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The Paradigm of Fair Trial in Adversarial System: A Legal Discourse
Get PDFThe idea of the rule of law is fundamentally based on the idea of a fair trial, and the ideas of "due process" and "the rule of law" are essential to the defence of human rights. Therefore, the core of every legal system must be a mechanism for the assertion of legal rights and the correction of violations via the course of a fair trial in court, as the law is useless without effective remedies. In criminal proceedings, the fairness of the judicial system is especially important since it guards against violations of human rights. Since the death sentence is an irrevocable punishment, constitutional due process and basic justice demand that the judicial functions of trial and sentencing be carried out with fundamental fairness. This article provides a critical analysis of the right to a fair trial in the adversarial System and highlights the difficulties the Indian criminal justice system faces
A Comparative analysis of Doctrinal and Non-Doctrinal Legal Research
Get PDFLegal research is a systematic process that examines legal principles, statutes, regulations, and cases to gather and interpret information relevant to legal matters. Its role extends beyond established knowledge, aiming to evolve legal principles and enhance the justice system. This article explores legal research’s attributes, methods, and importance in driving positive societal change and justice. Legal research encompasses activities beyond information gathering, enriching legal knowledge through updates, alterations, and introductions. It investigates the relationship between law and society, involving codes, acts, and constitutions. Scientific in nature, legal research involves discovering new facts, verifying old ones, analyzing sequences, exploring interrelationships, offering causal explanations, and developing tools. Its objectives include concept manipulation, hypothesis testing, and promoting justice and equitable governance. Legal research’s significance lies in shaping laws, addressing business challenges, aiding courts, raising legal awareness, guiding practitioners, and improving justice. It explores doctrinal (analyzing legal concepts) and non-doctrinal (empirical) research, both contributing to a holistic understanding of the law’s impact. Doctrinal research relies on sources like statutes, cases, and history, analyzing doctrines, systematizing propositions, and studying institutions. Background reading is vital. It’s normative, establishing legal norms through reasoning. Non-doctrinal research employs empirical insights from various fields to understand law’s real-world functioning, enriching legal analysis
Impact of War on the Environment: A Critical Study of Afghanistan
Get PDFThere is no accurate, reasonable data to record war fatalities regarding the dead and paralyzed combatants and civilians, the devastation of physical property, and the amount of environmental degradation in Afghanistan. Afghanistan fails to consider the environmental challenges as the cost of war. The country cannot disregard this issue. The country passed environmental law after seven years of the interim government. Furthermore, the law does little to deter ecoterrorism and those who endanger the ecosystem in the state. The study considers how war has fuelled catastrophic environmental degradation that has resulted in land contamination, forest destruction, resource looting, and climate change, forcing the mass migration of people within and across borders and creating threats to human health. The Fourth Geneva Convention is a set of international laws the United Nations has already adopted to lessen the environmental damage caused by armed conflict. This law has not, however, stemmed the war’s environmental harm. To provide a better explanation than what is now available and, on its subtext, what the social renovation model needs to bear to stand the test of time and challenges, we would engage in the argument and contextualize it with the research related to the battle against the background in this study. This existing study is employed a doctrinal legal approach in which part of the literature will be reviewed to acquire the necessary data using normative approaches. The current research is limited to environmental degradation caused by armed conflict post-2001
Exploration of CviR-mediated quorum sensing inhibitors from Cladosporium spp. against Chromobacterium violaceum through computational studies
No full textAn opportunistic human pathogenic bacterium, Chromobacterium violaceum resists the potency of most antibiotics by exploiting the quorum sensing system within their community to control virulence factor expression. Therefore, blocking the quorum sensing mechanism could help to treat several infectious caused by this organism. The quorum sensing receptor (CviR) of C. violaceum was used as a model target in the current investigation to identify potentially novel quorum sensing inhibitors from Cladosporium spp. through in silico computational approaches. The molecular docking results confirmed the anti-quorum sensing potential of bioactive compounds from Cladosporium spp. through binding to CviR with varying docking scores between – 5.2 and – 9.5 kcal/mol. Relative to the positive control Azithromycin (– 7.4 kcal/mol), the top six metabolites of Cladosporium spp. had higher docking scores and were generally greater than – 8.5 kcal/mol. The thermodynamic stability and binding affinity refinement of top-ranked CviR inhibitors were further studied through a 160 ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. The Post-MD simulation analysis confirmed the top-ranked compounds' affinity, stability, and biomolecular interactions with CviR at 50 ns, 100 ns, and 160 ns with Coniochaetone K of the Cladosporium spp. having the highest binding free energy (– 30.87 kcal/mol) and best interactions (two consistent hydrogen bond contact) following the 160 ns simulation. The predicted pharmacokinetics properties of top selected compounds point to their drug likeliness, potentiating their chance as a possible drug candidate. Overall, the top-ranked compounds from Cladosporium spp., especially Coniochaetone K, could be identified as potential C. violaceum CviR inhibitors. The development of these compounds as broad-spectrum antibacterial medicines is thus possible in the future following the completion of further preclinical and clinical research. © 2023, Springer Nature Limited
A Constitutional Imperative for Gender Equality and Dignity: A Discourse on Menstrual Leave in India
Get PDFThe concept of menstrual leave is gaining momentum on a global scale as a vital avenue for women to access time off work during their menstruation period. This measure not only recognizes the distinctive physical and emotional challenges that women often encounter during this phase but also seeks to foster a supportive environment that respects their bodily needs. In the Indian context, where the Constitution serves as the cornerstone of the legal system, its provisions resound with the clarion call for gender equality, social justice, and the comprehensive well-being of women. This article delves into the intricate interplay between menstrual leave and the specific articles enshrined in the Indian Constitution, elucidating how this progressive concept seamlessly aligns with the fundamental principles upheld by the Constitution. The tenets of the Indian Constitution inherently emphasize the eradication of gender-based disparities, the establishment of a just society, and the safeguarding of women's rights. This exploration delves into the resonance between menstrual leave and particular articles of the Constitution, shedding light on how this leave policy can be perceived as a tangible stride towards realizing these ideals. By addressing the pragmatic challenges that menstruation poses to women's active participation in the workforce, the implementation of menstrual leave not only mirrors the Constitution's intent but also signifies a significant leap towards gender equity and the preservation of human dignity
Unveiling the silenced suffering of women in afghanistan: a multi-dimensional analysis
Get PDFBased on Islamic teachings, there is no religious justification for denying women and girls their right to education. Islam promotes inclusivity and women’s empowerment through education, while the hijab should not restrict access to education or societal participation. The government must uphold the rights of women and girls, including their right to education, to create an inclusive society. Supporting women’s education aligns with Islamic principles and is crucial for societal progress and development. Educated women contribute to positive change and the well-being of their communities. The state should ensure equal access to education for women and girls, aligning with Islam and fostering a prosperous and inclusive society in Afghanistan
Synthesis, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, ulcerogenic evaluation, and docking study of (benzoylphenoxy)-N-{5-2-methylphenyl-6-chlorobenzoxazole]} acetamides as COX/5-LOX inhibitor
No full textThe COX and 5-LOX inhibitors with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effectiveness and very less gastrointestinal toxicity have been recognized as constructive and sustainable agents for inflammatory treatment. In this approach, a series of titled compounds (10a-j) were developed, synthesized, and evaluated in terms of in-vitro COX and LOX enzyme inhibition followed by analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and the ulcerogenic activity. The anti-inflammatory evaluation was conducted on those compounds 10a-c, 10e, and 10g-10i that displayed potential analgesic activity and later, validated for the ulcerogenic effect of potent anti-inflammatory compounds. The compound 10b with ortho substitution of methyl and para substitution of chloro groups on the phenyl ring and meta substitution of chloro group on benzoyl ring of benzophenone appended to benzoxazole was observed to have good inhibitory potency. Furthermore, Autodock tools docking software was used to carry out the in silico studies. (c) 2022ElsevierB.V. Allrights reserved
Evolution of data science and its education in iSchools: An impressionistic study using curriculum analysis
No full textData Science (DS) has emerged from the shadows of its parents-statistics and computer science-into an independent field since its origin nearly six decades ago. Its evolution and education have taken many sharp turns. We present an impressionistic study of the evolution of DS anchored to Kuhn's four stages of paradigm shifts. First, we construct the landscape of DS based on curriculum analysis of the 32 iSchools across the world offering graduate-level DS programs. Second, we paint the ``field'' as it emerges from the word frequency patterns, ranking, and clustering of course titles based on text mining. Third, we map the curriculum to the landscape of DS and project the same onto the Edison Data Science Framework (2017) and ACM Data Science Knowledge Areas (2021). Our study shows that the DS programs of iSchools align well with the field and correspond to the Knowledge Areas and skillsets. iSchool's DS curriculums exhibit a bias toward ``data visualization'' along with machine learning, data mining, natural language processing, and artificial intelligence; go light on statistics; slanted toward ontologies and health informatics; and surprisingly minimal thrust toward eScience/research data management, which we believe would add a distinctive iSchool flavor to the DS
Synthesis, crystal structure and thermal investigation of molecular salts of (R)-1-phenylethanamine combined with quantum chemical studies
No full textMolecular salts (R)-1-phenylethanaminium oxalate (1), (R)-1-phenylethanaminium 2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrophenolate (2) and (R)-1-phenylethanaminium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (3) were synthesized and characterized by1H, 13C{1H} NMR and FT-IR spectra. The structures of [C8NH12]2+[C2O4]2- (1), [C8NH12]+[C7H3N2O7]− (2)and [C8NH12]+[C7H7SO3]− (3) were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction which belonging to monoclinic, triclinic and orthorhombic crystal systems with the Flack parameter (x) -0.3(8), 0.9(6) and 0.05(10) respectively. The salt 1 forms a three dimensional structure comprising N-H···O hydrogen bonds and C-H···π interactions, while, in 2, strong O-H···O and N-H···O hydrogen bonds along with C-H···O and π···π interactions lead to a three-dimensional architecture, and in 3, the N-H···O hydrogen bonds generate one-dimensional ribbon framework. The qualitative and quantitative confirmation of the presence of various interactions in 1, 2 and 3 were made by Hirshfeld surface analyses. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to know their thermal stability. Density functional theory was performed to outline the optimized structure, the frontier molecular orbitals, reactive parameters, and molecular electrostatic potential. Natural bonding orbitals (NBO) analysis was carried out to study the donor-acceptor atom interactions contributing to the stabilization of the crystal structure. The topology analysis (QTAIM and NCI) gave further insights into understanding the attractive and repulsive types of interactions exhibited by the molecule
Crystal structure of the insecticide ethiprole (C13H9Cl2F3N4OS): a case study of whole-molecule configurational disorder
No full textThe crystal structure of ethiprole {systematic name: 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-ethanesulfinyl-1H-imidazole-3-carbonitrile}, C13H9Cl2F3N4OS, a phenylpyrazole-based insecticide, is presented. The pyrazole ring carries four substituents: an N-bound 2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl ring and C-bound amine, ethanesulfinyl, and cyano groups. The sulfur atom of the ethanesulfinyl group is trigonal–pyramidal and stereogenic. The structure exhibits whole-molecule configurational disorder due to superposition of enantiomers. The crystal packing is dominated by strong N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which form R44(18) and R22(12) ring motifs. Since the ethiprole molecule is quite small, and structure solution and refinement were straightforward, the structure presents a convenient instructional example for modelling whole-body disorder of a non-rigid molecule. To this end, a step-by-step overview of the model-building and refinement process is also given. The structure could form the basis of a useful classroom, practical, or workshop-style example