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Emerging Legal Paradigm of Disability Laws and Protecting Differently Abled Person in India
Get PDFIndia's commitment to the rights of persons with disabilities, marked by the signing of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) on March 30, 2007, along with eighty-two other nations. A pivotal moment arrived on December 16, 2016, when the Indian Parliament enacted legislation, resolving a decade-long obligation. Facing a void in municipal law on reasonable accommodations and the standard for determining "undue hardship," Indian courts adeptly utilized the CRPD and its ‘travaux préparatoires’ to address this legal vacuum. The judiciary's consistent advocacy for differently-abled individuals is evident, emphasizing the imperative for enhanced protection against discrimination. This article meticulously examines India's legal framework, focusing on its robust measures to safeguard persons with disabilities from diverse forms of discrimination. Employing a doctrinal method with an emancipatory research approach, the study aims to contribute valuable insights into the legal safeguards for individuals with disabilities
Legal implications of Afghanistan's WTO accession on trade and IPR systems
Get PDFThe World Trade Organization (WTO) serves as a pivotal institution in global economic governance, influencing trade policies, regulatory frameworks, and economic development in member states. Afghanistan's accession to the WTO, finalized in 2016, marked a significant milestone in its post-conflict economic recovery and integration into the global trading system. This article examines the impact of Afghanistan's WTO accession on its trade policies and practices, with a specific focus on the changes in the intellectual property rights (IPR) regime. The analysis explores the opportunities and challenges faced by Afghanistan as it navigates the transition from a largely closed economy to a more liberalized, rules-based trading system. The study also discusses the implications of WTO-induced reforms on domestic industries, the legal framework surrounding IPR, and the broader socio- economic context within Afghanistan. Through a combination of qualitative analysis and policy review, this article provides a comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic and institutional shifts that Afghanistan has experienced post-accession, and the role of IPR in fostering innovation, investment, and sustainable development
Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, DFT and molecular docking studies of ethyl 5-amino-2-bromoisonicotinate
No full textIn the title compound, C8H9BrN2O2, the C—O—C—C torsion angle between isonicotine and the ethyl group is 180.0 (2)°. Intramolecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O interactions consolidate the molecular structure. In the crystal, N—H⋯N interaction form S(5) zigzag chains along [010]. The most significant contributions to the Hirshfeld surface arise from H⋯H (33.2%), Br⋯H/H⋯Br (20.9%), O⋯H/H⋯O (11.2%), C⋯H/H⋯C (11.1%) and N⋯H/H⋯N (10%) contacts. The topology of the three-dimensional energy frameworks was generated using the B3LYP/6–31 G(d,p) model to calculate the total interaction energy. The net interaction energies for the title compound are Eele = 59.2 kJ mol−1, Epol = 15.5 kJ mol−1, Edis = 140.3 kJ mol−1 and Erep = 107.2 kJ mol−1 with a total interaction energy Etot of 128.8 kJ mol−1. The molecular structure was optimized by density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) level and the theoretical and experimentally obtained parameters were compared. The frontier molecular orbitals HOMO and LUMO were generated, giving an energy gap ΔE of 4.0931 eV. The MEP was generated to identify active sites in the molecule and molecular docking studies carried out with the title compound (ligand) and the covid-19 main protease PDB ID: 6LU7, revealing a moderate binding affinity of −5.4 kcal mol−1
A Convergent approach to International Investment and Intellectual Property Laws
Get PDFThis paper aims at examining the international investment in the regime of intellectual property laws, further it tries to dive into the intricate connection between the two. The acceleration in the Globalization has led to shaping of new technologies in the society. The connection between the International Investment and the Intellectual Property is increasing and in turn leading to interdependency on one another. This has ultimately become so complex that an intervention on solving the situation is the need of the hour. Hence this paper aims to explore the potential options available in resolving the conflicts that arise when harmonizing the international investment in the field of intellectual property and how the nations today can adopt measures to find better opportunities through a convergent approach
Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl 4-nitrobenzenesulfonate at 90 K
No full textThis study presents the synthesis, crystal structure, and a Hirshfeld-surface analysis of the bioactive compound 5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl 4-nitrobenzene-sulfonate(C10H9N3O5S), a pyrazole derivative with pharmacological potential. Pyrazoles are known for diverse bioactivities, and recent research emphasizes their role as a ‘privileged structure’ in drug design. Here, the asymmetric unit of the title compound contains two distinct molecules, A and B, exhibiting differences in conformation resulting from variation in key torsion angles. These distinctions influence the molecular orientation and intermolecular interactions, with strong N—H· · ·N and N—H· · ·O hydrogen bonds forming a centrosymmetric tetramer stabilized by π–π stacking. Hirshfeld surface analysis readily confirms differing intermolecular contacts for A and B, primarily involving hydrogen atoms and differences in their close contacts to nitrogen and oxygen. This study offers further insight into the molecular architecture and potential interactions of pyrazole-based drug candidates. © 2024 International Union of Crystallography
Ab initio Investigation of quasi-one-dimensional ternary chalcogenides Sr2ZnX3 (X = S, Se, Te) for efficient photovoltaic and thermoelectric applications
No full textThe quest for sustainable and renewable energy sources has become a vital global mission. Transition metal chalcogenide materials have garnered significant attention due to their unique low-dimensional physical properties. In this work, we explore the impact of ionic radius in modulating the physical properties of ternary chalcogenides by calculating structural, electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of Sr2ZnX3 (X = S, Se, Te) materials using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) as implemented in the WIEN2k program. To evaluate the effect of ionic radius, two novel semiconductors Sr2ZnSe3 and Sr2ZnTe3, were constructed using similar isostructural material Sr2ZnS3. Further optimized structure reveals that the corner-sharing ZnX4 tetrahedra extended along the b-axis confirms the quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) nature of Sr2ZnX3 materials. Band structure analysis revealed a wide direct bandgap nature with the values of Sr2ZnS3 (3.4 eV), Sr2ZnSe3 (2.8 eV) and Sr2ZnTe3 (1.75 eV), respectively. The lower effective mass of electrons and holes suggests higher carrier mobility and charge recombination rates, vital for photovoltaic applications. The optical properties of the materials are studied in the energy range of 0–10 eV (IR–Vis–UV region). We found that Sr2ZnTe3 material exhibits higher values of dielectric function, absorption coefficient (α≈ 106 cm−1), refractive index, and lower reflectivity, which indicates its suitability for photovoltaic application. Thermoelectric properties are crucial for assessing material utility in thermoelectric applications, and the study revealed substantial values of the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, figure of merit (ZT) greater than 2, power factor, and lower electronic thermal conductivity. The studied properties signify Sr2ZnX3 materials as potential candidates for light-emitting semiconductors and thermoelectric applications
The synthesis, crystal structure and spectroscopic analysis of (E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)prop-2-en-1-one
Get PDFThe synthesis, crystal structure and spectroscopic analysis of (E)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (C17H13ClO3), a substituted chalcone, are described. The overall geometry of the molecule is largely planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.1742 Å), but slightly kinked, leading to a dihedral angle between the planes of the benzene rings at either side of the molecule of 8.31 (9)°. In the crystal, only weak interactions determine the packing motifs. These include C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and π–π overlap of aromatic rings
Spatial and temporal requirement of Mlp60A isoforms during muscle development and function in Drosophila melanogaster
No full textMany myofibrillar proteins undergo isoform switching in a spatio-temporal manner during muscle development. The biological significance of the variants of several of these myofibrillar proteins remains elusive. One such myofibrillar protein, the Muscle LIM Protein (MLP), is a vital component of the Z-discs. In this paper, we show that one of the Drosophila MLP encoding genes, Mlp60A, gives rise to two isoforms: a short (279 bp, 10 kDa) and a long (1461 bp, 54 kDa) one. The short isoform is expressed throughout development, but the long isoform is adult-specific, being the dominant of the two isoforms in the indirect flight muscles (IFMs). A concomitant, muscle-specific knockdown of both isoforms leads to partial developmental lethality, with most of the surviving flies being flight defective. A global loss of both isoforms in a Mlp60A-null background also leads to developmental lethality, with muscle defects in the individuals that survive to the third instar larval stage. This lethality could be rescued partially by a muscle-specific overexpression of the short isoform. Genetic perturbation of only the long isoform, through a P-element insertion in the long isoform-specific coding sequence, leads to defective flight, in around 90% of the flies. This phenotype was completely rescued when the P-element insertion was precisely excised from the locus. Hence, our data show that the two Mlp60A isoforms are functionally specialized: the short isoform being essential for normal embryonic muscle development and the long isoform being necessary for normal adult flight muscle function
A Tale of Two Tax Systems: A Comparative Analysis of General Anti-Avoidance Rules Provisions in India and Australia
Get PDFGeneral Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR) is designed to curb tax evasion through legal loopholes, is explored in depth, shedding light on both jurisdictions' statutory intricacies and judicial decisions. While the overarching goals of GAAR align in both countries, notable disparities exist in their scope and application. In India, GAAR provisions extend to all arrangements, whereas in Australia, their application is limited to schemes. Notably, the Indian GAAR mandates a lack of commercial substance for the arrangement, a requirement absent in the Australian provisions. This paper examines a comprehensive comparative study of General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR) in India and Australia, examining the legislative frameworks and judicial interpretations governing these provisions. The paper also scrutinizes judicial interpretations, revealing a more restrictive approach adopted by Indian courts in contrast to the comparatively liberal stance embraced by Australian counterparts. Drawing on the comparative analysis, the paper emphasizes the necessity of a nuanced, case-specific approach to the application of GAAR provisions, recognizing the distinct facts and circumstances of each situation. This paper contributes to a more profound understanding of the multifaceted nature of anti-avoidance principles in these jurisdictions by dissecting the divergences and convergences in India and Australia's statutory frameworks and judicial attitudes
Exploring the Multi-Dimensional Role of the United Nations in Afghanistan
Get PDFThis paper examines the role of the United Nations (UN) in humanitarian intervention in Afghanistan. The UN has played a significant role in addressing the humanitarian needs of the Afghan people, particularly in the aftermath of the Taliban regime and during times of conflict. The paper provides an overview of the key humanitarian challenges faced by the Afghan people and the efforts of the UN to address them. It analyzes the effectiveness of the UN’s humanitarian interventions, including its coordination with other international actors and local stakeholders. The paper also discusses the legal and ethical considerations surrounding humanitarian intervention in Afghanistan and the role of the UN in upholding human rights and promoting sustainable development. Overall, the paper argues that the UN has an important role to play in supporting humanitarian efforts in Afghanistan and that greater collaboration and coordination among stakeholders is essential for achieving lasting peace and stability in the country