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AI Governance and Constitutional Law: recalibrating constitutional frameworks in the age of artificial intelligence
No full textThe rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into governance, public administration, and judicial systems presents unprecedented challenges to constitutional law. Traditional constitutional frameworks designed to regulate human decision-making are increasingly strained by algorithmic governance, automated decision systems, and data-driven state power. This research article examines the intersection of AI governance and constitutional law, arguing that AI necessitates a recalibration of core constitutional principles such as the rule of law, separation of powers, fundamental rights, and democratic accountability. Through comparative analysis and normative evaluation, the article explores how constitutional systems can adapt to ensure that AI remains subject to constitutional constraints rather than becoming a parallel source of authority
Unleashing the effect of engineered high-performance S-scheme n–n–n heterojunction g-C3N4/SnO2/Bi2S3 as a dual photo-electrocatalyst for water splitting
No full textA novel dual S-scheme n–n–n ternary heterojunction composed of g-C3N4 nanosheets, SnO2 nanorods, and Bi2S3 nanoflowers was designed for enhanced photo/electrocatalytic hydrogen generation and methylene blue photodegradation. The ternary g-C3N4/ SnO2/Bi2S3 nanocomposite was synthesized via in-situ growth-assisted hydrothermal approach, improving light absorption from visible to NIR regions. The heterojunction capitalizes on the unique electronic properties of each component, ensuring efficient charge separation and minimizing electron-hole recombination. The dual S-scheme mechanism enhances redox capabilities, improving photocatalytic activity. Experimental results confirmed that the optimized g-C3N4/SnO2/Bi2S3 nanocomposite achieved a hydrogen evolution rate of 16,020 μmol g−1h−1, significantly surpassing pure and binary counterparts. It also demonstrated 96 % methylene blue degradation and enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction activity, exhibiting the highest current density (−517.71 mA cm−2) with a low overpotential (266 mV). Lower Tafel slope values (122.66 mV dec−1) indicate improved reaction kinetics, facilitating H+ adsorption during hydrogen evolution. The material's low charge transfer resistance confirms high conductivity, further enhancing its catalytic efficiency. The dual functionality of g-C3N4/SnO2/Bi2S3 makes it a promising material for clean energy and wastewater treatment. This study highlights the potential of S-scheme heterostructures in advancing catalytic technologies
Gamma ray interaction studies on light-weight, eco-friendly PVA-based composites using construction waste materials as fillers
No full textThe search for alternatives to toxic lead-based shielding materials is vital for sustainable radiation protection. This study investigates polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites reinforced with recycled eco-friendly fillers: granite, glass, and redmud as substitutes for conventional gamma-ray shields. Shielding parameters, including Linear and Mass attenuation coefficients (μ, μ/ρ), Half value layer (HVL), Tenth value layer (TVL), Mean free path (λ), and Effective atomic number (Zeff), were measured for composites with 10–40 wt% filler concentrations using gamma energies from 511 to 1332 keV. Experimental results closely matched theoretical values determined from XCOM and AutoZeff softwares. The findings show that increasing filler concentrations lead to an increase in μ, μ/ρ, and Zeff, whereas decrease in HVL, TVL, and λ for all three PVA composites. The maximum value of μ/ρ i.e., 0.090, 0.089, and 0.082 cm2/g is observed at 511 keV, and Zeff i.e., 10.068, 8.527 and 7.988 at 1332 keV for 40 wt% filler concentration for PVA - Granite, PVA-Glass and PVA-Redmud, respectively. Furthermore, among the composites, PVA–granite exhibited the highest μ (0.28 cm 1), μ/ρ (0.09 cm2/g), and Zeff (10.07), along with the lowest HVL (2.50 cm), TVL (8.31 cm), and λ (3.61 cm) values at 40 wt% for a given energy. These results highlight that PVA–granite acts as a relatively better shielding composite and serves as a promising, lightweight, flexible, and eco-friendly alternative for radiation shielding in medical, nuclear, and aerospace applications
Synthesis, structural elucidation, Hirshfeld surface, DFT, pharmacophore, and in silico studies of a piperonal derivative: A study based on experimental and theoretical methods
No full textA novel piperonal derivative, 2-((benzod1,3dioxol-5-ylmethyl)amino)-2-thioxo-N-(p-tolyl)acetamide (3a) was synthesized and extensively characterized using advanced spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, NMR), single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Hirshfeld surface analysis, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, and molecular docking studies. Structural analyses confirmed the presence of the characteristic amide linkage and elucidated distinct supramolecular architectures stabilized predominantly by hydrogen bond (NH…O) and CH…π stacking interactions. Hirshfeld surface mappings quantified intermolecular interactions, revealing significant contributions from aromatic stacking contacts. The DFT calculations were performed using B3LYP functional and 6–311++G (d,p) basis set. Quantum chemical analyses highlighted extensive electron de-localization across the molecule, with subtle differences in electronic descriptors suggesting slightly higher reactivity. The energy gap of the compound is found to be 4.000 eV. The docking analysis of 3a with the protein 5F19, which is implicated in dual-action therapeutic targeting inflammation and tumorigenesis through soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition
Investigation of latent fingerprints on porous and non-porous surfaces using multi-walled carbon nanotube-assisted ZnO nanocomposites
No full textAn innovative, safe, cost-effective, and eco-friendly multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)- assisted Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized using a low-temperature solution combustion method followed by ex-situ ultrasonication. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) results revealed that MWCNT doping did not affect the phase structure; however, a decrease in average crystallite size was observed, from 48.14 nm to 37.07 nm. Ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectroscopy studies revealed an increase in optical bandgap with MWCNTs doping. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra at different excitation wavelengths showed maximum emission at 364, 369 and 362 nm, attributed to the near-band-edge emission of ZnO. The ZnO:MWCNT NCs were successfully used to investigate latent fingerprints (LFPs) on both porous and non-porous surfaces. These NCs showed excellent stability under humidity, temperature and mechanical abrasion tests. Further analysis highlights the average ridge spacing of 0.236 mm with a resolution ratio of 4.24 ridges/mm on porous surfaces, and on non-porous surfaces, it was noted as 0.251 mm, yielding a resolution ratio of 3.98 ridges/mm, confirming significant image resolution. These outcomes indicate that these high-performance ZnO:MWCNT NCs have potential applications in LFPs detection
Technology Transfer in the Era of Military Conflict: Legal Challenges for International Trade and International Humanitarian Law
No full textObjective: to identify the complex relations between international trade and military law in the context of technology transfer; to analyze the legal implications of technology transfers for international humanitarian law in order to clarify the impact of technology transfer in international trade on the warfare means regulation and identify legal gaps in existing international conventions.
Methods: the study uses a comprehensive legal analysis of international documents, including the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, the Hague Conventions, and modern international agreements in the field of trade and technology. The authors used comparative legal method to study the national legislations of various states and a systematic approach to analyze the interaction of international humanitarian law and international trade law.
Results: the study revealed significant legal gaps in regulating the transfer of dual-use technologies during wartime. It was established that modern technologies, including artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons systems and cybernetic means, create a regulatory vacuum that undermines the effectiveness of existing international conventions. A significant technological gap between the Global North and South was demonstrated.
Scientific novelty: the work is the first comprehensive study of technology evolution in the context of international humanitarian law, with an emphasis on the need to develop special regulatory mechanisms. The authors present a conceptual model for the integration of technology transfer norms into the system of international disarmament treaties, taking into account the principles of proportionality and distinction.
Practical significance: the study proposes specific amendments to the articles of the Geneva Conventions, including the modification of Article 35(2) of Additional Protocol I to include new technologies and extend the requirements of Article 36 regarding legal reviews of technological transfers. The recommendations developed can serve as a basis for creating international monitoring mechanisms and increasing transparency in the field of military technology transfer
A comprehensive review on anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer and antifungal properties of several bivalent transition metal complexes
No full textTransition metal complexes have been recognized as possible therapeutic agents, attributed to their special
biological actions, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer. The pharmacological
perspective connected with Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Palladium (Pd), Zinc (Zn),
and Platinum (Pt) metal(II) complexes is comprehensively explored in-depth in this research. The complexes
show unique coordination chemistry and modes of action that help interactions with biological targets, including
DNA binding, enzyme inhibition, and the formation of reactive oxygen species. All the metal(II) complexes
showed notable potential impact in their perspective activity. Conspicuously, Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes show
better antibacterial and antifungal action, while Cu(II) and Zn(II) combinations show higher anti-inflammatory
activity. While research is constantly investigating alternative metal-based anticancer drugs like Pd(II), which
seem to have lowered side effects, Pt(II) complexes especially cisplatin continue to be the benchmark in cancer
treatment. Although the possible pharmacological actions are motivating, problems with toxicity and biocom-
patibility still provide major difficulties, especially in relation to Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes. Strategies like
ligand modification, nanoparticle-based delivery, and prodrug methods are used to increase selectivity and
reduce side effects related to metal complexes. This review compiles the most recent developments and
continuous research, thereby shedding light on the potential revolutionary power of metal(II) complexes in
medical therapy. Understanding their mechanisms and enhancing their safety profiles will help us open the path
to creative ideas for addressing some of the most urgent medical issues of today
TFF3 facilitates dormancy of anti-estrogen treated ER+ mammary carcinoma
No full textBackground: Tumor dormancy is a substantial clinical obstacle in treatment of estrogen receptor positive mammary carcinoma (ER+MC), contributing to drug resistance, metastatic outgrowth, relapse, and consequent mortality. Methods: Preclinical models mimicking clinical anti-estrogen-induced ER+MC dormancy were generated in vivo. Function and a mechanism-based combination treatment were determined in the generated dormancy-like models in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Results: The dormancy models display molecular features of dormancy and tumor mass and cellular dormancy with associated clinical dormancy behavior. Both serum and cancer tissue expression of Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) are identified as prognostic indicators of dormant ER+MC with TFF3 functioning as an epigenetically regulated driver of dormancy-associated behaviors. BCL2-dependent pro-survival functions of TFF3 coupled with enhanced attributes of stemness designates TFF3 as an actionable target. Moreover, combination screening of a TFF3 small-molecule-inhibitor (AMPC) with compounds used clinically to treat anti-estrogen-resistant ER+MC identifies strong synergism between AMPC and CDK4/6 inhibitors in the dormancy-like models. The combination results in concomitant suppression of CCND1 expression and CDK4/6 kinase activity to decrease RB phosphorylation, with reduced BCL2 expression, leading to both ER + MC cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The combined TFF3-CDK4/6 inhibition impedes metastatic outgrowth and ameliorates host animal survival in the dormancy-like models, producing a complete response in a percentage of animals. Conclusions: Hence, in vivo models of anti-estrogen induced dormancy of ER+MC generated herein, identify TFF3 as a driver of this process. The combined inhibition of TFF3 and CDK4/6 may potentially alleviate the clinical challenges posed by anti-estrogen-induced dormancy in ER+MC. © The Author(s) 2025
Tropical fruit-derived Lactiplantibacillus as potential probiotic and antifungal agents against Fusarium oxysporum
No full textFifty-five lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from seven selected tropical fruits, with Solanum nigrum exhibiting the highest LAB prevalence and Couroupita guianenis and Musa fruits showing the lowest counts. Two strains isolated from Ficus racemosa demonstrated significant antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum. 16S rDNA sequencing identified these strains as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MYSVCF3 and Lpb. argentoratensis MYSVCF5. The isolates displayed adaptability to a broad range of environmental conditions, including temperatures of 10–45 °C, pH 2–6, and salt up to 7%. The strains tolerated simulated gastrointestinal conditions of acid (pH-2), phenol (0.6%), and bile (0.3%) suggesting potential probiotic attributes. Lpb. argentoratensis MYSVCF5 inhibited F. oxysporum, two ESKAPE group bacteria (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus) plus S. paratyphi and E. coli. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lpb. argentoratensis MYSVCF5 reduced the growth of fungal biomass by 94% and completely inhibited conidial germination, retaining activity even after extended cold storage. LC–MS/MS analysis identified organic acids in the CFS, with citric acid as the most abundant at 34.9 (± 0.3) µg/mL, followed by lactic (8.3 µg/mL) and malic acids (5.2 µg/mL). This study isolated a novel LAB, a potential candidate having probiotics and antifungal properties for application in food and agriculture. © The Author(s) 2025