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Supramolecular characterisation of salts of 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ium and 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium cations with simple-organic anions; a closer look at the binding energies of cation-anion pairs formed by charge-assisted (+)N−H···O(-) and (+)N−H···O hydrogen bonds
Get PDFSix new salts prepared by acid-base reactions containing 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ium cation (2-MeOPP) with simple organic-acid anions, namely pentafluorobenzoate, (I); (2R,3R)-tartrate dihydrate, (II); succinate trihydrate, (III); or 4-phenylpiperazin-1-ium cation (PP) with 4-chlorobenzoate monohydrate, (IV); 3-chlorobenzoate monohydrate, (V) and succinate (VI) have been structurally characterised using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal-packing architectures have been described in the context of the supramolecular assemblies they form. The most important structural motifs are generated through hydrogen bonds between 2-MeOPP or PP cations and associated anions, assisted by their charges. To quantify these charge-assisted hydrogen bonds: (+)N−H····O(-) and (+)N−H····O, the binding energies of the ionic pairs have been calculated and compared. We considered a set of 72 ionic pairs of the structures analysed in this article and those published previously by our groups. As a result, we have plotted lines of trends found for DFT-binding energies vs normalised H···O proton···acceptor distances, and correlation between normalised geometrical parameters for aromatic and aliphatic anions. A comparison between DFT-energies and model pairwise energies (CE-B3LYP) has also been made
Role of the United Nations: Combating Starvation and Food Insecurity in Afghanistan through Humanitarian Action
Get PDFThis paper examines the pivotal role played by the United Nations (UN) in addressing the dire issue of starvation and food insecurity in Afghanistan through humanitarian action. In the wake of Afghanistan’s enduring vulnerabilities, the UN has emerged as a beacon of hope, delivering vital assistance to the country’s most vulnerable populations. Humanitarian interventions encompass diverse strategies such as food aid, nutrition support, and cash transfers, forming a swift and compassionate lifeline during times of crisis. Emergency response efforts are characterized by rapid assistance, including food provisions, shelter, medical supplies, and clean water and sanitation. Beyond immediate relief, the UN engages in a multifaceted approach to nurture health and resilience within Afghanistan. Nutritional support is bolstered by supplementary feeding programs, ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF), maternal and infant nutrition initiatives, and community-based approaches. Monitoring and assessment mechanisms enable a dynamic response to evolving needs. Sustainable food security is a key objective, and the UN promotes self-sufficiency and resilience through food security programs, support for small-scale farmers, infrastructure development, sustainable agricultural practices, capacity building, market access, and climate resilience measures. Advocacy and coordination efforts provide a platform for multilateral cooperation, resource mobilization, policy change, and capacity building, catalyzing change in Afghanistan’s food crisis. Empowering Afghan communities is central to achieving sustainable food security, with capacity building, support for local institutions, community-led initiatives, knowledge transfer, and resilience-building initiatives at the forefront. Navigating complex terrain is imperative to reach the most vulnerable, involving access negotiations, managing conflict and insecurity, ensuring aid worker safety, and balancing humanitarian imperatives in a complex and contextual environment
Highly selective and sensitive fluorescent “TURN-ON” furan-based Schiff base for zinc(ii) ion probing: chemical synthesis, DFT studies, and X-ray crystal structure
No full textA simple and efficient fluorescent probe (E)-4-bromo-2-((((5-methylfuran-2-yl)methyl)imino)methyl)phenol (BFMP) for the detection of Zn2+ ions was synthesized by the condensation of 5-methyl-furfurylamine and 5-bromosalicylaldehyde. Elemental analysis, LC-MS, ATR-IR spectroscopy, and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy were performed to confirm the structures of the Schiff base ligand and its Zn(II) complex. Further, the molecular structure of BFMP was confirmed by single-crystal XRD. It is noteworthy that BFMP displayed favourable behaviour of the florescent active molecule. The BFMP solution was yellow, which after the addition of the Zn2+ solution became colourless, as observed by the naked eye. Moreover, under ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a maximum absorption at 425 nm and a large fluorescence enhancement at 560 nm were observed. BFMP was very selective to Zn2+ ions, even in the presence of other metal ions. This includes Cd2+, which has a binding constant (Ka) of 1.74 × 106 M−1, and a detection limit of this finding suggested that a fluorescence probe (BFMP) can be used to detect Zn2+ by colorimetric detection. The detection limit can reach up to 0.249 × 106 M−1. Furthermore, the efficiency of the ligand was tested using real water samples (lake and tap water), and the results revealed that BFMP acted more efficiently in both the tested water samples. The geometries of BFMP and BFMP–Zn2+ were investigated by the density functional theory (DFT) method using the B3LYP method with 6-311++G(d,p) and LAN2LZ basis sets, respectively. The optimized geometrical parameters obtained by the DFT calculation are in good agreement with the X-ray crystal structure data
Synthesis of p-CuO/n-ZnO heterostructure by microwave hydrothermal method and evaluation of its photo and bio-catalytic performance
No full textThe use of photocatalysts without noble metals is of great interest in the industrial field for the degradation of organic pollutants. In this study, a CuO/ZnO heterostructure was synthesized using the microwave hydrothermal method and characterized using various analytical techniques. The synthesized CuO/ZnO photocatalyst exhibited a low bandgap energy of 2.4 eV, enabling efficient visible light absorption. The photocatalytic activity of the CuO/ZnO heterostructure was evaluated for the degradation of Methyl Orange (MO) dye and showed a high degradation efficiency of 99 due to its excellent electron-hole charge separation. The biological activity of the synthesized CuO/ZnO catalyst was further investigated through protein docking studies, which showed promising results. The CuO/ZnO was also evaluated for its anticancer and antibacterial properties. It exhibited effective anticancer activity against prostate cancer cells (PC-3) in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 6.87 ± 8. In addition, it demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereous and Pseudomonas aeruginola. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of CuO/ZnO heterostructures as promising materials for various applications in the fields of photocatalysis, biomedicine and antimicrobial materials. Future research in this area will focus on further optimizing the properties of the CuO/ZnO heterostructure to enhance its performance in these applications. © 202
Analysis of genetic variants in the exon 2 and 3 of autosomal DAZLA gene among infertile South Indian men
No full textBackground: Boule, DAZLA, and DAZ are members of the Deleted in Azoospermia family of genes, which play significant roles in gametogenesis and are important fertility factors in humans. In a few studies, deletion of the Y chromosomal DAZ cluster and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the DAZLA gene were reported to affect male fertility, although this is paradoxical because they were found in both control and fertile men. As a result, the goal of this study was to check if Y chromosomal DAZ cluster deletion and SNPs in the DAZLA gene on chromosome 3 of humans are associated to male infertility in the population. For computational analysis, different bioinformatics tools such as SIFT, PolyPhen2, Mutation Taster, FATHMM, and PROVEAN were used to analyse mutations. Results: Within the studied population, we found no association between DAZ deletion and the most prevalent DAZLA SNPs A260G (rs11710967) and A386G (rs1219183446). We also discovered two new deleterious genetic variations in exon 3 of the DAZLA gene, one nonsynonymous mutation that replaced Valine with Glutamate at the 66 codon position and the other a stop gain mutation at the 74 amino acid position. These genetic changes are found in the RRM domain of the DAZLA gene, which is confirmed by Motif scan analysis and results in a change in the DAZLA protein's secondary structure. The RRM domain is a highly conserved regulatory domain for mRNA transport and translation. Azoospermia and necrospermia infertility phenotypes were shown in infertile male samples with these genotypes. Conclusion: We can conclude that further investigation of the aforesaid new mutations in the DAZLA gene may be valuable in understanding their significance in male infertility in different populations due to the multifactorial nature of male infertility and arrays of gene expression required at every stage of spermatogenesis. © 2023, The Author(s)
HR-LCMS Profiling of phytochemical constituents and evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-cancerous and anti-inflammatory potentials, plasma biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of Grewia orbiculata Rottler
No full textInfectious diseases are one of the main reasons that are causing a greater number of deaths in the world owing to their strong resistance development and evolution. There is an immediate urgency for the discovery of drugs with a new class or new mode of action to combat these resistant bugs. In the past few decades, we have not been able to find new antibiotics, which are effective on resistant bugs. Instead of searching for synthetic molecules, if we divert our search for alternative sources that are abundant in nature, we can easily find new molecules. Plants are the best as they are known to possess complex molecules that are strong in their potency while being relatively safe for the host and tough on pathogens. With this rationale, the study was conducted to assess the phytochemical constituents of different parts of plant Grewia orbiculataRottler using different solvents and to elucidate the biological activities. From qualitative analysis of all extracts, Methanolic Extract of Bark (MEB) and Ethyl acetate Extract of Leaf (EEL) were found to be rich in total phenolics and total flavonoids. Major phytochemicals found in MEB were Catechin, Epicatechin, and Carnitine and in EEL were Quinin acid, Gallic acid, Catechol, Isoquinoline, Coumaric acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin of G. orbiculata. Upon testing the biopotentials of these extracts, it was found that among the different solvent extracts of leaves, twigs, buds, and bark, MEB showed the highest biological potential and therapeutic value. The antioxidant property of MEB assessed through DPPH and ABTS assays resulted in an IC50 value of 50 µg/mL and 36 µg/mL, respectively. The metal chelating property of MEB gave a FRAP value of 24 ± 0.093 mmol/g equivalent to that of Tannic acid. Further, MEB was found to possess very good antibacterial activity against human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus epidermidis, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. In addition, MEB also showed good anti-cancerous property against A549 cells, having IC50 value of 98.73 µg/mL. The anti-inflammatory assay with MEB showed protection of BSA denaturation up to a concentration of 1000 µg/mL. Finally, the biocompatibility assay with blood showed no significant agglutination of RBCs up to a concentration of 200 µg/mL and cytotoxicity of MEB resulted in less than 50 inhibition of HTE cell proliferation at the highest concentration of 320 µg/mL, proving its non-toxic nature towards normal cells. Our study is the first to report and evaluate the therapeutic value of the plant G. orbiculata. MEB was found to possess very good therapeutic potential and can be used as potent antimicrobial agent to treat deadly human infections. © 2022, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Society for Plant Research
Fungal planet description sheets: 1550-1613
No full textNovel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Argentina, Neocamarosporium halophilum in leaf spots of Atriplex undulata. Australia, Aschersonia merianiae on scale insect (Coccoidea), Curvularia huamulaniae isolated from air, Hevansia mainiae on dead spider, Ophiocordyceps poecilometigena on Poecilometis sp. Bolivia, Lecanora menthoides on sandstone, in open semi-desert montane areas, Sticta monlueckiorum corticolous in a forest, Trichonectria epimegalosporae on apothecia of corticolous Mega- lospora sulphurata var. sulphurata, Trichonectria puncteliae on the thallus of Punctelia borreri. Brazil, Catenomargarita pseudocercosporicola (incl. Catenomargarita gen. nov.) hyperparasitic on Pseudocercospora fijiensis on leaves of Musa acuminata, Tulasnella restingae on protocorms and roots of Epidendrum fulgens. Bulgaria, Anthracoidea umbrosae on Carex spp. Croatia, Hymenoscyphus radicis from surface-sterilised, asymptomatic roots of Microthlaspi erraticum, Orbilia multiserpentina on wood of decorticated branches of Quercus pubescens. France, Calosporella punctatispora on dead corticated twigs of Acer opalus. French West Indies (Martinique), Eutypella lechatii on dead corticated palm stem. Germany, Arrhenia alcalinophila on loamy soil. Iceland, Cistella blauvikensis on dead grass (Poaceae). India, Fulvifomes maritimus on living Peltophorum pterocarpum, Fulvifomes natarajanii on dead wood of Prosopis juliflora, Fulvifomes subazonatus on trunk of Azadirachta indica, Macrolepiota bharadwajii on moist soil near the forest, Narcissea delicata on decaying elephant dung, Paramyrothecium indicum on living leaves of Hibiscus hispidissimus, Trichoglossum syamviswanathii on moist soil near the base of a bamboo plantation. Iran, Vacuiphoma astragalicola from stem canker of Astragalus sarcocolla. Malaysia, Neoeriomycopsis fissistigmae (incl. Neoeriomycopsidaceae fam. nov.) on leaf spots on flower Fissistigma sp. Namibia, Exophiala lichenicola lichenico- lous on Acarospora cf. luederitzensis. Netherlands, Entoloma occultatum on soil, Extremus caricis on dead leaves of Carex sp., Inocybe pseudomytiliodora on loamy soil. Norway, Inocybe guldeniae on calcareous soil, Inocybe rupestroides on gravelly soil. Pakistan, Hymenagaricus brunneodiscus on soil. Philippines, Ophiocordyceps philippinensis parasitic on Asilus sp. Poland, Hawksworthiomyces ciconiae isolated from Ciconia ciconia nest, Plectosphaerella vigrensis from leaf spots on Impatiens noli-tangere, Xenoramularia epitaxicola from sooty mould community on Taxus baccata. Portugal, Inocybe dagamae on clay soil. Saudi Arabia, Diaporthe jazanensis on branches of Coffea arabica. South Africa, Alternaria moraeae on dead leaves of Moraea sp., Bonitomyces buffels- kloofinus (incl. Bonitomyces gen. nov.) on dead twigs of unknown tree, Constrictochalara koukolii on living leaves of Itea rhamnoides colonised by a Meliola sp., Cylindromonium lichenophilum on Parmelina tiliacea, Gamszarella buffelskloofina (incl. Gamszarella gen. nov.) on dead insect, Isthmosporiella africana (incl. Isthmosporiella gen. nov.) on dead twigs of unknown tree, Nothoeucasphaeria buffelskloofina (incl. Nothoeucasphaeria gen. nov.), on dead twigs of unknown tree, Nothomicrothyrium beaucarneae (incl. Nothomicrothyrium gen. nov.) on dead leaves of Beaucarnea stricta, Paramycosphaerella proteae on living leaves of Protea caffra, Querciphoma foliicola on leaf litter, Rachicladosporium conostomii on dead twigs of Conostomium natalense var. glabrum, Rhamphoriopsis synnematosa on dead twig of unknown tree, Waltergamsia mpumalanga on dead leaves of unknown tree. Spain, Amanita fulvogrisea on limestone soil, in mixed forest, Amanita herculis in open Quercus forest, Vuilleminia beltra- niae on Cistus symphytifolius. Sweden, Pachyella pulchella on decaying wood on sand-silt riverbank. Thailand, Deniquelata cassiae on dead stem of Cassia fistula, Stomiopeltis thailandica on dead twigs of Magnolia champaca. Ukraine, Circinaria podoliana on natural limestone outcrops, Neonematogonum carpinicola (incl. Neonematogonum gen. nov.) on dead branches of Carpinus betulus. USA, Exophiala wilsonii water from cooling tower, Hygrophorus aesculeticola on soil in mixed forest, and Neocelosporium aereum from air in a house attic. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes. © 2023 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute
Advancing Disability Rights in India: From Fragmented Movements to Inclusive Policies
Get PDFA disability is characterized by a malfunctioning, disturbance, or loss in the normal functioning of physical, mental, or psychological processes. The disability rights movement, influenced by political ideologies such as dignity, autonomy, and freedom of thought and expression, gained momentum during the 1960s and 70s. In the 1990s, disability rights activism found collective expression through the involvement of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In India, the enactment of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2008 transformed the discourse surrounding disabilities. Despite the presence of welfare-based disability laws in India, notably the Persons with Disabilities (PWD) Act, several deficiencies persist. The disparity between the requirements of people with disabilities and the availability of essential services stems from widespread poverty and deeply ingrained social stigmas. Insufficient implementation of existing laws and guidelines exacerbates the challenges faced by individuals with physical and mental disabilities, affecting various aspects of their daily lives. This research aims to critically examine the rights of people with disabilities in India, focusing on legal issues and inclusion. By analyzing the legislative response to the protection of disability rights, the study seeks to shed light on the effectiveness and shortcomings of existing laws. The research will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the obstacles faced by individuals with disabilities in their pursuit of equal rights, and will explore avenues for improving their inclusion and well-being within the legal framework
Addressing menstrual stigma: the case for implementing menstrual leave as a legal provision in India
Get PDFThis paper explores the need for a legal provision for menstrual leave in India to address the stigma surrounding menstruation and promote gender equality in the workplace and society. Menstrual leave refers to a policy that allows women to take time off from work or school during their menstrual cycles. While some companies in India have voluntarily introduced menstrual leave policies, there is no legal provision for it yet. The paper argues that a legal provision for menstrual leave is necessary to ensure that women are not discriminated against in the workplace and have the right to take time off during their menstrual cycles. However, the paper also acknowledges concerns about the implementation of menstrual leave policies and suggests that the policy should be carefully crafted, with proper guidelines for its implementation, to address concerns about its misuse and promote gender neutrality. Ultimately, the paper concludes that implementing a legal provision for menstrual leave in India is crucial for addressing menstrual stigma and promoting gender equality in the workplace and society