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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor, fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 (Flt-1), as a Novel Binding Partner for SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain
Get PDFAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and neuropilin 1, a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, were identified to bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (spike RBD). In silico analysis based on 3D structure, multiple sequence alignment, and molecular docking of second domain of soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1) and spike RBD revealed structural similarities, sequence homology, and protein-protein interaction. Interaction and binding of recombinant spike RBD (rspike RBD) and recombinant sFlt-1 (rsFlt-1) in vitro induced a conformational change, as revealed by spectrofluorimetric data, with increased fluorescence intensity in emission spectra as compared to either of the proteins alone. Results on ELISA confirmed the binding and cross-reactivity of rspike-RBD and rsFlt-1 as determined by using either specific antibodies towards each protein or immunized human serum. We found that polyclonal or monoclonal anti-spike RBD antibodies can recognize either rsFlt-1 or rspike RBD, showing cross-reactivity for the two proteins in a dose-dependent binding response. Recognition of bound rspike RBD or rsFlt-1 by anti-Flt-1 or anti-spike RBD antibodies, respectively, as observed by immunoblotting, further confirmed interaction between the two proteins. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis demonstrated the identification of rspike RBD binding to the Flt-1 receptor on A549 cells. Further, the binding of rspike RBD to Flt-1 receptor was shown using immunofluorescence on 2D-culture or 3D-spheroid of MDA-MB-231 cells, which over-express Flt-1 receptor. Together, our study concludes that the Flt-1 receptor is a novel binding partner for SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD
Recycling of plastic wastes generated from COVID-19: A comprehensive illustration of type and properties of plastics with remedial options
No full textPlastic has contributed enormously to the healthcare sector and towards public health safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. With the frequent usage of plastic-based personal protective equipment (PPEs) (including face masks, gloves, protective body suits, aprons, gowns, face shields, surgical masks, and goggles), by frontline health workers, there has been a tremendous increase in their manufacture and distribution. Different types of plastic polymers are used in the manufacture of this equipment, depending upon their usage. However, since a majority of these plastics are still single-use plastics (SUP), they are not at all eco-friendly and end up generating large quantities of plastic waste. The overview presents the various available and practiced methods in vogue for disposal cum treatment of these highly contaminated plastic wastes. Among the current methods of plastic waste disposal, incineration and land filling are the most common ones, but both these methods have their negative impacts on the environment. Alongside, numerous methods that can be used to sterilize them before any treatment have been discussed. There are several new sorting technologies, to help produce purer polymers that can be made to undergo thermal or chemical treatments. Microbial degradation is one such novel method that is under the spotlight currently and being studied extensively, because of its ecological advantages, cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and maintenance. In addition to the deliberations on the methods, strategies have been enumerated for combination of different methods, vis-a-vis studying the life cycle assessment towards a more circular economy in handling this menace to protect mankind
WO3/BP/g-C3N4 –based cauliflower nanocomposite fabricated by pulsed laser ablation for overall water splitting
No full textFast recombination of photoinduced charge carriers due to poor charge separation are the fundamental challenges of particulate photocatalysis. One of the key solutions to mitigate these problems is the construction of heterojunction nanocomposites. In this study, we present a heterojunction composing of tungsten oxide/ black phosphorous and graphitic nitride (WO3/BP/g-C3N4) fabricated via pulsed laser ablation in liquid. To highlights the synergistic role of the fabricated components, the following photocatalysts were also prepared, WO3, WO3/BP, and g-C3N4. The overall photocatalytic production of hydrogen was examined for WO3, WO3/BP, g-C3N4, and WO3/BP/g-C3N4. There was no detectable production of hydrogen gas for the WO3 and g-C3N4. However, the hydrogen production rate was approximately 75 µmolg−1h−1 for the WO3/BP. The production rate substantially increased to 400 µmolg−1h−1 for the WO3/BP/g-C3N4 photocatalyst. The enhancement can be attributed to the cumulative increase in the UV–visible light absorption, mainly by BP and partially g-C3N4 in the fabricated WO3/BP/g-C3N4, as well as the effective charge transport leading to separation of charge carriers which is well explained using the Z-scheme mechanism. Moreover, the WO3/BP/g-C3N4 composite catalysts produced stable and consistent results after a prolonged operation which indicates the reusability of the photocatalyst
A note on global dominator coloring of graphs
No full textGlobal dominator coloring of the graph G is the proper coloring of G such that every vertex of G dominates atleast one color class as well as anti-dominates atleast one color class. The minimum number of colors required for global dominator coloring of G is called global dominator chromatic number of G denoted by χgd(G). In this paper, we characterize trees T of order n (n ≥ 6) such that χgd(T) = ⌊n 2 ⌋ + 2 and also establish a strict upper bound for χgd(T) for a tree of even order n (n ≥ 6). We construct some family of graphs G with χgd(G) = 4 and prove some results on χgd-partitions of G when χgd(G) = 4
Developments in the electrochemical synthesis of thia-heterocycles
Get PDFWe present a review on the synthesis of thia-heterocycles by use of electro-organic methods since its establishment. The research articles are classified as intramolecular and intermolecular cyclization reactions
Results on vanishing coefficients in certain infinite q-series expansions
Get PDFQuite recently, many authors have investigated and found vanishing coefficients in the arithmetic progressions of several q-series expansions. In this paper we prove some new results on vanishing coefficients for arithmetic progressions modulo 3 and 5. We also obtain some relations between the coefficients of infinite q-series expansions
Effect of particle size of ragi flour on physico-chemical and sensory profile of ragi mudde
Get PDFRagi mudde is a traditional food made with ragi (finger millet) flour. It is a major source of carbohydrates, calcium, iron, protein and well-balanced amino acids and is a staple diet in rural parts of South India. The consistency of ragi mudde depends on the particle size of its flour and water uptake during cooking. Ragi flour (RF) particle size was determined by a particle size analyzer. The physical properties such as bulk density of RF and water uptake during cooking were also measured. Traditionally cooked ragi mudde was characterized for color and texture by sensory and instrumental analysis. The coarseness or fineness of the RF was found to have a tremendous effect on the physical and sensory profile of ragi mudde, such as hardness, stickiness, cooking quality, color and texture. Ragi flour with different particle sizes, viz., 150 (S1), 300 (S2), 450 (S3), 600 (S4), and 750 (S5) mu m were used in the preparation of ragi mudde. Color values, expressed as L*, a* and b*, showed significant differences among the samples. Texture profile analysis (TPA) of the samples showed a positive correlation between hardness and stickiness. The results of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) revealed that samples S4 and S5 scored high for the overall quality. Considering the above parameters, RF with particle size 600-750 mu m suits best and is ideal for the preparation of ragi mudde
The Chronicle Constitutional Failures in Afghanistan: A Narrative of Agonising Constitutional Death
Get PDFAfghan constitutions fell because these constitutions were the regime’s constitution and not the Afghan people’s constitution. Each regime had its constitution, and all these constitutions were adopted in shrowded secrecy without a public referendum or inclusive public participation. The country was simply ungovernable; each regime collapsed because it lacked legitimacy in the eyes of the people. In this article, the study begins to examine the chronicle failure of the Constitutions in Afghanistan by highlighting the Afghanistan experience with the Constitutions 1923 and 1931, Constitution 1964, and Constitution 2004, which all serve as core the for the present discourse. The contention of this paper is to explain the causes of constitutional failure in the context of political transition. The premise of this paper is to overview the constitutional crisis over the last 98 years. The study employed doctrinal legal research in which normative approaches were to evaluate the literature to acquire the required legal propositions. The literature gathered and used in this study will include secondary, primary, and legal documents. This qualitative explorative study aims to analyse the constitutional failure and demise of constitutionalism, which are scarce. To cope up with such scarcity, this study mined any type of relevant materials that have been published, including written manifestos, books and articles
3-Methyl-5-(4-methylphenoxy)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde
No full textIn the title compound, C18H16N2O2, the phenyl and pyrazole rings subtend a dihedral angle of 22.68 (8)°. The packing of the title compound features aromatic π–π stacking and weak C—H⋯π interactions
One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Anatase TiO2 Nanotubes for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
No full textThe hydrothermal dissolution-recrystallization process is a key step in the crystal structure of titania-based nanotubes and their composition. This work systematically studies the hydrothermal conditions for directly synthesizing anatase TiO2 nanotubes (ATNTs), which have not been deeply discussed elsewhere. It has been well-known that ATNTs can be synthesized by the calcination of titanate nanotubes. Herein, we found the ATNTs can be directly synthesized by optimizing the reaction temperature and time rather than calcination of titanate nanotubes, where at each temperature, there is a range of reaction times in which ATNTs can be prepared. The effect of NaOH/TiO2 ratio and starting materials was explored, and it was found that ATNTs can be prepared only if the precursor is anatase TiO2, using rutile TiO2 leads to forming titanate nanotubes. As a result, ATNTs produced directly without calcination have excellent photocatalytic CO2 reduction than titanate nanotubes and ATNTs prepared by titanate calcination