13474 research outputs found
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Optimization of chemotherapy using metaheuristic optimization algorithms / Prakas Gopal Samy
No full textThis research undertakes a comprehensive exploration aimed at optimizing cancer therapy by integrating mathematical modelling and advanced optimization methodologies. The central focus revolves around the dual objective of minimizing tumour cell populations while optimizing chemotherapy administration to ensure healthy effector-immune cell levels. Anchored in mathematical modelling using ordinary differential equations (ODE), the study culminates in a Multi-Objective Optimal Control Problem (MOCP), categorizing into Pure MOCP (P-MOCP) and Hybrid MOCP (H-MOCP). The realization of this objective is steered by two distinct methodologies: the Method for Pure Multi-Objective Optimal Control (PMM) and the Hybrid Method (HM). Leveraging state-of-the-art Multi-Objective Optimization algorithms, the research delves into the intricate dynamics of tumour and effector cell interactions within the context of chemotherapy. The study harnesses MATLAB's ode45 solver, tailored for solving ODE. Utilizing robust Runge-Kutta methods, the solver adeptly navigates the complexities of the ODE model, particularly useful when analytical solutions are challenging to obtain. Advancing multi-objective optimization techniques for cancer treatment strategies, the study strategically incorporates Swarm Intelligence (SI) and Evolutionary Algorithms (EA). Diverging in constraints handling and Pontryagin Maximum Principle (PMP) application, the PMM and HM methodologies are evaluated through the lens of SI and EA, and their outcomes are visualized via the Pareto Optimal Front (PF). Over the simulation period, consistent trends of tumour population reduction and optimized drug administration reaffirm the methodologies' inherent effectiveness. The evaluation process employs the Hypervolume (HV) indicator and Inverted Generational Distance (IGD) to scrutinize solution efficacy and coverage. The HM emerges as a dominant strategy, driven by the Multi-Objective Differential Evolution (MODE) algorithm under literature-based control parameter settings for the mathematical model. This methodology efficiently positions solutions on the PF with minimal distances from the origin, signifying optimality. To comprehend the intricate dynamics of cancer and effector cells under chemotherapy's influence, the study undertakes equilibrium point stability analysis through the Jacobian matrix and eigenvalues. Stability and bifurcation analyses illuminate the model's responsiveness to varying control parameters. Empirical validation and performance assessment are conducted through rigorous benchmarking simulations on the PlatEMO platform, covering ten algorithms. The Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimizer (MOPSO) demonstrates superior performance in the HM, while the Modified Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimizer (M-MOPSO) excels within the PMM, highlighting its crucial role in optimizing cancer therapy with enhanced control parameters. The conclusion drawn from these analyses, spanning key metrics such as runtime, IGD, and HV, and utilizing the methodologies employed in this study, establishes the superior performance of HM in the first phase, whereas in the second phase, PMM emerges as the more effective approach. This finding underscores the HM's and PMM’s potential to revolutionize chemotherapy strategies, offering a promising avenue for advancing cancer therapy while mitigating adverse effects on healthy cell populations. Beyond demonstrating transformative potential, the research accentuates innovative methodologies' ability to shape the future of cancer treatment, instilling optimism in patients and healthcare professionals alike
Microstructural characteristics and mechanical performance of Bi-Sb-Ni added Sn 3.0Ag-0.5Cu multicomponent lead-free solder alloy / Zhou Ding
No full textSn-Ag-Cu (SAC) alloys have been identified as promising replacements for standard 63Sn-37Pb eutectic solder after the restriction in legislation of lead (Pb) in electronics has been actively pursued. However, the reliability of Pb-free solders, used in harsh conditions such as in automotive, is still a serious concern. Simultaneous additions of multiple alloying elements to conventional SAC based solders have recently been investigated to improve their reliability.
The present study contains two parts. In the first part of the study, the effects of isothermal aging on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated for Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) and a SAC305 based alloy with simultaneously addition Bi, Sb and Ni added (noted as solder M with composition of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-3.2Bi-2.95Sb-0.037Ni). The solder alloys were thermally aged at 125℃ for up to 1008 hours. Subsequently, tensile tests under different strain rates and creep tests at various applied tensile stresses for up to 5x104 s were conducted. In addition, microhardness tests of thermally aged solder alloys after creep tests were studied, the changes of hardness from fracture tips to clamping side were discussed. The findings showed that aging time led to the global increase of grain size significantly. The average grain diameter of as-received solder M was 2.5 times smaller than SAC305. After 1008h aging at 125℃, the increase of grain diameter of solder M was also lesser than SAC305. Overall, the addition of Bi, Sb, and Ni improved microstructural refinement, suppressed the grain growth of solder M, and reduced the grain growth rate in comparison with SAC305. Tensile tests showed that the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the solder M was higher than SAC305 during 125℃ aging. In addition, thermal aging resulted in a decreased creep rate for solder M, but the opposite performance of SAC305 was found. Different performances of two aged solder alloys revealed that Sb and Ni increased the mechanical strength of SAC305 by forming intermetallic phases, while Bi provided both solid solution and precipitation strengthening.
In the second part of this work, simulations of SAC305 in a novel hybrid quad flat package (QFP) under thermal cyclic loading were conducted by using finite element method (FEM). Due to the variation of temperature during service, solder alloy applied in the novel QFP undergoes high thermal stress, which can lead to large deformation and failure. Thus, the prediction of thermal stress and strain distributions of solder is a prerequisite for reliability analysis of electronic package. Simulations of SAC305 in a novel hybrid QFP under thermal cyclic loading were conducted by using ANSYS. The stress distribution and accumulated creep strain were found in the critical location of solder in package, and lifetime was predicted. Furthermore, the simulation results were compared with experimental results from industry
Preschool teachers’ acceptance of game-based learning to promote interactive teaching and learning / Hemanantthini Shanmugam
No full textThe implementation of game-based learning in the educational system has changed to a digital format as a result of Malaysia's technological advancements, which support 21st-century learning abilities. In a similar vein, game-based learning (GBL) has progressed to include digital technology in preschool settings. To enable interactive teaching and learning that improves children's learning, preschool teachers must increase their knowledge, awareness, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills, and creativity. This study was conducted to examine the preschool teachers’ overall acceptance of the GBL approach in the digital context, as well as the implementation strategies in promoting interactive teaching and learning for the preschool children. In this qualitative study, six participants were chosen from purposeful sampling from the Petaling Jaya region only to collect desired data which will be beneficial for the research conducted. An individual semi-structured interview protocol was conducted to collect data from each participant. The results of the findings show that preschool teachers are keen on the GBL approach to be accommodated in children’s daily learning process due to the advantages, as well as it is noticed that with external factors such as proper training and guidance, and facilities, this approach can be beneficial for both preschool teachers and children to promote interactive teaching and learning. Further research should be conducted in digital GBL in primary and secondary schools to understand the differences, as well as examine ADDIE and Gagne’s nine-even instructional model for educator training and children achieve their goals step by step. In conclusion, there are significant effects such as active participation, engagement, collaboration, creativity and problem-solving skills in children’s learning when the GBL approach is incorporated
Normalisasi Arab-Israel: Pendirian negara negara Islam era Presiden Trump (2017-2021) / Ainul Asyraf Lokman
No full textDunia Islam dikejutkan dengan pengumuman negara-negara Arab seperti Emiriah Arab Bersatu, Bahrain, Maghribi dan Sudan yang secara rasmi menjalinkan hubungan dengan Israel. Jalinan ini dibuat melalui perjanjian normalisasi hubungan yang dikenali sebagai Perjanjian Abraham. Perjanjian ini dirangka oleh pentadbiran Presiden Donald Trump sebagai Presiden Amerika Syarikat ke-45 (2017-2021) yang turut menjadi pengantara dan saksi bagi perjanjian ini. Dengan termeterainya perjanjian damai ini, ia membawa petunjuk bahawa negara-negara Arab sedikit demi sedikit mula bersikap mesra dengan Israel. Bermula dengan negara Mesir dan Jordan pada era 90-an, Perjanjian Abraham kini menjadi kesinambungan dalam perjanjian normalisasi hubungan dengan Israel. Perjanjian damai ini tentunya mendapat pelbagai reaksi di peringkat dunia, sama ada yang menyokong, menentang atau bersikap sederhana. Namun, perhatian dunia lebih tertumpu kepada reaksi yang timbul dari negara-negara Islam yang lain. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk membahas pendirian yang diambil oleh negara-negara Islam terhadap isu normalisasi hubungan antara negara Arab dan Israel pada era pemerintahan Presiden Trump dan mengenal pasti faktor yang mempengaruhi pendirian tersebut. Untuk merungkai persoalan kajian ini, tesis ini menggariskan tiga objektif utama iaitu: i); mengkaji sejarah konflik di Palestin dan kedinamikan hubungan di antara negara-negara Arab dan Israel; ii) menganalisis pendekatan Presiden Trump dalam proses normalisasi hubungan Arab-Israel; dan iii) menilai pendirian negara-negara Islam terpilih terhadap isu normalisasi hubungan Arab-Israel pada era pemerintahan Presiden Trump dan faktor yang mendorong pendirian tersebut. Kajian ini menggunakan sebuah kerangka konseptual yang terbentuk daripada gabungan teori Ummah-Kepimpinan dan teori Kompleks Keselamatan Serantau. Kajian ini mengaplikasikan pendekatan kualitatif dan dijalankan menggunakan metode dokumentasi dan metode temu bual pakar bagi pengumpulan data, manakala data dianalisis menggunakan metode analisis kandungan, metode analisis tematik . Secara umumnya, konflik di antara Arab dan Israel mempunyai dinamiknya yang tersendiri terdiri daripada permusuhan dan peperangan; usaha damai melalui rundingan dan dialog; serta pemulihan hubungan dengan negara Israel melalui usaha normalisasi hubungan. Kuasa-kuasa besar dunia seperti AS dan organisasi-organisasi antarabangsa seperti Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) turut terlibat dan menjadi aktor penting dalam konflik ini. Dapatan kajian yang dilakukan terhadap pendekatan yang diambil oleh negara-negara Islam lain seperti Oman, Malaysia dan Turkiye menunjukkan bahawa negara-negara Islam ini secara dasarnya menentang perjanjian normalisasi hubungan ini. Turkiye muncul sebagai negara paling kuat menentang Perjanjian Abraham, diikuti oleh Malaysia yang lebih pragmatik dan Oman yang optimistik. Hasil analisis lanjut mendapati negara-negara Islam ini mempunyai pendekatan berbeza kerana dipengaruhi empat faktor utama iaitu geopolitik, ekonomi, keselamatan dan sosial. Pendirian Turkiye dan Oman yang berada di Asia Barat dipengaruhi dengan mendalam oleh faktor geopolitik manakala Malaysia yang berada di rantau berlainan mengutamakan faktor sosial. Kesimpulannya, semangat Ummah tidak diberi penekanan yang sebaiknya oleh pemimpin negara-negara Islam menyebabkan tiada pendirian yang seragam dan tegas diberikan terhadap Perjanjian Abraham. Kesimpulannya, kelemahan kepimpinan Islam menyebabkan identiti kelompok negara Islam sebagai suatu Ummah sudah terhakis dan digantikan dengan idea negara-bangsa (nation-state) yang mempunyai kepentingan negara tersendiri. Kajian ini boleh dimanfaatkan oleh pakar-pakar akademik dalam bidang berkaitan sebagai rujukan dan panduan untuk menjangka dasar luar yang bakal diambil oleh negara-negara Islam dalam hubungan dengan Israel pada masa akan datang
Effectiveness of a culturally adapted mass media campaign in promoting awareness of colorectal cancer in a semi urban Malaysian setting / Darishiani Paramasivam
No full textColorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common cancer among men and the second most common among women in Malaysia. A delay in its detection and presentation to healthcare increases morbidity and reduces survival rates. The late-stage diagnosis is partly due to the lack of awareness and poor knowledge of the symptoms of CRC. Previously conducted CRC awareness campaigns in Malaysia were short (usually one day) and lacked proper evaluation. The lack of a culturally adapted mass-media intervention with an evaluation framework in Malaysia has caused a knowledge gap in the strategies to raise CRC awareness. This study aims to develop, validate, implement, and evaluate an evidence-based colorectal cancer awareness-raising mass-media campaign that is culturally acceptable for Malaysians. The mass-media campaign was culturally adapted from the ‘Be Cancer Aware Campaign (Northern Ireland)’ to suit the Malaysian culture. The developed and validated CRC mass-media campaign was named ‘Be Cancer Alert – Colorectal Cancer’ (BCAC-CRC) and was implemented in March 2018. A systematic review was conducted to assess symptom awareness and barriers to screening for CRC. A mass-media campaign was culturally developed and validated using a Heuristic Framework. Heuristic Framework has five adaptation stages consisting of (a) information gathering, (b) preliminary adaptation design, (c) preliminary adaptation tests, (d) adaptation refinement, and (e) adaptation trial. The reach and factors associated with the recognition of culturally adapted BCAC-CRC were evaluated. The impact of the BCAC-CRC on awareness-raising (knowledge, attitude, and beliefs) about colorectal cancer and screening (belief and experience) among the community in Rawang, Selangor, was evaluated by conducting a pre- and post-household survey on the same set of respondents. The results of the systematic review indicate a notable deficiency in awareness and comprehension of the early symptoms of CRC and the barriers to CRC screening. A total of 956 respondents were recruited during the pre-campaign and 730 respondents during the post-campaign household survey. The BCAC-CRC reached the communities in Rawang through television advertisements (42.9%) and printed materials (40.0%), the most commonly recognised media. The campaign significantly increased the proportion of participants’ knowledge of each CRC symptom and risk factor. In addition, it also significantly reduced the proportion of participants for all the negative beliefs. After the campaign, the total score of knowledge improved (β= 2.290, CI= 1.806, 2.773), negative beliefs about CRC and CRC screening were reduced (β= -0.689, CI= -0.896, -0.482) and minimally improved attitude in help-seeking behaviour (β= 0.238, CI= 0.094, -0.383). Based on the findings of this study, the adapted, developed, and validated CRC mass-media campaign was found to be a culturally acceptable, appropriate, and reliable campaign among the populations from different ethnic groups in Rawang. In addition, the campaign has effectively improved awareness (knowledge and beliefs) about CRC and screening (belief and experience) with minimal improvement in attitude towards help-seeking behaviour among the Rawang population. Future mass-media campaigns should be implemented and evaluated during a longer period, specifically targeting help-seeking behaviour for any CRC symptoms
A cognitive mapping approach in real-time haptic rendering interaction for improved spatial learning ability among autistic people / Kesavan Krishnan
No full textHaptics is the utmost emergent science of technology that studies sensorimotor and haptic feedback through the interaction of a human with the virtual environment. Meanwhile, in the past decade, the use of haptic technology in autism has increased in terms of various disciplines that can assist in improving their learning skills. Nevertheless, the use of haptic technology in terms of spatial learning is still not fully utilized, and this weakens autistic people in the process of learning about their surroundings. Spatial knowledge is the ability of autistic people to navigate independently to a desired location and interact with the object’s surroundings. Even though there has been recent achievement in haptic-based virtual environments (HBVE), the designing process of HBVE for spatial learning of autistic people has become more challenging. This is due to the lack of haptic-based virtual environment frameworks (HBVE-Framework) to provide better guidelines for designers during the course of the entire design process. This means that the proposed framework through this research becomes a fundamental principle in the development of a haptic-based virtual environment. The main objective of this research is to develop and present a HBVEF-framework to design a HBVE for autistic people to improve their spatial awareness and to significantly improve their interaction abilities through haptic rendering. This research also aims to present a reliable autonomous algorithm that minimizes the issues with localization and navigation skills among autistic people in a HBVE to improve their wayfinding and spatial knowledge. Moreover, this research also aims to examine the use of haptics modalities in autistic people to have the sense of touch and feel the surface of three-dimensional objects as an interaction tactic. This research begins by identifying the most appropriate components related to autistic people and the HBVE through literature review and the existing HBVEF-Framework. The identified components were then organized into a model-view-controller (MVC) pattern which was adapted from the modern GUI development platform to describe the structure of the HBVE-Framework. The constructed framework was evaluated by expert reviews from the perspective of different scholars and re-designed based on the expert reviews. Furthermore, a HBVE application was developed to demonstrate the logical view of the proposed framework. As part of user usability, a heuristic evaluation based on case study was conducted on the application to identify the usability problems and improve the usability of the application. Meanwhile, experimental evaluation of the application was conducted in four different groups to measure the efficiency and performance of the application; experimental evaluation based on navigation algorithms, experimental evaluation based on haptic sensory sensitivity, experimental evaluation based on real-time haptic rendering interaction and experimental evaluation based on the performance of autistic people with using the application in spatial learning and cognitive mapping. The outcomes of this conducted experiment proved with certainty that it could be mainstream in the process of developing a HBVE application related to autism
Comparative finite element analysis of stress distribution of different implant- supported crown and abutment materials / Chan Wan Wan
No full textThis study aimed to evaluate the stress distribution of three-dimensional (3D) printed ceramic filled hybrid materials and zirconia as abutments and implant-supported crowns using a finite element study model. Five groups of materials were: computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) zirconia implant-supported crown with CAD/CAM zirconia custom abutment (ZR-ZR); 3D printed VarseoSmile® Crown Plus implant-supported crown with CAD/CAM zirconia custom abutment (VSC-ZR); CAD/CAM zirconia implant-supported crown with 3D printed VarseoSmile® Crown Plus custom abutment (ZR-VSC); 3D printed VarseoSmile® TriniQ® implant-supported crown with CAD/CAM zirconia custom abutment (VST-ZR); and CAD/CAM zirconia implant-supported crown with 3D printed VarseoSmile® TriniQ® (ZR-VST) custom abutment. The implant-supported crown of a mandibular first molar was designed and modelled in computer-aided design (CAD) software, and analysed using finite element analysis (FEA) ANSYS Workbench 2021 R1 software. All the materials were considered homogenous, isotropic, and linearly elastic. A 600N vertical load (Load Case 1) was applied to the central axis of implant onto the crown, while a 225N oblique load (Load Case 2) was applied 45° to the central axis of implant onto the crown. The von Mises stress was recorded at crown, cement between crown and CAD/CAM custom abutment, CAD/CAM custom abutment, cement between CAD/CAM custom abutment and titanium base (Ti-base) abutment, abutment screw, titanium base abutment, fixture, cortical, and cancellous bone. The von Mises stress percentage difference was compared to the control group ZR-ZR. The stress concentration areas were indicated by colorimetric map. At the crown, Group ZR-VST had the highest von Mises stress (214.39 MPa; 112.72 MPa), while Group VST-ZR had the lowest (173.66 MPa; 101.58 MPa) in Load Case 1 and 2, respectively. The stress concentration areas were the crown's occlusal area, the cement layer of the neck and top region of the abutment, top region of titanium base abutment, the internal connection to the abutment screw, the collar area at gingival level, first thread of abutment screw, and cervical area of titanium base abutment. At the CAD/CAM custom abutments, Groups ZR-VSC and ZR-VST demonstrated the lowest stress in Load Case 1 and 2, which were 46.66 MPa and 44.62 MPa; 45.34 MPa and 41.95 MPa, respectively. The cement between the crown and the CAD/CAM custom abutment showed the lowest stress in Group ZR-VSC (28.19 MPa) and Group ZR-VST (28.92 MPa) in Load Case 1. In Load Case 1, the cement between the CAD/CAM custom abutment and the Ti-base abutment demonstrated the greatest stress in Groups ZR-VSC (70.14 MPa) and ZR-VST (72.52 MPa), similarly observed in Load Case 2 (Group ZR-VSC:54.72 MPa; Group ZR-VST: 57.76 MPa). The stress at the fixture in the cortical and cancellous bones was comparable across all groups under both loads. In conclusion, the combination of implant-supported crown and abutment with different moduli of elasticity positively influences stress distribution at the crown, cement between crown and CAD/CAM custom abutment, CAD/CAM custom abutment, abutment screw, cement between CAD/CAM custom abutment and Ti-base abutment, Ti-base abutment and fixture, but no effect on stress distribution in the peri-implant bone structure
Ball milling isolation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from microcrystalline cellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches / Nafsiyah Mahshim
No full textThis study investigates the production and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose
(NCC) from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches
(OPEFB) using high-energy ball milling. The objective was to explore the feasibility of
utilizing NCC from OPEFB for dental applications. The isolation process was conducted
at room temperature with a ball milling speed of 1500 rpm and a specific ball-to-powder
weight ratio, employing stainless-steel balls of 7.0 mm, 5.0 mm, and 2.0 mm.
Characterization techniques included Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
(FESEM), Particle Size Distribution (PSD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). FESEM analysis confirmed size reduction of
cellulose particles. PSD results showed that MCC had an average particle size of 913.7
nm with uniform distribution, while dry NCC had a bimodal distribution averaging 123.1
nm. Wet NCC, in contrast, exhibited a narrower and more uniform size distribution,
averaging 793.8 nm. FTIR spectroscopy indicated that the chemical structure of cellulose
remained unaltered post-milling, and XRD analysis confirmed increased crystallinity,
particularly for wet-milled NCC. The findings suggest that wet ball milling is more
effective in producing high-quality NCC with consistent particle size and enhanced
crystallinity, supporting its potential application in dental materials. This research
highlights the sustainable use of agricultural byproducts for creating value-added
products suitable for industrial and dental applications
Deep continual learning for predicting blast-induced overbreak in tunnel construction / He Biao
No full textTunnel construction, a critical component of modern infrastructure development, faces
the persistent challenge of blast-induced overbreak. Overbreak, the excessive removal of
rock mass beyond the planned tunnel profile, poses significant safety risks, increases costs,
and causes project delays. Traditional methods have been developed to predict overbreak.
These predictions use either empirical-, statistical-, or numerical-based models. However,
traditional methods for predicting overbreak are often inadequate because they simplify
the dynamic and complex nature of rock blasting. The development of an advanced overbreak
prediction model is, therefore, becoming essential.
This thesis addresses the limitations of existing overbreak prediction methods by introducing
a novel data-driven approach based on deep continual learning. The primary
objectives are to develop a more accurate and adaptable predictive model and to integrate
this model into the operational workflow of tunnel blasting. The developed model is expected
to possess the ability of continual learning, which is particularly advantageous in
dynamic environments like tunnel blasting.
To achieve this, this thesis adopts a three-pronged methodological approach. Firstly,
the Conditional Tabular Generative Adversarial Networks (CTGAN) model is used to
augment the real-world overbreak dataset. This aims to ensure a comprehensive representation
of various overbreak scenarios. Secondly, a self-attention multi-layer perceptron
(MLP) model, integrated with two continual learning strategies (Elastic Weight Consolidation
(EWC) and Memory Replay (MR)), is developed and trained on this augmented
overbreak dataset. This step enables the overbreak prediction model to possess the ability to continuously learn real-world scenarios and adapt to the dynamic environment of tunnel
blasting. Third, the overbreak prediction model is further integrated with metaheuristic
algorithms, aiming to identify the optimal blasting parameters that can minimize overbreak.
By adjusting the blasting parameters accordingly, the model can offer a dynamic
and responsive approach to overbreak management.
The findings of this thesis are significant. First, the CTGAN model effectively enriches
the original overbreak dataset by capturing the complex nature of real-world overbreak
scenarios. It can be utilized to create a comprehensive overbreak dataset that possesses
high representativeness and diversity. Second, the self-attention MLP model, empowered
by EWC and MR, demonstrates superior adaptability and accuracy in predicting overbreak.
Its ability of continual learning is highly applicable to actual tunnel blasting cases.
Third, the integration of metaheuristic algorithms further ascertains the optimal blasting
parameters for overbreak minimization under specific rock sections.
The achievements of this thesis indicate a substantial step forward in the application
of deep continual learning in tunnel blasting. This thesis offers a promising solution to
the longstanding challenge of blast-induced overbreak
Performance of Malaysian Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium in treating textile wastewater DYES using batch bioreactor / Ammar Radzi Azmi
No full textThe treatment of textile wastewater dyes that contain many types of toxic and harmful pollutants is often challenging for the industries themselves to meet the effluent discharge quality requirements, which mostly use physical-chemical and adsorption as their primary treatment methods. The level of toxic and hazardous organic substances in a wastewater effluent was easily quantify by chemical oxygen demand (COD). The higher the COD value, the more serious the organic contamination of the water. Over the years, there is an exponential interest in using the antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antimicrobial Ganoderma lucidum fungi as bioadsorption material to minimize the impacts of harmful by-products derived from current wastewater treatment on the ecosystem. Less studies have been conducted using real wastewater, makes this study is important to determine its effectiveness. This research determines the bioadsorption capacity of the native Malaysian Ganoderma lucidum in its mycelium pellets (Malaysian GLMP) in treating real textile wastewater dyes (RTWW) by measuring the decolourization and COD reduction, under unsterilized and ambient temperature (26-34 °C) condition. This new treatment method uses a stirred batch bioreactor, as it is more practical and easier to be applied towards current available wastewater treatment process system. The treatment studies vary in the Malaysian GLMP volume in grams (g), initial treatment pH, and wastewater dilution ratios, with a fixed aeration rate of 4 L/min and agitation speed of 150 rpm for complete treatment cycle of 72 hours (h). The treatment proved to be effective in both dye decolorization and COD reduction which the highest percentage of decolorization observed was 77.24% in 72-h, whereas COD reductions were 78.32% in 36-h, with initial treatment pH of 4 and wastewater dilution ratio of 1:4. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models gave a superior fit (R2<1), indicating the existence of both homogenous and heterogeneous binding sites on the cells. Using Malaysian GLMP as bioadsortion material in a stirred batch bioreactor offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment solution which shows great potential in reducing the colour intensity and organic pollutants of real textile wastewater dyes.
Findings from this study are useful for implementing and assimilating bioremediation using Malaysian GLMP as bioadsorption material to the existing wastewater treatment in the industry. Further studies could be made by replicating this treatment method using Malaysian GLMP together with the other commercially available adsorption agents