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Reverse knowledge transfer in knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) in Malaysia and the effects on foreign subsidiary performance / Md Khaled Shukran
No full textRecent contributions have emphasized the significance of international knowledge transfer in providing a critical source of competitive advantage for multinational corporations. However, because parent organizations have long been thought to be the primary source of knowledge, most research has concentrated on knowledge transfer between headquarters and subsidiaries. Subsidiaries' roles within MNEs have altered considerably over time; many subsidiaries have formed a critical part by creating new resources based on their operational location's comparative advantage and contributing to the MNE's competence development via reverse knowledge transfer process. Based on the available literature, this research identifies substantial gaps in our understanding of the drivers affecting subsidiary knowledge development and reverse knowledge transfer (RKT) in the service industry. Additionally, the discovered difference in the effect of RKT on subsidiary performance is significant. This study aims to determine the impact of RKT on subsidiary performance in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS). This study discovered that various factors, including external embeddedness, subsidiary autonomy, and internal socialization mechanisms, contribute to developing subsidiary knowledge through association with external network partners (e.g., suppliers, consumers, and competitors) and internal socialization mechanisms. The current research indicates significant gaps in our understanding of the factors influencing subsidiary knowledge development, RKT, and performance in Malaysian foreign subsidiaries. The KIBS industry allows MNEs to integrate their intangible assets, such as know-how, technology, and expanded product development. These intangible assets may become critical to management or product development success. Nonetheless, this research provided a framework for external and internal linkages based on RBV and business network theory. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) examines data from an original survey (e.g., online and face-to-face meetings) with a sample of 234. The survey gathered responses from Malaysian General Managers (GM) and Senior Subsidiary Managers. Theoretical and practical evidence indicate that the consequences and ramifications will vary according to the subsidiaries' ability to develop new knowledge, outperform competitors, and contribute to the MNE's knowledge base. The findings highlighted the critical nature of continuously examining various relationship forms. It investigates how subsidiaries are embedded on external and internal frontiers and the factors influencing strategic development, providing new insight into the study's significant future directions.
The crucial contributions identify external and internal relationship characteristics as the fundamental facilitators of RKT and subsidiarity performance. The data indicate that while internal socialization mechanism significantly affects subsidiary headquarters' embeddedness, it does not affect RKT. Similarly, embedded subsidiaries in their parent company assist in developing subsidiary knowledge but have no impact on RKT.
Furthermore, this research makes two contributions: first, it studies RKT and development processes in the KIBS sector. Second, despite the favorable conclusion of future research studying these parameters, the combined influence of RKT on subsidiary performance would need to be explored to see how the headquarters-level response differs from the subsidiary-level response
The application of ‘Iddah maintenance at the Singapore Syariah court: An analysis from legal perspectives / Siti Zunairah Abdul Malee
No full textSince its establishment, the Singapore Syariah Court has taken several initiatives to ensure the welfare of the divorcing parties. The initiatives touch on both administrative and judicial functions of the Court, including adopting various approaches to enhance its decisions on ancillary matters. Nevertheless, a claim in 2009 contradicted the Court‟s efforts to ensure the welfare of divorcing parties. The Court has has not been consistent in awarding financial compensation beyond three (3) months in addition to the ‘iddah maintenance, notwithstanding that such award is provided in the legal provision on ‘iddah maintenance in the Administration of Muslim Law Act (AMLA). Hence, this study aims to examine the application of various aspects of ‘iddah maintenance in Court based on the relevant AMLA provisions, and evaluate the Court‟s approach in such application, including whether such approach has been in line with the legislative intent in ensuring the welfare of the divorcing parties. The research data is gathered through documentation and semi-structured interview. The data gathered via documentation is analysed using the content and inductive analysis, and the interview data is analysed using the thematic analysis method. As a result, this research lays down the AMLA provisions on ‘iddah maintenance, the legislative intent behind such provisions, and the default and discretionary application of ‘iddah maintenance. Further, this research discovers six (6) approaches adopted by the Court in its whole application of ‘iddah maintenance, which are found in line with the legislative intent behind the legal provisions of ‘iddah maintenance
The modern anti-hadith movements in Pakistan: A study on perception of Muslim youth in Punjab-Pakistan / Anam Bashir
No full textAnti-Hadith Movement also known as the Quranists movement in Pakistan led by some modern Muslim scholars particularly Ghulam Ahmed Pervez and Javed Ahmed Ghamidi. This movement proposed confusing ideologies and propagating misconceptions about the status of Hadith in Islam. This movement reflects Muslim youngsters, especially those who believe in independent thinking and modernization of Islam. Therefore, this study examines the understanding of the public towards the Anti-Hadith Movement in Pakistan particularly the perception of Muslim youth towards their deviations, objectives, and strategies. The quantitative research of survey has been applied in this study of which 197 students living in Punjab Pakistan are chosen as sample of respondents. The study found that the understanding of Muslim youth in Punjab regarding the ideologies of anti-hadith movements at a moderately low level. Their perceptions and attitudes towards the anti-hadith movements and their awareness on basic sources of Islam at a moderately high level. The study revealed that the main factor of shaping this perception is the absence of Islamic education among Muslim youth of Pakistan and the excessive impact of social media as a platform of propagation of anti-Hadith ideas. As a result, a significant number of Pakistani youths in Punjab are unable to comprehend the fundamental teachings of Islam. Therefore, they are in danger of being influenced by anti-Hadith movements
Aplikasi wa’d dan tawarruq dalam SWAP: Analisis dari perspektif fiqh / Laila Aiman Zakaria
No full textWa’d dan tawarruq merupakan instrumen yang digunakan secara meluas dalam penstrukturan produk kewangan Islam. Tujuan pemakaian wa’d adalah sebagai alat pengurusan risiko manakala pemakaian tawarruq pula adalah sebagai alat pengurusan kecairan dan juga risiko. Kedua-duanya merupakan instrumen versatil yang dapat diimplementasi dan disesuaikan dalam mana-mana produk kewangan seperti produk pembiayaan, pelaburan dan lindung nilai. Wa’d dan tawarruq juga merupakan kunci utama yang membolehkan penstrukturan produk lindung nilai yang patuh Syariah khususnya swap. Swap merupakan instrumen lindung nilai di mana dua pihak saling bertukar aliran tunai daripada dua instrumen kewangan yang berbeza. Ciri swap yang fleksibel dan diniagakan secara atas kaunter membolehkan pihak berkontrak menggunakan pendekatan yang tersendiri dalam rundingan pemeteraian kontrak. Statistik urus niaga kontrak derivatif menunjukkan bahawa jumlah urus niaga swap lebih tinggi berbanding kontrak lain. Walau bagaimanapun, isu Syariah yang jelas wujud dalam instrumen konvensional telah menutup perbincangan berhubung keabsahannya di sisi Syariah. Keperluan terhadap instrumen lindung nilai yang dianggap patuh Syariah serta penawarannya yang terhad di pasaran mendorong kepada penstrukturan swap Islamik yang berasaskan wa’d dan tawarruq. Prinsip wa’d dan kontrak tawarruq merupakan instrumen yang banyak dibahaskan oleh para sarjana berhubung kaedah pemakaiannya dalam produk kewangan semasa. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini dilakukan bagi melihat kaedah aplikasi wa’d dan tawarruq dalam swap serta menilai sejauhmana aplikasinya selari dengan prinsip Syariah. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Data dikumpul melalui kaedah kepustakaan dan temu bual pakar, manakala analisis data dilakukan dengan kaedah tematik dan deduktif bagi mencapai kesimpulan hukum. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa aplikasi wa’d dan tawarruq secara umumnya diharuskan. Namun begitu, terdapat isu berbangkit berhubung kaedah pemakaiannya dalam produk kewangan semasa khususnya swap. Kedua-duanya dikaitkan dengan helah yang diharamkan. Ini kerana swap secara asasnya adalah instrumen yang tidak mempunyai pendasar sebaliknya nilai disandarkan pada pergerakan harga. Selain itu, isu tuntutan kerugian bagi kemungkiran wa’d merupakan isu yang memerlukan kepada kajian yang lebih mendalam dengan melihat pada institusi tertentu sebagai rujukan bagi menilai kaedah penetapan amaun kerugian sebenar
Sumbangan Muhammad Abdel Haleem dalam pengajian tafsir al-Quran: Kajian terhadap karya Exploring The Qur’an: Context and Impact / Raden Qurratu‘Aini Muhammad Mun‘Im
No full textSalah tafsir teks al-Quran adalah antara isu penting yang dibincangkan dalam pengajian tafsir al-Quran. Sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman yang turut menyaksikan kompleksnya taakulan manusia, rekonstruksi pemahaman al-Quran berlangsung khususnya dalam bidang pentafsiran al-Quran yang dipengaruhi oleh ideologi tertentu dan mengutamakan pertimbangan akal semata-mata akibat meninggalkan peranan wahyu itu sendiri. Kajian ini dikemukakan bertujuan untuk mengedepankan penghujahan Muhammad Abdel Haleem bagi menjawab sebilangan salah tafsir ayat al-Quran oleh segelintir pihak seperti Orientalis dan ahli akademik Barat. Kewajaran kajian ini signifikan apabila hasrat Barat dalam mengadukkan kebenaran dan kebatilan dalam urusan agama Islam dapat dilihat melalui wacana pentafsiran al-Quran sehingga wujudnya salah faham daripada salah tafsir teks al-Quran itu sendiri. Justeru, Muhammad Abdel Haleem sebagai salah seorang ilmuwan Islam dari dunia Barat tampil melawan ancaman dan pengaruh yang berbentuk penyelewengan terhadap tafsiran teks al-Quran. Maka, pengkaji menganalisis karya beliau berjudul Exploring the Qur’an: Context and Impact tampil dengan hujahan-hujahan ampuh tersebut dengan menggunakan kaedah pengumpulan data merangkumi penentuan subjek, penyelidikan perpustakaan, metode dokumentasi dan metode historis, serta menggunakan kaedah menganalisis data meliputi metode induktif, deduktif, komparatif dan analisis teks. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan bahawa penghujahan Muhammad Abdel Haleem dalam menjawab salah tafsir ayat al-Quran adalah cenderung menerusi pemahaman nas al-Quran melalui hujah akal (logik), sumber ilmu bahasa dan latar belakang sejarah
A trust model anomaly detection of RPL attacks in WSN-based IOT / Zainab Ebrahim Qamber Ghuloom Abdulla Alansari
No full textWireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have gained significant attention in academic and industrial research due to their scalability, flexibility, and ease of deployment. WSN comprises sensor nodes that use the Internet of Things (IoT) to exchange sensor data from various sectors such as healthcare, transportation, and agriculture. Protecting sensor data from attacks is essential as they play a crucial role in forecasting, cost reduction, quality assurance, or predictive maintenance. Routing protocols transmit vast amounts of data between WSN and the IoT gateway, but they are vulnerable. RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) is one of the routing protocols for wireless networks with lower energy, which is resource-constrained and provides energy-efficient routing. RPL is more effective than other routing protocols because of its self-organizing and self-healing features. Due to the potential impact on the device's performance with limited resources, RPL's optional security features only prevent external attacks; however, internal attacks resist newer protections such as data encryption and spam detection. Existing internal attack detection techniques reduce network lifetime by consuming significant resources through message overhead, computation, and communication. Furthermore, earlier research ignored mobility nodes and used additional hardware, which increased computational costs. Considering the security problems with RPL, this thesis presents a novel lightweight system for anomaly detection of five internal routing attacks: grayhole, blackhole, selective forwarding, DIS flooding, and wormhole attacks. The study aims to utilize a trust model in RPL protocol to increase network performance and lifetime while attaining high detection accuracy. In addition, this study introduces forgiveness and punishment sublayers to prevent mistakenly labeling normal nodes as attackers. The proposed system, RPL Anomaly Detection of Five Internal Attacks (RPLAD5), includes four layers: information gathering, trust calculation, decision making, and backup and restore. RPLAD5 starts operating immediately after the initial state of the network. The information gathering layer collects neighbouring node data for the trust calculation layer. Layer two utilizes the node's positive and negative behavior to calculate the trust for control and data packets. Layer three uses the results to determine if the node is malicious. Finally, nodes in layer 4 send a backup message to the root to identify malicious nodes and alert the network. All sensor nodes are emulated in RPLAD5 using TmoteSky and a trust model to protect the RPL protocol from internal attacks in a dynamic distributed network. Various experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of adaptivity, scalability, accuracy, and mobility of RPLAD5 using different threshold values, network sizes, densities, error probabilities, and the rate of attackers. RPLAD5 defeats mobile attackers, mobile victims, or static frameworks as per the results of the comparative analysis. Each experiment undertakes different scenarios with an average of ten runs to obtain the most accurate values using the Cooja/Contiki OS. The evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed system consistently achieves energy and power consumption levels below 1 in most experiments. The PDR and TPR values are close to 1, indicating the system’s high accuracy. The FPR is nearly 0, surpassing both the standard RPL protocol and similar studies
Green disposal practice intention among millennial households: A study of Perak / Dhanabalan Sandra Segaran
No full textMalaysia’s waste generation has drastically increased due to rapid urbanisation caused by economic and population growth. Besides, the increased generation of municipal waste by households in Malaysia has exhausted landfills well before their maturity period. This study seeks to identify the factors that could motivate millennial households to engage in green disposal practices. Using an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour, this study incorporates institutional motivations (IM), green disposal technology (GDT) and disposal awareness (DA) as predictors that may influence the intention of millennials to adopt green disposal practices. In addition, the study examines the perceived behavioural control (PBC) capacity to strengthen the interaction between attitude (ATT) and subjective norms (SN) towards intention. Also, the study evaluates the indirect influence of IM using positive ATT and green disposal technology through PBC. Using a sample of 671 responses collected from Perak’s urban and rural millennial households, the study deploys the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to test fourteen hypotheses: one, ATT positively influencing intention; two, SN positively influencing intention; three, PBC positively influencing intention; four, PBC moderating the relationship between ATT and intention; five, PBC moderating the relationship between SN and intention; six, DA positively influencing intention; seven, IM positively influencing intention; eight, formal institutions positively influencing intention; nine, informal institutions positively influencing intention; ten, IM indirectly influencing intention via positive ATT; eleven, GDT positively influencing intention; twelve, reverse vending machine positively influencing intention; thirteen, mobile application positively influencing intention; and finally, fourteen, IM indirectly influencing intention via PBC. The results support all the hypotheses with the expected signs, except for formal institutions and mobile application support. Also, all supported hypotheses are statistically highly significant, suggesting that it is highly possible to change millennials’ intention towards adopting green disposal practices. Furthermore, PBC had the highest coefficient value, demonstrating its strong ability to motivate millennials to participate in green disposal activities. However, PBC showed a negative moderating effect on the relationship between ATT and SN. Thus, the moderating impact of PBC significantly strengthened the interactions of ATT x PBC and SN x PBC on intention when PBC was at a low level. Additionally, the total effect coefficient value (combination of direct and indirect effects) of green disposal technology and institutional motivations also had a highly significant impact on improving green disposal practices. Moreover, the total effect of mediation of institutional motivations through the influence of positive ATT and green disposal technology through the influence of PBC showed a more comprehensive impact on millennials’ intention than their direct or indirect impact. Therefore, the overall findings of the thesis lead to the conclusion that PBC (convenience and skills), institutional motivations, green disposal technology, and awareness about improper disposal are capable of changing millennials’ behaviour to participate in green disposal activities. Such a shift in millennials’ behaviour can potentially prevent more than 35% of recoverable municipal waste from landing in landfills
Rhodamine B schiff base colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensors for the detection of Cu2+, Al3+ AND Co2+: synthesis, mechanism and application / Chan Wei Chuen
No full textEssential trace elements such as metal ions play an important role in biological system
and are fundamental to the health of living organisms. However, overload of these
elements may cause several diseases. Metal pollution has been a regular environmental
concern for human and the whole ecosystem. The traditional approaches for tracing these
metal ions, however are hampered by certain drawbacks which make it impractical and
inconvenient for real-time on-site detection. Hence, an alternative method (chemosensor)
is highly sought after. Four new rhodamine Schiff base chemosensors were synthesized
through the condensation reaction of rhodamine B hydrazide with 2,3,4-
trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, (3-formyl-4-
hydroxybenzyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride and 4-propoxybenzaldehyde to form
sensors R234, R34, RTPP, R4P respectively. Structure of these four chemosensors were
elucidated using spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS and X-ray
crystallography. Performances (sensitivity, selectivity and reversibility) of the
synthesized sensors were analyzed using UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The
results indicated that sensor R234 was able to selectively detect Co2+ and Cu2+; whereas
sensor R34, RTPP and R4P were able to selectively detect Al3+ and Cu2+. High
association constant (Ka > 103) and low limit of detection even to nano-molar level (LOD
of R34 to Al3+ = 5.63 nM) indicate the good sensitivity of the synthesized sensors toward
the targeted metal ions. Reusability of the sensors studied through utilization of EDTA,
showed that most of the sensor-metal complexes were showing reversible interaction except for R234-Co2+ and RTPP-Al3+. Binding mode of sensors with metal ions were
investigated through Job’s plot, IR, 1H NMR and MS. The results corroborate that the
complexation with metal ions is through the oxygen and nitrogen atom of the amide
carbonyl which led to the opening of the spirolactam ring. The findings from Job’s plot
showed that the four synthesized sensors were bonded to their target metal ions in
different binding stoichiometry (1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 2:1 sensor:metal). Application of
sensors were evaluated using spike-and-recovery water sample analysis where all the four
sensors demonstrated the ability to detect target metal ions in the two selected water
samples, tap water and natural mineral water with recovery range of 80-120%. Other than
that, fluorescence bio-imaging studies showed that RTPP, can be successfully uptaken
by HCT116 cell lines and behaved as an acidic pH indicator in the cell. Taken togehter,
we have successfully synthesized four new rhodamine Schiff base “OFF-ON”
colorimetric and fluorometric chemosensors that support rapid real-time “naked-eye”
detection of metal ions. The ease of synthesis and portability of these ligands suggest the
potential application as an on-site test kit for Al3+, Co2+ and Cu2+
Ecology and conservation of the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) in the Pamir Mountain Range, Central Asia / Jaffar Ud Din
No full textThe snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is a vulnerable umbrella species that thrives in the mountains of Central and Southeast Asia. Its population is declining globally due to both conventional and emerging threats. Despite the iconic status of the species and the enormous importance of its ecosystems, knowledge gaps in relation to species ecology and management are widely acknowledged. This study investigated snow leopard ecology in the transborder region of the Pamir and recognized conservation measures based on the knowledge gained on snow leopard ecology, conflicts with humans, and the economic potentials of the ecosystem services. Sign-based site occupancy surveys conducted from 2010-2012 across a 2,725 km² area confirmed the presence of snow leopards across the Pamir-Karakoram mountains. Occupancy was the highest in Khunjerab National Park (ψ = 0.57 ± 0.03) followed by Qurumbar National Park (ψ = 0.46 ± 0.05), the Misgar-Chipursan valleys (ψ = 0.42 ± 0.03), and Broghil National Park (ψ = 0.35 ± 0.04). The presence of predators, such as snow leopards, means inevitable conflicts with the pastoralist communities. The questionnaire surveys of 182 agropastoral households conducted in 2013 revealed an explicit seasonal and spatial variation in livestock depredation in the transborder region. Predation incidences were higher in the evening, and sheep and goats accounted for 92% of offtake. Overall, 315 heads of livestock were reportedly killed by snow leopards (47%) and wolves (53%) in the study sites, per year. This serious livestock loss was further aggregated by the disease-caused mortality, which was even imparted two-fold damage of the predation. The collective economic burden of predation and diseases was US543 per household per year, which explains the low public tolerance for predators in the region. The low public acceptance of the predators triggered poaching and facilitated trade in snow leopards. An investigation of the dynamics of poaching and trade in snow leopards in Pakistan revealed that a total of 101 snow leopards were killed and traded during 2005–2017. Reported poaching incidents varied spatially (x̅ = 9 ± 2.6 [95% Cl: 3–15]) and temporally (x̅ =7.8 ± 1.09) and accounted for a 2–4% annual population loss (n = 200–420) over 13 years. The average base and end prices for each pelt were US 245 ± 36 and US 4.6 million and US 5955 and US$ 8912 per household per year. The findings of this study underpin improved management of protected areas to ensure the protection of wildlife in the study sites. Moreover, tangible conservation measures to offset predator-induced economic losses and the development of a multi-stakeholder coordination mechanism to curb poaching and trade in wildlife are essential. The worth of the ecosystem services should also be considered in future planning and investments in these landscapes
Unification of Hijri calendar from the perspective of Islamic astronomers in Malaysia / Esma Dagtekin
No full textThe Hijri calendar holds great importance in determining religious practices like fasting, pilgrimage, and festivals for Muslims. However, various methods and criteria are used to determine the start of the new Hijri months, leading to different countries observing these events on different days. This has caused issues and hindered unity among Islamic nations. Efforts have been made to address this problem through international conferences to establish universal criteria for the Hijri calendar. Despite the decisions made in these conferences, these decisions were not implemented globally and many countries still follow their own methods. This study aims to investigate the perspectives of Islamic astronomers in Malaysia regarding the unification of the Hijri calendar and the conferences held in Türkiye to achieve this goal. The study involves library research and semi-structured interviews for data collection, with thematic analysis and both inductive and deductive analysis used for data analysis. There is a diverse range of viewpoints from scholars on the unification of the Hijri calendar. Some scholars support calendar unity, citing global interconnectedness and a unified Muslim community, while others question its necessity due to flexibility in Islamic teachings and different fiqh justifications. Perspectives on the Istanbul conferences vary, with some backing the decisions made and others critiquing the criteria or Türkiye’s approach. The study hopes to contribute to the ongoing discussion on unifying the Hijri calendar and ensuring its global consistency