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Synthesis and characterization of copper-chitosan based nanofungicide and its induced defense responses in Fusarium wilt of banana
Get PDFIn the present study, Copper-chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized and evaluated for their antifungal potential both in vitro and in vivo studies against Fusarium wilt of banana caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Cu-ChNPs were synthesized and characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible spectrometric (UV-Vis) studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, as well as Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The presence of pure Cu-ChNPs was confirmed using XRD analysis. The TEM images revealed the spherical shaped nanoparticles with 50 nm. The Cu-ChNPs have shown significant antifungal potential against Foc which showed 13 +/- 2.5, 14 +/- 2.1, and 14 +/- 2.1 mm mycelial growth inhibition at 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 mg/mL concentration, respectively. In pot experiments, 0.20 mg/mL concentration of Cu-ChNPs showed more effective in percentage efficacy of disease control (PEDC) in banana plants with the results of 73% against Foc. Further, the effectiveness of Cu-ChNPs in defense enzymes study indicates higher activities against Foc in banana plants and proved the effectiveness of Cu-ChNPs under greenhouse conditions. The overall results confirm the antifungal capabilities of Cu-ChNPs against Fusarium wilt in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Further, synthesized Cu-ChNPs may act as a nanofungicide for the delivery of agrochemicals
Tailoring of ternary nanocomposite films of poly(vinyl alcohol)/ AgAlO2@reduced graphene oxide: An active material for flexible supercapacitors
No full textPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/silver aluminium oxide (AgAlO2)@reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites (NCs) as flexible supercapacitor electrodes were fabricated via an eco-friendly and scalable solution casting approach. The crystallinity and morphological characteristics of the developed NCs were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal properties were analysed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The electrochemical performance of PVA/AgAlO2@rGO NCs as a supercapacitor electrode material was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies. PVA/AgAlO2@rGO NCs showed wide operating potential windows (1.2 V) which can greatly enhance their capacitive behaviour. The highest specific capacitance obtained was 273.4 F g-1 in the case of 2 wt % AgAlO2@rGO loaded PVA NC as compared to pristine PVA (6.04 F g-1). These NCs exhibited superior performance with the energy density (13.8 Whkg-1) and power density (150 W kg-1) at 0.5 A g-1 respectively. PVA/AgAlO2@rGO NCs exhibited the negligible equivalent series resistance and charge transfer resistance as an indication of excellent charge propagation at the interface between an electrolyte and an electrode. The NCs showed good capacity retention of 86.18% even after 1000 cycles. The NCs comprising of AgAlO2 NPs exhibited better specific capacitance than reduced graphene oxide incorporated PVA NCs, thus constituting a new approach for fabricating supercapacitors electrodes
A comparative cross-reactivity and paraspecific neutralization study on Hypnale hypnale, Echis carinatus, and Daboia russelii monovalent and therapeutic polyvalent anti-venoms
Get PDFEnvenoming by the hump-nosed pit viper (Hypnale hypnale) raises concern as it inflicts significant debilitation and death in the Western Ghats of India and in the adjacent island nation of Sri Lanka. In India, its medical significance was realized only during 2007 due to its mis-identification as Echis carinatus and sometimes as Daboia russelii. Of late, several case reports have underlined the ineptness of the existing polyvalent anti-venom therapy against H. hypnale envenoming. Currently, H. hypnale bite has remained dreadful in India due to the lack of neutralizing anti-venom therapy. Hence, this study was undertaken to establish a systematic comparative, biochemical, pathological, and immunological properties of Sri Lankan H. hypnale venom alongside Indian E. carinatus, and D. russelii venoms. All three venoms differed markedly in the extent of biochemical activities including proteolytic, deoxyribonuclease, L-amino acid oxidase, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, and indirect hemolytic activities. The venoms also differed markedly in their pathological properties such as edema, hemorrhage, myotoxic, cardiotoxic, and coagulant activities. The venoms showed stark differences in their protein banding pattern. Strikingly, the affinity-purified rabbit monovalent anti-venoms prepared against H. hypnale, E. carinatus, and D. russeliivenoms readily reacted and neutralized the biochemical and pathological properties of their respective venoms, but they insignificantly cross-reacted with, and thus failed to show paraspecific neutralization of any of the effects of the other two venoms, demonstrating the large degree of variations between these venoms. Further, the Indian therapeutic polyvalent anti-venoms from VINS Bioproducts, and Bharath Serums and Vaccines failed to protect H. hypnale venom-induced lethal effects in mice
Synthesis, in silico analysis and antidepressant activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives
Get PDFThe compounds 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (1-8) were synthesized by the cyclization of 4-hydroxy benzhydrazide (1) with various substituted aromatic aldehydes (2) using FeCl3 as catalyst and methanol as a solvent medium. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were assigned based on FT-IR, H-1-NWIR, and mass spectral data. In vivo antidepressant activity was performed by tail suspension test and forced swimming test models. Using the Schrodinger Maestro, the in silico analysis was performed and docked to the glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta binding site (PDB: 3GB2). Compounds 8 4,4'-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl)diphenol] and 3 3-(5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) phenol] showed both potent inhibitory activity against GSK-3 beta with a docking score of -7.800 kcal/mol as well as good antidepressant activity in both tail suspension and forced swimming tests models. The synthesized derivatives showed good antidepressive potential
Chronicle Causes for the Failure of the Afghan Government: Past Imperfect and Future Tense of Afghanistan
Get PDFThis article examines the chronicle causes that
fuelled the collapse of the Afghan government
and the contention of this paper is to highlight
what went wrong, that Afghanistan experienced
with the failure of the Constitution 2004 and the
republic also dissolved. The study employed
doctrinal legal research in which normative
approaches were to evaluate the literature to
acquire the required legal propositions. The
literature gathered and used in this study will
include secondary, primary, and legal
documents
Journal of Molecular Structure
No full textXanthine oxidase (XO) is an interesting target for the synergic treatment of several diseases such as gout, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and kidney disease. Associated complication includes hyperuricemia, which is considered one of the most common metabolic lifestyle disorders worldwide. Overproduction and in- sufficient excretion of uric acid during purine metabolism results in the formation of uric acid crystals in kidneys, joints, and other tissues. Allopurinol and Febuxostat, a clinically available drug used to reduce XO activity and serum uric acid level, are demonstrated to produce adverse effects including gastrointestinal distress, hypersensitivity, and skin rash, raising safety concerns. Exploring newer and novel XO inhibitors with minimum or no side effects is the aim of the current study. [1,3,4]-Thaidiazole analogs (7a-j) scaf- fold plays an important role in the design of efficient and potent inhibitors. In the present work, (7a-j) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit XO and found that among the series compound (7i) is selected as the best compound for inhibition of XO . Further, cyclooxygenases (COXs) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), enzymes that generate biologically active lipid molecules termed eicosanoids, are considered inflamma- tory and play a vital role in inflammatory pathways in the human body. Apart from their relation with inflammation, the additional involvement of COX-2 enzyme with cancer activity was recently discovered. In some cancer types, the level of COX-2 enzyme is increased indicating that this enzyme could be a suitable target for cancer therapy. Based on these findings, we have synthesized some new novel [1,3,4]- thiadiazole analogous (7a-j) and tested them against XO, COX, and LOX. To gain insight into the activity of XO, COX, and LOX inhibition, molecular docking studies were carried out for XO, COX, and LOX enzymes utilizing the newly synthesized compounds (7a-j) , and the results inferred that among the synthesized series of [1,3,4]-thiadiazoles (7a-j) , the compound (7i) showed extremely good result in both In silico and evaluation studies of XO, COX, and LOX, which is in agreement with the experimental results. Fur- thermore, density functional theory (DFT) was applied to calculate HOMO-LUMO, energy gap, and other parameters under the hybrid exchange-correlation functional (B3LYP) with the triple split valence basis set (6-311G)
Novel 1,2,5-Trisubstituted Benzimidazoles Potentiate Apoptosis by Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Panel of Cancer Cells
No full textSynthetic small molecules have been very effective in decimating cancer cells by targeting various aberrantly overexpressed oncogenic proteins. These small molecules target proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, cell division, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and other regulatory proteins to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. In this study, we have synthesized a novel 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazole chemical library of small molecules and unveiled their anticancer potential against a panel of cancer cell lines such as Jurkat, K-562, MOLT-4, HeLa, HCT116, and MIA PaCa-2 cancer cells. The MTT assay and Trypan blue dye exclusion assay clearly unveiled the cytotoxic effect of methyl 1-benzyl-2-(4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl)-1H-benzodimidazole-5-carboxylate (TJ08) and its potential to induce apoptosis with effective IC50 of 1.88 ± 0.51, 1.89 ± 0.55, 2.05 ± 0.72, 2.11 ± 0.62, 3.04 ± 0.8, and 3.82 ± 0.25 μM against Jurkat, K562, MOLT-4, HeLa, HCT116, and MIA PaCa-2 cancer cell lines, respectively. Altered mitochondrial membrane potential was observed in HeLa, HCT116, and Jurkat cells due to TJ08 treatment, which was unveiled by JC10 staining. Induction of early and late apoptosis by TJ08 treatment was also unveiled by apoptotic analysis and immunofluorescence imaging. Cell cycle analysis distribution confirms the accumulation of cells in the S-phase in a dose-dependent manner. © 2022 American Chemical Society
Stabilization of the DMSO solvate of 2‑chloro‑5‑nitrobenzoic acid (mesalazine impurity M) by bifurcated hydrogen bonds: crystallographic, spectroscopic, thermal and computational Studies
Get PDFThe strategy for choosing the optimal solvent DMSO to produce the solvate of Mesalazine impurity M is demonstrated and the possibility of selective crystallization as a means to remove the impurity from the drug substance is proposed. The single crystal XRD was undertaken to identify molecular interactions that take place to compensate for the unsatisfied arrangement of hydrogen bonds in the supramolecular architecture. Interestingly, formation of O–H⋯S, O–H⋯O, and C–H⋯O connections leads to loop/ring motifs stabilizing the crystal entity. In the present study, purification of the drug molecule remains a
chief objective for future investigations, since crystallization of Mesalazine impurity M alone cannot conclusively guarantee
separation of impurity
An Efficient Route for the Synthesis of 1,5-Disubstituted Tetrazoles and their Anti-Microbial Activity Against Salmonella Paratyphi
No full textCarbimidothioates were synthesized by the reaction of Grignard reagents with arylisothiocyanates followed by methylation with methyl iodide. Further, these carbimidothioates were cyclized with sodium azide in DMF at 120 °C to get 1,5-disubstituted tetrazoles, which are important class of compounds in medicinal chemistry. Hence, we evaluated the antibacterial activity against Salmonella Paratyphi bacteria. Among the series, compounds 6 a, 6 c, 6 f and 6 i effectively inhibited Solamonella Paratyphi. Compound 6 f performed well in the agar well diffusion experiment. Compound 6 i outperformed the standard drug in micro dilution assay and biofilm inhibition experiment using Crystal violet at 1 mM concentration. These studies demonstrates that active molecules are the most promising options for reducing S. paratyphi biofilm. In order to know the binding mode of the synthesized molecules, we performed molecular docking studies with protein Salmonella Paratyphi A lipopolysaccharide acetyltransferase periplasmic domain (PDB ID-6SE1). Among the series, compounds 6 f and 6 i exhibited the most significant affinity score with 6SE1 protein
Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Irrigational Suitability in part of Arkalgud Taluk, Hassan District, Karnataka, India, Using Watchit.
No full textIn the Arkalgud Taluk of Hassan District, groundwater is the fundamental source of irrigation. Factors, such as soil characteristics, geology of the region, and intensive farming have impacted the water quality. Therefore, the appropriateness of groundwater for irrigation was evaluated using the following criteria: Permeability Index, Salinity and Sodium Hazard Classification, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, Residual Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Ratio, Adjusted Sodium Adsorption Ratio, United States Salinity Laboratory (Salinity USSL, 1954), Salinity Hazard, Kelly’s Ratio, and Corrosivity Ratio. The research aims to learn more about groundwater quality and its potential for agriculture in the Arkalgud Taluk, Hassan District of Karnataka, India. The standard technique proposed by APHA (2005) was used to collect 25 representative groundwater samples from various tube wells in the study area. The data was analyzed using the WATCHIT-1 (Water Chemistry Interpretation Techniques Version 1) software program and compared with standards to evaluate groundwater suitability for irrigational purposes. After a complete chemical examination, these groundwater samples show that 80% of the samples collected for this study were suitable for irrigation