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Crystal structures of six 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-ium salts
No full textSix piperazinium salts, namely 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-ium 4-bromobenzoate dihydrate, C10H14N3O2+·C7H4BrO2−·2H2O, (I), 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-ium 4-iodobenzoate dihydrate, C10H14N3O2+·C7H4IO2−·2H2O, (II), 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-ium 4-hydroxybenzoate monohydrate, C10H14N3O2+·C7H5O3−·H2O, (III), 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-ium 4-methylbenzoate monohydrate, C10H14N3O2+·C8H7O2−·H2O, (IV), 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-ium 4-methoxybenzoate hemihydrate, 2C10H14N3O2+·2C8H7O3−·H2O, (V), and 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-ium 4-ethoxybenzoate, 2C10H14N3O2+·2C9H9O3−, (VI), have been synthesized and their crystal structures solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, revealing that all of them crystallize in the triclinic space group P[\overline{1}] except for (V), which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c and has a disordered nitro group. Compounds (I) and (II) are isostructural. The crystal packing of (I)–(V) is constructed from organic chains formed by a combination of hydrogen bonds of type N—H⋯O and/or O—H⋯O and other weak interactions of type C—H⋯O and/or C—H⋯π, forming sheets, whereas (VI) shows a cationic and anionic-based layer structure
Role of WTO in the Promotion of Trade and IPR in Afghanistan
Get PDFAccession to theWorld trade organization provided Afghanistan a platform to resolve its transit-related
problems via this organization. The assessment of the impact of the World trade organization agreement can result in
a dynamic capability that enables the country to respond to uncertain and changing business environments and to
sustain its trade activities globally. The outcome and gaps can lead Afghanistan to work efficiently to enhance export,
reduce imports and protect IPR regimes. The study reveals a lack of available and reliable research concerning trade
and IPR protection in Afghanistan. It makes it challenging to integrate information and draw an interpretation about
the impact of WTO on trade and IPR. The study’s objectives are to review the WTO agreement of business and IPR
with Afghanistan and analyze the future scope of the WTO agreement on the economy of Afghanista
Crystal-structure studies of 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium 4-ethoxybenzoate monohydrate, 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium 4-methoxybenzoate monohydrate, 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium 4-methylbenzoate monohydrate and 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium trifluoroacetate 0.12-hydrate
No full textIn this study, four new piperazinium salts, namely, 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium 4-ethoxybenzoate monohydrate, C9H9O3·C10H15N2·H2O (I); 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium 4-methoxybenzoate monohydrate, C10H15N2·C8H7O3·H2O (II); 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium 4-methylbenzoate monohydrate, C10H15N2·C8H7O2·H2O (III); and 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium trifluoroacetate 0.12 hydrate, C10H15N2·C2F3O2·0.12H2O (IV), have been synthesized. The single-crystal structures of these compounds reveal that all of them crystallize in the triclinic P[\overline{1}] space group and the crystal packing of (I)–(III) is built up of ribbons formed by a combination of hydrogen bonds of type N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and other weak interactions of type C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π, leading to a three-dimensional network. In the crystal of (IV), the cations and the anions are connected by C—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds and by C—H⋯π interactions, forming sheets which in turn interact to maintain the crystal structure by linking through the oxygen atoms of water molecules and van der Waals interactions, giving the whole structure
5-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1-[4-(4-methylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-3-[4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole
No full textIn the title compound, C28H22FN3OS, four rings are almost coplanar, with the fluorophenyl ring substantially twisted. In the extended structure, aromatic π–π stacking interactions between the pyrazole ring and the tolyl ring link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers
Hydrogen-Bonded Chain of Rings Motif in N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ium Salts with Benzoate Anions: Supramolecular Assemblies and Their Energy Frameworks
No full textThe crystal structures of three salts, namely N-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ium ethoxybenzoate monohydrate (I), N-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ium methoxybenzoate monohydrate (II) and N-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ium hydroxybenzoate monohydrate (III), have been determined and compared. In each of them, the ionic components and the water molecules are linked by a combination of N—H···O and O—H···O hydrogen bonds to form infinite chains of edge-fused centrosymmetric rings running parallel to the [100] direction. The C—H···O, C—H···π(arene) interactions and O—H···O in (III) are responsible for the further propagation of the aforementioned chains into di-periodic layers or tri-periodic networks. From an energetic point of view, all structures are primarily di-periodic; the very strong ionic interactions determine the periodicity. For comparison purposes, quantum chemical calculations were performed to show the difference between the ionic and neutral components. The energy of the hydrogen-bonded ring motifs was also estimated
Antifungal potential of Azotobacter species and its metabolites against Fusarium verticillioides and biodegradation of fumonisin
Get PDFAbstract Aims In the study, seven Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Azotobacter species were screened against three strains of Fusarium verticillioides to test its antifungal activity. Azotobacter strains were tested for the degradation of fumonisin produced by F. verticillioides. Secondary metabolites were isolated and characterized from the Azotobacter strains for the first time. Methods and Results Potential seven Azotobacter species antifungal activity was tested following the dual culture assay against three strains of Fusarium verticillioides namely FVM-42, FVM-86 and MTCC156 estimating the substantial zone of inhibition. Azotobacter species AZT-31 and AZT-50 strains significantly inhibited the growth of F. verticillioides recording drastic growth enhancement of maize under in-vitro conditions by calculating the infection incidence, vigour index and germination percentage. As confirmation, dereplication studies were conducted for the reconfirmation of Azotobacter strains by isolating from rhizoplane. Azotobacter strains played a key role in the degradation of fumonisin produced by F. verticillioides reporting 98% degradation at 2Â h of incubation with the pathogen. Furthermore, in the study first time, we have tried to isolate and characterize the secondary metabolites from the Azotobacter strains exhibiting six compounds from the species AZT-31 (2) and AZT-50 (4). Preliminary in-vitro experiments were carried out using the compounds extracted to check the reduction of infection incidence (90%) and increase in germination percentage upto 50 to 70% when compared to the test pathogen. Conclusion Azotobacter strains referred as PGPR on influencing the growth of plant by producing certain substances that act as stimulators on inhibiting the growth of the pathogen. Significance and Impact of the study The future perspective would be the production of an active combination of carboxamide compound and Azotobacter species for preventively controlling the phytopathogenic fungi of plants and crops and also towards the treatment of seeds
A Study of Ant Diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Two Sites of Post Chromite Mining Ecosystem
No full textThe present study deals with the diversity of ants in Post Chromite Mining Ecosystem. Two years of
survey was conducted on the biodiversity of ant species in Post Chromite Mining ecosystem in
Thagaduru village situated in Channarayapattana taluk, Hassan district of Karnataka, India. Ants were
collected from two different habitats within varying disturbances level with the help of pitfall trap and
hand collection methods from the afforested mined out sites and disturbed mined out sites in the Post
Chromite Mining ecosystem. Total 22 species of ants were collected from afforested mined out area and
17 species were collected from disturbed mined out area. Afforested mined out sites contributes 5
subfamilies they are Formicinae with 5 species, Myrmicinae with 11 species, Ponerinae, Dolichoderinae,
and Psuedomyrmicinae with 2 species each. While disturbed mined out area contributes 4 subfamilies
they are Formicinae with 5 species, Myrmicinae with 9 species, Ponerinae with 2 species and
Dolichoderinae with 1 species. Ant species Meranoplus bicolor, Technomyrmex albipes, Tetraponera rufunigra
and tetraponera alborans were found to be absent in disturbed mined out habitats. The diversity and
occurrence of ant species were assessed by Shanon- wiener index (H), Simpson index (D) and Berger
Parker index (d)
A Review on Natural Bamboo Fibre become an Alternative in Modern Bamboo Textile Industry
No full textBamboo is an amazing sustainable raw material and versatile agro-resources, as India is second largest storehouse of bamboos. Bamboo textiles are having great potential to turn out to be potential alternative plant-based fibres in modern bamboo textile industry (MBTI). Available bamboo resource utility and management for sustainable future, bamboo fabric textiles are cost-efficient and meant for its unique performance in climate change situation. Its history, chemical, mechanical properties, morphology, anatomy, patents and MBTI. The reliable blending nature with other fibres in MBTI better comforts. This article dealt with the prospects of natural plant-based bamboo fibres eco-friendly, ‘bio-degradable’ antimicrobial properties
Segmentation of Pectoral Muscle in Mammograms Using Granular Computing
Get PDFIn this paper, pectoral muscle segmentation was performed to study the presence of malignancy in the pectoral muscle region in mammograms. A combined approach involving granular computing and layering was employed to locate the pectoral muscle in mammograms. In most cases, the pectoral muscle is found to be triangular in shape and hence, the ant colony optimization algorithm is employed to accurately estimate the pectoral muscle boundary. The proposed method works with the left mediolateral oblique (MLO) view of mammograms to avoid artifacts. For the right MLO view, the method automatically mirrors the image to the left MLO view. The performance of this method was evaluated using the standard mini MIAS dataset (mammographic image analysis society). The algorithm was tested on 322 images and the overall accuracy of the system was about 97.47 %. The method is robust with respect to the view, shape, size and reduces the processing time. The approach correctly identifies images when the pectoral muscle is completely absent
