam hal ini kekritisan air.
The population growth and the need for living space have changeq the patterns of land use especially in Upper Sub Citarum Watershed as one of the critical watersheds in Indonesia. The changes in land use will result in the reduction of water resources and make the higher level of water criticality. Data used in this research including river network map, landuse map obtained from Indonesian National Land Agency (BPN), precipitation and temperature data of 1975-2005, soil map, slope map, vegetation cover and primary water demand data. The critical level of watershed is deterimined based on the comparison of primary water demand and water availability in Upper Citarum Sub Watershed. Through GIS method combined with hydrological approach, the areas of sub watershed experiencing water shortage, in this case is water critical level can be determined. The combination of GIS method and a hydrological approach has resulted in sub-catchment areas experiencing water shortages in this case the critical water level
ANALISIS KRITIK TERHADAP PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI NOMOR 36/PUU-X/2012
Full text linkThis article discusses the Constitutional Court Judgment No. 36/PUU-X/2012. In this judgment, the majority of the Justices decided that the 1945 Constitution requires the State to exercise direct control over the upstream oil and gas activities. Wewill criticise the Justices\u27 deliberation that underlies the decision. The Court failed to shed light on questions pertaining to the legal rationale for \u27five activities\u27 doctrine that form the framework of \u27State control \u27per Article 33 (3) of the Constitution and to the procedures in determining the priority ranking. In addition, the majority Justices are deemed to have left the question of whether the State is able to manage oil and gas industry unanswered. We will also describe how this judgment might result in the declining interest offoreign investors to invest in Indonesia, particularly in the field of exploration and exploitation of natural resources.
Artikel ini membahas Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 36/PUU-X/2012. Dalam putusan tersebut, mayoritasHakimKonstitusimemutusbahwa DUDNRI Tahun 1945mensyaratkanNegara secaralangsung menguasai kegiatan hulu Migas. Diuraikan kritik terhadap pertimbangan hukum dari putusan, yakni kelalaian Mahkamah tidak menjelaskan dari mana asal \u27lima kegiatan\u27 sebagai komponen "penguasaan negara\u27 dalam PasaI33(3) UUD NRI Tahun 1945, bagaimana menentukan prioritas rangkingnya, dan perihal mayoritas Hakim Konstitusi yang tidak menentukan apakah Negara mampu mengelola industri Migas. Selain itu, diuraikan pula bahwa putusan tersebut berpotensi mengurangi ketertarikan investor asing untuk menanam modalnya di Indonesia, khususnya di bidang eksplorasi dan eksploitasi sumber daya alam
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM, COPPER AND LEAD IN SEA WATER BY ADSORPTIVE STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY IN THE PRESENCE OF CALCON AS A COMPLEXING AGENT
Full text linkA selective and sensitive adsorptive stripping voltammetric (AdSV) procedure for the simultaneous determination of cadmium, copper and lead in the sea water was conducted. The aim of this research is to get optimum condition for simultaneous determination of cadmium, copper and lead. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry has been used for determination of trace amount of Cd(II), Cu(lI) and Pb (II) by using calcon as a complexing agent. The parameters studied were variation of calcon concentration, pH, accumulation potential and accumulation time. In this study, the optimum conditions were calcon concentration of 0.6 mM, pH = 4.0, accumulation potential of -0.7 V and accumulation time of 80 sec. At the optimum conditions, the relative standard deviation were 8.78%, 3.12%, and 4.02% for Cd(II), Cu(lI) and Pb(lI) respectively for eight replicates (n = 8) measurements of 10 µg/L mixed standard solution of Cd(II), Cu(lI) and Pb(II). The method was applied to the direct simultaneous determination of Cd(II), Cu(lI) and Pb(lI) in sea water around Bungus, Padang City. Concentration of Cd(II), Cu(lI) and Pb(lI) in samples were equal to 1.8 pg/L for Cd(II), 38.6 µg/L for Cu(lI) and 0.7 pg/L for Pb(lI) with recovery of 87.03%, 98.80%, and 95.73%, respectively.
Metoda selektif dan sensitif penentuan kadmium, tembaga dan timbal secara simultan dalam air laut dengan voltammetri striping adsorptif telah dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum penentuan kadmium, tembaga dan timbal secara simultan. Voltammetri striping adsorptif telah digunakan untuk sejumlah runut Cd(II), Cu(lI) dan Pb(lI) dengan menggunakan kalkon sebagai pengomplek. Parameter yang dipelajari adalah: variasi konsentrasi kalkon, pH, potensial akumulasi dan variasi waktu akumulasi. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kondisi optimum adalah: konsentrasi kalkon 0,6 mM, pH = 4, potensial akumulasi -0,7 V dan waktu akumulasi 80 detik. Pada kondisi optimum diperoleh standardeviasi relatif (SDR) untuk delapan kali ulangan (n = 8) untuk pengukuran 10 µg/L campuran larutan standar Cd(II), Cu(lI) dan Pb(lI) adalah: 8,78% untuk Cd(II), 3,12% untuk Cu(lI) dan 4,02% untuk Pb(II). Metoda ini diaplikasikan untuk penentuan langsung Cd(II), Cu(lI) dan Pb(lJ) secara simultan dalam air laut sekitar perairan Bungus Kota Padang dengan metoda voltammetri striping adsorptif. Konsentrasi Cd(II), Cu(lI) dan Pb(lI) dalam sampel adalah: 1,8 µg/L untuk Cd(II), 38,6 µg/L untuk Cu(lI) dan 0,7 µg/L untuk Pb(lI) dengan perolehan kembali (recovery) masing-masing 87,03%,98,80%, dan 95,73%
Ketahanan pangan rumah tangga, status gizi, dan prestasi belajar siswa sekolah dasar = Household food security, nutrition status and academic achievement of elementary school students
Full text linkBackground: Poverty and lack of income will cause inability of the family to provide enough and nutritious food for all the family members. Fulfi llment of nutritious food will bring direct impact to nutrition status of children. Malnutrition will affect brain development and intelligence that in the long run disrupts academic achievement.
Objective: To identify association between food security of the household and nutrition status with academic achievement of elementary school students at Yogyakarta Municipality.
Method: The study was observational with cross sectional design. Samples were students of grade V of elementary school at Subdistrict of Gedongtengen, Yogyakarta Municipality. Data of food security of the house were obtained through interview based on questionnaire of Radimer/Cornell, nutritional status data used height for age collected by measurement, and academic achievement through secondary data, i.e. original score of fi nal semester examination. Statistical analysis was performed by using Chi-Square and Fishers Exact test.
Results: As much as 67.6% of the household were food insecure and 13.3% of students were stunted. Food security of the household was signifi cantly associated with nutrition status (p=0.033) and achievement in mathematics (p=0.045). There was association between nutrition status and achievement in mathematics (p=0.035)Indonesia language (p=0.000)and combined achievement in Mathematics, Indonesia language and science (p=0.004).
Conclusion: There was association between food security of the household and nutritional status with academic achievement of student. There was association between food security of the household and nutrition status.
KEY WORDS: household, food security, nutritional status, academic achievemen
Konsumsi rokok dan asupan zat gizi balita pada rumah tangga miskin = Cigarette consumption and nutrient intake of toddlers in poor household
Full text linkBackground: Eradication of poverty and starvation is still an agenda of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2015 due to the serious impact of poverty and starvation to human beings. Poverty and starvation are worsened by smoking habit of the Indonesian population. Expenditures used for cigarettes may bring bad impact to the health of toddlers, including lack of nutrient intake. However, until today it is not yet precisely known how much lack of nutrient intake in toddlers caused by cigarette consumption.
Objective: To identify difference in nutrient intake of energy and protein of toddlers based on the amount of cigarettes consumed in poor household at Yogyakarta Municipality.
Method: The study used cross sectional design. Subject consisted of 86 toddlers of two-fi ve years living in poor household at Yogyakarta Municipality. Cigarette consumption, mother of toddlers and all members of the family were obtained from interview. Method to assess intake was multiple 24 hours food recall within four days, whereas interview was used to assess cigarette consumption. Statistical analysis was performed by using Two Sample Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, regression, and Chi-Square.
Results: As much as 77.9% of poor household had at least one smoker. There was no signifi cant difference in intake of energy and protein of toddlers living with smokers and non smokers, though percentage of expenditure for food was signifi cantly lower in the household with smokers. This might be due to high consumption of food with high energy density at affordable price and protein at low price. Snacks were the third most consumed by toddlers and 40% of animal protein consumed were eggs.
Conclusion: There was no signifi cant difference in intake of energy and protein of toddlers living in the poor household with smokers and those living with non smokers, but percentage of expenditure for food signifi cantly lower in household with smokers.
Latar belakang: Pemberantasan kemiskinan dan kelaparan menjadi salah satu agenda Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) 2015. Kemiskinan dan kelaparan diperparah dengan kebiasaan merokok pada masyarakat Indonesia. Pengeluaran yang digunakan untuk rokok, secara tidak langsung dapat berakibat buruk bagi balita termasuk kurangnya asupan zat gizi. Namun, hingga saat ini belum diketahui pasti besarnya pengurangan asupan zat gizi balita akibat konsumsi rokok dan paparan asap rokok pasif tersebut.
Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan asupan energi dan protein balita berdasarkan konsumsi rokok pada rumah tangga miskin di Kota Yogyakarta.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi cross sectional dengan subjek penelitian 86 balita usia 2-5 tahun yang tinggal dalam rumah tangga miskin di Kota Yogyakarta. Data konsumsi rokok, karakteristik ibu balita dan seluruh anggota keluarga yang ditanggung diperoleh melalui wawancara. Asupan gizi dinilai menggunakan metode multiple 24 hours food recall selama 4 hari. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan Two Sample Independent t-test, Mann- Whitney U-test, regresi, dan Chi-Square.
Hasil: Terdapat 77,9% rumah tangga miskin yang mempunyai setidaknya 1 perokok. Asupan energi dan protein balita tidak berbeda bermakna antara balita yang tinggal dalam rumah tangga miskin dengan perokok, dan tanpa perokok meskipun persentase pengeluaran untuk pangan lebih rendah secara bermakna pada rumah tangga dengan perokok. Hal ini disebabkan sebagian besar balita mengonsumsi sumber energi dan protein dengan harga rendah. Makanan ringan menjadi jenis makanan ke-3 terbanyak yang dikonsumsi balita dan 40% protein hewani yang dikonsumsi balita adalah telur yang merupakan sumber energi dan protein dengan harga terjangkau.
Simpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan asupan energi dan protein yang bermakna pada balita yang tinggal di dalam rumah tangga miskin dengan perokok dan tanpa perokok. Namun, terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada persentase pengeluaran pangan, yaitu pengeluaran pangan lebih rendah pada rumah tangga dengan perokok.
KATA KUNCI: rumah tangga miskin, rokok, asupan zat gizi, balita, perokok, non-peroko
THE INFLUENCE OF PVA.cI.CITRIC ACID/CHITOSAN MEMBRANE HYDROPHICILITY ON THE TRANSPORT OF CREATININE AND UREA
Full text linkThe influence of cross-linking and membrane hydrophilicity on the transport rate had been studied using a membrane prepared from a mixture of chitosan/PVA cross-linked citric acid (PVA.cl.CA) for creatinine and urea transport. The optimum mole ratio of PVA:citric acid as well as the best composition of chitosan:PVA.cl.CA were determined using creatinine transport study. Using the optimum compositions, further study was done using different thickness of the membrane in transporting creatinine, urea and a mixture of 3 species (creatinine, urea and vitamin B12). Membrane characterization was done using FT-IR spectrophotometer, water absorption test, TG/DTG and SEM. The results showed that the optimum composition PVA:citric acid was obtained to be 90:1, having % WU of 113.74% and creatinine transport percentage of 18.16%. Meanwhile, the optimum composition of chitosan:PVA.cl.CA was found at 4:6 ratio having % WU and % transport of 136.67% and 24.26%, respectively. The optimum transport capacity was found for membrane thickness of 50 pm with WU% at 139.61% and the percent transport of creatinine and urea each was 38.93% and 60.36%. The presence vitamin 812 in the solution of is proved to disturb the transport of. creatinine and urea through the membrane. Finally, hydrophilicity seemed to give substantial contribution in the transport process as well as the mechanical strength of the membrane.
Transpor kreatinin dan urea melalui membran campuran kitosan/citric acid crosslinked PVA (PVA.cLCA) telah dikaji untuk mempelajari pengaruh sambung-silang dan hidrofilisitas membran terhadap laju transport. Rasio mot PVA:asam sitrat dan perimbangan kitosan:PVA.ci.CA terbaik diuji dengan transpor kreatinin. Membran dengan komposisi terbaik divariasi ketebalannya dan digunakan untuk uji transpor kreatinin, urea serta transpor paduan 3 spesies (kreatinin, urea dan vitamin B12). Karakterisasi membran dilakukan menggunakan spektrofotometer FT-IR, uji serapan air, TG/DTG, SEM. Hashl penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi asam sitrat optimal pada perbandingan mol PVA:asam sitrat 90:1 dengan % WU sebesar 113,74% dan persentase transpor kreatinin sebesar 18,16%. Perimbangan terbaik antara kitosan/PVA.ci.CA pada perbandingan 4:6 dengan % WU sebesar 136,67% dan persentase transpor sebesar 24,26%. Kemampuan transpor terbaik dimiliki oleh membran dengan ketebalan 50 pm dengan % WU sebesar 139,61% dan persentase transpor kreatinin dan urea masing-masing sebesar 38,93% dan 60,36%. Keberadaan vitamin B12 dalam larutan sedikit mengganggu transpor kreatinin dan urea oleh membran. Hidrofolisitas membran memberi kontribusi nyata pada proses transport dan kekuatan mekanik membran
PERJANJIAN KERJASAMA ANTARA PEMERINTAH DAN SWASTA DALAM PENYEDIAAN INFRASTRUKTUR PUBLIK
Full text linkThis research identifies several regulations related to public-private partnership (PPP) agreements such as acts, government regulations, presidential regulations, and local byelaws. Wefind that in addition to having some legal lacunae, the existing norms are either conflicting or obscure. In practice, this condition opens chance for many interpretation which eventually result in a cornucopia of different variety of inferior regulations. We will show that provisions pertaining to the designation of the contractingparties in a PPP and its dispute settlement are conflicting.
Penelitian ini berhasil menunjukkan beberapa peraturan hukum yang menjadi payung hukum perjanjian kerjasama antara pemerintah dan swasta, antara lain dalam bentuk undang-undang,peraturan pemerintah, peraturan presiden, dan peraturan daerah.Temyata masih terdapat kekosongan norma, konfliknorma, dan kekaburan norma dalam berbagai peraturan hukum tersebut sehingga menimbulkan berbagai penafsiran dalam praktik, dan pada akhimya berdampak pada berbagai ragam peraturan. Konflik norma berkisar tentang siapa yang menjadi para pihak dalam perjanjian kerjasama antara pemerintah dan swasta serta bagaimana penyelesaian sengketa atas sengketa hukum tersebut