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Optical limiting and third-order nonlinear optical properties of a novel thiazole-based organic NLO material for optoelectronic applications: experimental and theoretical insights
No full textA novel organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, (E)-N’-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl)methylenebenzohydrazide (MMB), was synthesized via a reflux method and thoroughly characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, and other experimental techniques. The UV–Vis absorption spectrum across various solvents exhibited strong peaks in the 270 to 480 nm range, demonstrating potential for optoelectronic applications. MMB displayed significant NLO responses, with solvent-dependent values for αCT, βCT, and γCT, emphasizing its adaptability in diverse environments. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed thermal stability up to 188.82℃. Z-scan measurements using a CW laser determined a third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) of 3.06×10-8 e.s.u., along with optical limiting behavior at a threshold of 3.91×103 Wcm−2. Computational studies based on density functional theory (DFT) provided insights into the electronic structure, charge distribution (FMO, NBO), and intermolecular interactions (QTAIM, NCI). Time-dependent Hartree–Fock (TDHF) calculations yielded both static and dynamic NLO parameters, including linear polarizability and first and second hyperpolarizability. Notably, the first hyperpolarizability at 532 nm was 6.36 times greater than that of urea, while the second hyperpolarizability (0.349×10-33 e.s.u.) closely matched experimental results in acetonitrile (0.128×10-33 e.s.u.). These characterization and nonlinear optical evaluation presented herein establish MMB as a promising candidate for advanced optoelectronic devices, with implications for future advancements in nonlinear optics and photonics. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025
The legal dynamisms of artificial intelligence in the Indian judicial system
Get PDFThe judiciary, long considered one of the most tradition-bound
institutions, is now encountering an entirely new collaborator:
artificial intelligence (AI). Unlike earlier technological shifts
such as the digitization of records or the introduction of online
dispute resolution AI goes beyond speeding up processes; it
reshapes the fundamental logic of how adjudication itself
operates. Instead of asking only how courts can use machines to
decide faster, the deeper question is: how does the presence of
non-human intelligence alter what we mean by law, fairness, and
authority? By placing different legal systems in dialogue, this
study asks whether AI in courts is merely an auxiliary instrument
or the beginning of a new form of “judicial intelligence,” were
human and machine reasoning co-author justice. This piece of
work highlights not only technical and institutional challenges,
but also cultural, political, and philosophical stakes: whether law
remains a fundamentally human act or becomes a hybrid form of
decision-making, where fairness is reimagined through code as
much as through conscience. This study looks at how artificial
intelligence affects judicial decision-making and legal processes,
the normative, ethical, and constitutional implications of its use
in courts, and the policy frameworks, checks, and balances that
shape its application across different political systems. This is
because, despite AI’s rapid integration into justice delivery
mechanisms worldwide, there is still a dearth of legal scholarship. In this context, the study looks at the Indian legal
system, where judges act as human representations of justice and
judicial backlogs necessitate innovation. This raises the prospect
of using “AI” as a means of rethinking access to justice in a
diverse society, rather than merely as a tool for efficienc
Trade as a Pathway to Peace: Multilateral Strategies for Stability in a Changing Global Order
Get PDFThis research article investigates the intricate nexus between international trade and peace building, positioning trade as a strategic instrument to mitigate conflict and foster global stability. Drawing from historical analysis, the study examines how trade has been leveraged as a pragmatic approach to peace, with particular emphasis on the evolving dynamics of US-China relations and their
implications for global economic diplomacy. Central to the discourse is the revitalization of the World Trade Organization (WTO) through its Trade for Peace (T4P) initiatives, which seek to integrate fragile and conflict-affected states into the multilateral trading system as a
pathway to reconstruction and peacebuilding. Employing qualitative and empirical evidence, this article analyzes the effectiveness of multilateral trade frameworks in reducing geopolitical tensions, enhancing dispute resolution mechanisms, and promoting economic interdependence. The findings reveal that while bilateral trade relations often face significant challenges, multilateral agreements under WTO auspices have demonstrated greater efficacy in sustaining peace and development in vulnerable regions. The article concludes by advocating for an interdisciplinary, cooperative approach to global trade policy that prioritizes peace as both a prerequisite and outcome of economic integration
A multi-ion detection Schiff base chemosensor: turn-off and ratiometric fluorescence sensing of Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ions
No full textA novel Schiff-based fluorescent sensor, (Z)-2-((1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)-N'-((Z)-(1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)hydrazine-1-carbothiohydrazide (NF16) for multi-ion sensing was designed and synthesized to detect Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ ions in DMSO and water systems. The fluorophore detects the metal ions through fluorescence turn-off and ratiometric sensing facilitated by chelation-enhanced quenching and intramolecular charge transfer mechanisms. The sensor NF16 exhibited relatively low detection limits of 2.363 x 10-6, 4.1 x 10-5, 2.040 x 10-6, and 1.649 x 10-6 M for Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+,and Co2+, respectively. The binding constants for the NF16-metal complexes were 4.112 x 105, 8.383 x 103, 5.123 x 103, and 8.398 x 103 M-1, respectively, for NF16-Cu2+, NF16-Cd2+, NF16-Ni2+, and NF16-Co2+complexes. The mass spectra and Job's plot analysis confirmed a 2:1 (NF16: metal ion) stoichiometric binding ratio between NF16 and the metal ions. All the experimental outcomes strongly propose that NF16 is a highly effective sensor for Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and Co2+. In the metal ion interference studies, it is observed that the detection of Cu2+ ions is not affected by the presence of other metal ions, including Cd2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ ions, indicating that NF16 has more selectivity towards Cu2+ ions, and it could be a possible candidate for Cu2+ ion sensing applications
The role of CISG and UNIDROIT principles in shaping global trade
Get PDFThe United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the UNIDROIT Principles have played a significant role in harmonizing international trade law, fostering fairness, predictability, and consistency in cross-border transactions. However, both frameworks have critical gaps that hinder their effectiveness. The CISG provides a unified structure for sales contracts but does not address essential issues like contract validity, consideration, or matters of fraud, undue influence, and misrepresentation, which are key to determining enforceability. These gaps cause legal uncertainties, especially when national legal systems conflict. Similarly, while the UNIDROIT Principles offer flexibility and neutrality, they lack clear enforcement guidelines, exacerbating the complexities of international trade. The absence of clear rules on contract fairness, particularly in cases of coercion or misrepresentation, remains a major limitation. This paper proposes the creation of a comprehensive global legal framework that addresses the formation and enforcement of contracts while protecting against fraud and undue influence. Furthermore, establishing a unified dispute resolution mechanism and encouraging collaboration between international organizations like the WTO, UCC, and HCCH would create a more predictable, transparent legal environment. This would reduce uncertainty, simplify international transactions, and promote global economic growth by facilitating smoother cross-border trad
Revolutionizing automobile waste into renewable energy by triboelectric nanogenerators for vehicle safety
No full textThe urgent need for efficient waste-to-electricity solutions necessitates the development of renewable energy
sources, marking a revolutionary step forward in both waste management and energy production. The present
study explores the potential of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to convert automobile waste into renewable
energy. Recycled flexible automobile waste materials, polyethylene bags, and plastic bottles were utilized to
fabricate automobile-based TENGs (A-TENGs). The morphological characteristics and tensile strength of the
selected flexible recycled automobile waste are systematically analyzed. The electrical performance of ten
different A-TENG devices is evaluated, the device with recycled airbag generated a maximum voltage/current of
464.76 V/75.30 μA. The optimized A-TENG could successfully charge commercial electrolytic capacitors and
power a series of green light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Furthermore, a self-powered fuel combustion sensor using
A1-TENG is designed and also, and the device is integrated with green and red LEDs to create a safety mechanism
that addresses pedal confusion in automobiles during learning. The findings in the present work highlight the
potential of TENGs in transforming automotive waste into a renewable clean energy source while contributing to
enhanced vehicle safety
The study of the role of non-covalent interactions (C-H⋯N, CH⋯π, C-O⋯C-O, and π⋯π) towards crystal packing of benzyl 4-(4-flurophenyl)thiazole-2-carboxylate: A combined experimental and computational approach
No full textThis research article provides a extensive investigation into the synthesis, structural analysis, and other physicochemical properties of a novel thiazole derivative benzyl 4-(4-flurophenyl)thiazole-2-carboxylate (w37) synthesized using condensation reaction. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study unravels that the compound w37 crystallized in the orthorhombic crystal system with the space group P212121 space group, showcasing a nonplanarity of the structure. The crystal packing is stabilized by a network of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds, C-H center dot center dot center dot pi, and pi-stacking. The remarkable combination of antiparallel CO center dot center dot center dot CO interactions observed in the solid state structure. The Hirshfeld surface analysis has been carried out for visualizing, exploring and quantifying the intermolecular interactions that stabilize the crystal packing of the compound w37. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap and global reactivity descriptor values of compound w37 were determined using density functional theory calculations to assess the degree of harmony between theoretical and experimental values. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) surfaces were performed to get additional insights into charge distribution, intermolecular interactions, and stabilization energies. Based on the Bader's theory, reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis and the density overlap regions indicator (DORI) analysis is also exploited to visualize and quantify the concept of electronic compactness in supramolecular chemistry, and to investigate the nature and strength of the van der Waal interactions. In addition, screened for drug likeness character of the molecule through online servers pkCSM and SwissADME, which suggest that the physicochemical and ADMET parameters are within an ideal range, the synthesized w37 molecule exhibits good pharmacokinetics. Further, The docking studies revealed that the molecule might possess potential against SARSCoV-2 protein
N-1,3-thiazole-2-ylacetamide: An efficient novel cocrystal former with carboxylic acids
No full textThe ability of N-1,3-thiazole-2-ylacetamide (TA) as an efficient co-crystallizing agent has been explored by synthesizing novel 1:1 cocrystals with benzoic acid and nine para-substituted benzoic acids. All of them could be easily obtained by liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) using few drops of ethanol, which were then subject to studies such as DSC, FT-IR and PXRD. The cocrystals feature melting points lower than the starting materials. Single crystal XRD study revealed formation of 1:1 cocrystal (TA-4FBA) between TA and 4-fluorobenzoic acid via a pair of N-H…O and O-H…N hydrogen bonds leading to a R22(8) heterosynthon. Weak C-H…F and π…π dispersive interactions extend the heterosynthon into a one-dimensional ladder. The nature and topology of each interaction, the energy frameworks of individual synthons & supramolecular frameworks, and lattice energies of TA, 4FBA and TA-4FBA crystals were computed using CrystalExplorer. The results suggest that TA-4FBA cocrystal formation may be a kinetically driven process, as its formation cannot be accounted on thermodynamically. The TA-4FBA cocrystal was further subject to quantum chemical calculations at the hybrid B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level in the gas phase. The type, nature and strength of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds identified and analyzed using NBO analysis, molecular electrostatic potential mapping, QTAIM, NCI, and RDG methods were in agreement with the experimental and computational results obtained from CrystalExplorer. Our attempts to obtain single crystals of TA with 4-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid resulted in a new polymorph of TA. © 2025 Elsevier B.V
Smart research repositories: techniques for fast and effective academic work
No full textResearch repositories have fundamentally reshaped the ways in which knowledge is created, shared, and preserved. Open-access platforms such as SSRN, ResearchGate, Zenodo, and Google Scholar have broadened the reach of scholarship by removing financial barriers, while subscription-based databases including JSTOR, HeinOnline, and Springer Nature continue to provide access to rigorously curated and high-quality research materials. For contemporary scholars, engagement with these repositories is indispensable, as they function not only as digital libraries but also as dynamic networks that support global scholarly communication and long-term preservation of academic outputs. Responsible use of these platforms strengthens a culture of collaboration, transparency, and innovation within the research community. This study has also highlighted the importance of pragmatic research methodologies that enhance the speed, rigor, and efficiency of academic inquiry. By examining the structures and functions of major research gateways, along with the role of reference management systems and scholarly metrics—such as Scopus quartiles and the Impact Factor it underscores how digital research infrastructures inform publication strategies and academic evaluation. The findings collectively demonstrate that strategic and informed use of repositories and research tools is central to improving scholarly productivity and maximizing the impact of academic work. As the digital research ecosystem continues to evolve, cultivating strong methodological and technological competencies will remain essential for effective knowledge production
Trade Law and Innovation in LDCs: Rethinking WTO Governance at the Edge of the Industry 6.0 Era
No full textThe rapid emergence of Industry 6.0 marked by hyper-digitalization, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and algorithm-driven economies poses profound challenges for the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its legal framework. This article critically examines the capacity of the WTO’s core agreements the GATT, GATS, and TRIPS to regulate and adapt to this new industrial paradigm. Employing a doctrinal legal analysis grounded in WTO case law, treaty interpretation, and comparative regulatory developments, combined with interdisciplinary insights into AI, quantum technologies, decentralized manufacturing, and digital trade systems, the study maps the tensions between existing trade norms and technological evolution. The findings demonstrate that the WTO’s traditional legal dichotomies goods versus services, human versus non-human inventorship, and national versus global IP enforcement are increasingly untenable in algorithmically coordinated, data-driven economies. Core agreements lack provisions on digital product classification, cross-border data governance, AI-generated intellectual property, and algorithmic regulation, exposing critical doctrinal gaps and institutional blind spots. The novelty of this study lies in being among the first to systematically assess WTO compatibility with Industry 6.0 while advancing a multi-tiered reform strategy spanning doctrinal, normative, and institutional dimensions. It reconceptualizes WTO law in light of decentralized, non-human innovation and transnational digital sovereignty. Practically, the article provides actionable recommendations for negotiators and policymakers, including the creation of a Digital Trade Protocol, TRIPS amendments to cover AI and blockchain IP rights, revitalization of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism with technical expertise, and embedding digital development aid for LDCs. The study concludes that bold legal innovation is essential to preserving the WTO’s centrality and legitimacy in an era where trade is defined by intangible assets, algorithmic governance, and global digital inequality