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The Legal Paradigm of Menstrual Leaves Policy in the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Afghanistan
No full textMost legal regimes have failed to provide paid menstrual leave for women during employment, and this failure is due to several factors. Primarily, “menstruation” is very private. In some societies, it is still a taboo and degrading practice; employed women do not like to discuss it with their employers, mainly (who are men). The present study examines the legal framework and challenges of
menstrual leave in the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Afghanistan. The existing article ponders three specific research questions: Is the menstrual leave a blessing or a curse? Should employ women be entitled to period leave under an Islamic regime? How effective are the legal frameworks
and the regulatory types of laws in the above three states? The study is employed doctrinal legal research in which normative approaches were to evaluate the literature to acquire the required legal propositions. The literature gathered and used in this study will include secondary, primary, and legal documents. This qualitative exploration aims to analyse the national principles on recognising
menstrual policy, which is scarce. This is unlike the situation in Indonesia, Russia and Spain. To cope up with such scarcity, this study mined any type of relevant statutes that the UAE, Kuwait and Afghanistan have enacted and published, including written (manifestos, books, and articles on labour issues. Furthermore, the study is limited to the legal system of the aforementioned states. The study is expected to help women empowerment, create legal awareness, highlight right health in the light of right under the statutory laws
Mapping the Global Climate Milestones: Comparative Analysis of COP-1 to COP-30
Get PDFThe Conference of the Parties (COP) has emerged as a critical forum for global collaboration in addressing climate change, serving as the cornerstone of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the evolution of COP meetings from COP-1 to COP-30, spanning nearly three decades of international climate diplomacy. Beginning with the inaugural session in Berlin, Germany in 1995, each COP meeting has played a vital role in shaping the global response to climate change. Through meticulous evaluation of national communications and emission inventories, COP sessions have provided a platform for assessing the effectiveness of policies and measures adopted by participating nations. This comparative analysis examines key milestones, challenges, and achievements across the COP meetings, shedding light on the evolving priorities, dynamics, and outcomes of international climate negotiations. By tracing the geographical rotation of COP venues and the equitable distribution of COP Presidency among UN regions, this study underscores the commitment to inclusivity and shared responsibility in the fight against climate change. Through this mapping of global climate milestones, the paper offers valuable insights into the trajectory of international climate governance and the prospects for collective action in addressing one of the most pressing challenges of our time
Syntheses, crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses of four molecular salts of amitriptynol
No full textThe syntheses and crystal structures of four salts of amitriptynol (C20H25NO) with different carboxylic acids are described. The salts formed directly from solutions of amitriptyline (which first hydrolysed to amitriptynol) and the corresponding acid in acetonitrile to form amitriptynolium [systematic name: (3-{2-hydroxytricyclo[9.4.0.03,8]pentadeca-1(11),3,5,7,12,14-hexaen-2-yl}propyl)dimethylazanium] 4-methoxybenzoate monohydrate, C20H26NO+·C8H7O3−·H2O, (I), amitriptynolium 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate trihydrate, C20H26NO+·C9H9O4−·3H2O, (II), amitriptynolium 2-chlorobenzoate, C20H26NO+·C7H4ClO2−, (III), and amitriptynolium thiophene-2-carboxylate monohydrate, C20H26NO+·C5H3O2S−·H2O, (IV). Compound (III) crystallizes with two cations, two anions and six water molecules in the asymmetric unit. The different conformations of the amitriptynolium cations are determined by the torsion angles in the dimethylamino-propyl chains and the –CH2–CH2- bridge between the benzene rings in the tricyclic ring system, and are complicated by disorder of the bridging unit in II and III. The packing in all four salts is dominated by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Hirshfeld surface analyses show that the amitriptynolium cations make similar inter-species contacts, despite the distinctly different packing in each salt
The Legal Implications of Disruptive Financial Technologies
Get PDFFinancial technology (FinTech) has rapidly transformed the traditional financial services industry, offering new ways of accessing, managing and investing money. However, with these advancements come various legal challenges that require attention. This paper examines the intersection of FinTech and law, discussing the regulatory challenges and legal implications of disruptive financial technologies. The paper also explores the role of law in shaping the future of FinTech and ensuring compliance in a FinTech-driven economy. Additionally, the paper analyzes the legal frameworks and best practices regarding data privacy and security in FinTech and the emerging legal issues in the use of cryptocurrencies and digital assets. The study concludes that while FinTech provides numerous opportunities for the financial industry, legal considerations must be carefully evaluated to manage the associated risks and ensure sustainable growth.
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Visible light driven photocatalytic and competent antioxidant properties of phyto-fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) from Borreria hispida
No full textZinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have gained considerable interest in biological and photocatalytic applications due to their distinctive physico-chemical characteristics. The study aimed to synthesize ZnO-NPs using the leaf extract of Borreria hispida, a medicinally important plant for its antioxidant and photocatalytic efficacy. The B. hispida mediated ZnO-NPs (Bh-ZnO-NPs) illustrated a characteristic peak at 304 nm with 3.45 eV bandgap energy during the spectral analysis. The Bh-ZnO-NPs XRD studies revealed stiff and narrow peaks with ∼21.87 nm in size. The SEM analysis revealed that the obtained Bh-ZnO-NPs were agglomerated and ZnO elemental purity of 98.23 was confirmed through EDS. The spectral results of Bh-ZnO-NPs obtained by the FT-IR affirmed that phyto-constituents participated in the reduction, capping and stabilization of the particles during the synthesis of nanoparticles. The BET surface area analysis of the Bh-ZnO-NPs confirmed that the particles exhibit a similar Type – IV isotherm curve as per IUPAC classification with 11.681 m2 g-1 and a surface roughness (Ra) value of 6.25 nm. The Bh-ZnO-NPs offered significant (p ≤ 0.05) radical scavenging activity, which was dose-dependent with IC50 value falling between 0.6 to 0.8 mg mL−1 among the evaluated test methods. Methyl red (MR) dye degradation tests employing phyto-fabricated Bh-ZnO-NPs resulted in dye degradation up to 94.22 after 40 min of solar irradiation and the decolorization of MR dye followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. In addition to those mentioned above, the fifth cycle of the photocatalyst's stability and reusability studies showed 84.8 dye degradation ability. The findings demonstrate that the phyto-fabricated ZnO-NPs from B. hispida have potent antioxidant and dye-degrading properties that can be investigated at an industrial scale. © 2023 Elsevier B.V
Arabic text detection: a survey of recent progress challenges and opportunities
No full textThe Arabic language plays a crucial role in the world after becoming the sixth official language of the United Nations (UN). In the last ten years, there has been a rising growth in the number of Arabic texts, which requires algorithmic to be more effective and efficient to represent Arabic Text (AT), detecting patterns, and classifying text into the right class. Many algorithms are available for English text, but it is not the same for Arabic because of the complexity of morphology and diversity of the Arabic dialects. This study provides a survey of research in the field of Arabic Text Detection (ATD) published from 2017 to 2023. In addition, it has been conducted in a two-fold manner. Firstly, we survey based on eleven topics related to ATD. Secondly, we survey based on three stages of ATD namely pre-processing, representation, and detection. We explore all available datasets and open sources related to AT. It is revealed through the reviewed research that there are many topics of still interest to address. Furthermore, based on our observation deep-based methods yield better results only because they comprehend both the context and semantics of the language. However, they are also slower than traditional representations. Thus, hybrid models seem to be a promising way forward. Finally, we highlight new directions and discuss the open challenges and opportunities which assist researchers in identifying future work. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
Alternative approach to access 5‑hydroxy-1H-pyrrol-2-(5H)-ones from base-induced tandem intramolecular cyclization of sulfur ylide with ketones and 1,3-hydroxy rearrangement
No full textAn easily adaptable protocol for the preparation of 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-ones from readily available starting materials has been reported. The reaction of sulfur ylides with carbonyl compounds is a common approach to synthesizing epoxides. Alternatively, we have developed a method with mild reaction conditions wherein sulfur ylide underwent an intramolecular cyclization with a ketonic carbonyl group in a highly efficient way and was followed by 1,3-hydroxy rearrangement to produce 5-
hydroxy-1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-ones in excellent yields. The present method offers a straightforward approach to synthesize 5-hydroxy1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-ones from sulfur ylides without the aid of transition metal in one-pot operation, which involves sequential cyclization and rearrangement reaction. The formation of 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-ones is supported by different spectroscopic techniques, including X-ray crystallographic data and 2D NMR studies (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and DEPT)
Microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization of some aldehyde derivatives of imidazo2,1-b1,3,4thiadiazole: crystal structure insights, in-silico and biological studies
No full textThe microwave-assisted synthesis, crystallographic studies, in-silico docking and the evaluation of in-vitro biological activities of 2-(3,4-dimethoxy)-6-(substituted phenyl)- imidazo2,1-b1,3,4thiadiazole-5-carbaldehydes is represented here. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments were used to identify the crystal structure of the 6-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)imidazo2,1-b1,3,4thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde. Using fingerprint plots, Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to confirm the contributions of distinct intermolecular interactions in the development of the crystal packing. Further, density functional theory calculations were employed to calculate the molecule's electronic properties. The chemically active regions on the molecule are identified by analysing the molecular electrostatic potential map. in-silico studies revealed that the molecules can be effectively used as antibacterial agents by taking the 3q82 receptor with chloramphenicol as a standard. As compared to the chloramphenicol standard, in-vitro tests showed that molecules 4 a, 4 b, 4 c, and 4 f had a zone of inhibition that ranged from 9 to 11 mm against both Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration was between 40 to 70 μg/ml. These compounds′ Hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity was between 40 to 85 %. Whereas, DPPH radical scavenging activity was between 40 and 70 %. Percentage hemolysis or cell protective activity of the compounds was ineffective at 20–40 %. © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH
Development of novel indole and coumarin derivatives as antibacterial agents that target histidine kinase in S. aureus
No full textHeterocyclic compounds can specifically regulate bacterial development by targeting specific bacterial enzymes and metabolic pathways. The ESKAPE pathogens are multidrug-resistant and cause nosocomial infections, which is one of the greatest challenges in clinical practice. The search for novel agents to combat resistant bacteria has become one of the most important areas of antibacterial research today. Heterocyclic compounds offer a valuable strategy in the fight against resistance as they can be designed to interact with bacterial targets that are less prone to developing resistance mechanisms. Bacterial histidine kinases (HKs), which are a component of two-component bacterial systems, are a promising target for new antibacterial compounds. We have designed and synthesized novel indole derivatives as antibacterial agents. Among the series, indole-coumarin (4b) and bisindole (4e) have shown the best inhibitory activity against S. aureus. Further, in silico docking studies show that compounds 4b and 4e could target histidine kinases in bacteria. © 2023 by the authors
Synthesis and crystal structure studies of 5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-one at 180 K
Get PDFThe synthesis and crystal structure of C3HF3N2OS, systematic name 5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-one (5-TMD-2-one), a compound containing the pharmacologically important heterocycle 1,3,4-thiadiazole, is presented. The asymmetric unit comprises six independent molecules (Z′ = 6), all of which are planar. The r.m.s. deviations from each mean plane range from 0.0063 to 0.0381 Å, not including the CF3 fluorine atoms. Within the crystal, two of the molecules form hydrogen-bonded dimers that in turn combine with inversion-related copies to form tetrameric constructs. Similar tetramers, but lacking inversion symmetry, are formed by the remaining four molecules. The tetramers are linked into tape-like motifs by S⋯O and O⋯O close contacts. The environments of each symmetry-independent molecule were compared via a Hirshfeld surface analysis. The most abundant atom–atom contacts are between fluorine atoms, while the strongest result from N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds