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A statewide insecticide resistance monitoring study in Sabah, Malaysia: A special focus on Aedes albopictus / Nur Elia Amira Mohd Roslin
No full textInsecticide resistance in Aedes is rampant in Malaysia, as dengue management largely relies on the usage of insecticides. Despite being the fifth state with the highest dengue incidence in Malaysia, study on insecticide resistance among Aedes is very scarce in Sabah, Malaysia. Consequently, a statewide study was conducted there to (1) investigate the insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes albopictus larvae and adults, (2) reevaluate the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended diagnostic dosages of larvicides, (3) characterize the biochemical and molecular mechanisms in relation to insecticide resistance, (4) evaluate the efficacy of insect growth regulators (IGRs) and (5) assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) concerning dengue control among local communities. WHO larval bioassays indicated that chlorpyrifos and fenthion were the two most potent organophosphates. As for organochlorine larvicides, all populations showed complete susceptibility towards dieldrin but resistant toward dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). In WHO adult bioassays, only pyrethroids were able to cause 100.00% knockdown to Ae. albopictus. In regard to mortality rate, Ae. albopictus adults were mostly susceptible towards all pyrethroids, dieldrin, and malathion, but exhibited resistance towards bendiocarb, propoxur, DDT and fenitrothion. Correlation analysis demonstrated cross-resistance between bendiocarb and propoxur; and malathion and propoxur. In the reevaluation of the WHO-recommended diagnostic dosages of larvicides, all insecticides except dieldrin displayed various folds of increment. DDT exhibited the highest increment in comparison to prior dosage, while fenthion showed the least dosage increment. Bioassays using the newly revised diagnostic dosages revealed that majority of the populations were susceptible against most organophosphates, dieldrin and permethrin; but resistant against DDT and propoxur. In biochemical assays, Ae. albopictus larvae recorded significant increment in both Non-Specific Esterases (EST) activities, while adults displayed significant increment in Mixed Function Oxidases (MFO) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. The remaining activity of AChE post propoxur intervention indicated that majority of the larval populations comprised homozygous resistant (RR) genotype whereas most adults comprised heterozygous (RS) genotype. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations in most survivability rates of organophosphate larvicides against ESTs and MFOs activities, while survivability rates of adulticides were significantly correlated with MFO, β-EST and AChE activities. In molecular assay, a subset of samples from each population were screened for kdr resistance alleles, but no point mutations were detected. Efficacy evaluation of IGRs against Ae. albopictus larvae showed that all populations were susceptible towards all IGRs used. A cross sectional survey conducted on local communities in Sabah revealed economic factors as final independent predictor in all KAP domains. KAP parameters were correlated with each other, but wide gaps between the scores implied that good attitude was not translated into either good knowledge or practice. In short, as this study pioneer a statewide insecticide evaluation study in Sabah, Malaysia, the findings could serve as a baseline reference for health authorities in formulating an effective vector control plan, be it in deciding effective insecticide dosage, considering other alternative (IGRs) or executing a better dengue control educational program that could have wider reachability
The effect of temperature on batch growth of Gracilaria salicornia and Gracilaria changii / Thurga Murali
No full textSeaweed (or macroalgae) serve as the foundation of productive food webs containing economically valuable species and their influence extends far beyond the shallow water in which they live. They are also effective at carbon sequestration, converting roughly half of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into organic compounds that are used to produce critical cellular constituents and increase energy production. Despite the importance of algal diversity and carbon sequestration, knowledge of how global or ocean warming affects them is still limited. Temperature can affect the development and photosynthesis of algae, particularly their biochemical and physiological processes. This study looked at how increased temperature impacts the growth of seaweeds, specifically Gracilaria species, a well-known and significant agarophytic genus in Malaysia, in terms of physiological and biochemical features, as well as the highest temperature tolerated by the species. The seaweeds were grown under four different temperatures; 28±1.0, 32±1.0, 36±1.0 and 40±1.0oC. ANOVA analysis of G. salicornia and G. changii showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) on the growth between the controlled temperature and elevated temperature treatments for each point, particularly at 40oC, indicating that higher temperature could negatively affect the growth and photosynthetic activity of Gracilaria spp. The highest Fv/Fm was recorded at 28oC for G. salicornia and 32oC for G. changii, which are 0.6968 and 0.6158, respectively. A further increase of temperature at 40oC led to a huge decline from 0.6256 to 0.0254 and 0.5798 to 0.0904 for samples G. salicornia and G. changii, respectively. As temperature increased, a declining trend was observed for gel strength, melting temperature, and gelling temperature of G. salicornia and G. changii up to the final day of the experiment. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in both G. salicornia and G. changii fluctuated between the fifth and fifteenth day. The physiological and biochemical properties of Gracilaria spp. have been affected when different temperature stresses were introduced
Development of novel homogeneous and magnetic heterogeneous catalysts using paracetamol-based deep eutectic solvents for esterification of free fatty ACIDS / Andrew Yeow Tze Hao
No full textOil palm milling processes generate large quantities of byproducts such as low-quality crude palm oil (LPO) that contain high free fatty acid (FFA) content. The use of these high FFA raw materials present major challenges as feedstocks for biodiesel production due to saponification reactions. Therefore, esterification reaction is the typical pretreatment process for high FFA feedstocks using methanol and acidic catalysts (such as sulphuric acid). In the works of this thesis, new homogeneous and heterogeneous acidic catalysts were developed. The homogeneous acid catalysts were developed based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Herein, paracetamol (PCM) was reported as a novel DES formed with Brønsted acids (5-sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) and benzenesulfonic acid (BZSA)) at a 3:1 molar ratio. At the optimized reaction conditions of 1.5 wt% DES catalyst dosage, 8:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 50 °C reaction temperature for 50 min reaction time, the [3BZSA:PCM] DES achieved high FFA conversion at 86.4 %. On the other hand, at the optimized conditions of 2.5 wt% DES catalyst dosage, 16:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 60 °C reaction temperature for 90 min reaction time, the [3SSA:PCM] DES achieved similarly high FFA conversion at 86.0 %. The activation energy was determined for the catalytic reaction using [3BZSA:PCM] and [3SSA:PCM] DESs, as 40.91 and 50.89 kJ/mol respectively, following the pseudo first order rate of reaction. Through the Eyring-Polanyi thermodynamic study, the DES-catalysed esterification reactions were endothermic, non-spontaneous and endergonic. However, the homogeneous DES catalysts exhibit challenges in recyclability and separation despite its high catalytic efficiency. Magnetic composites (Fe3O4/PVA) as support materials for acid catalysts is a viable protocol in improving the recyclability and separation performances. Therefore, SSA, BZSA, p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) and their DES counterparts (formed with paracetamol at 3:1 molar ratio) were investigated to be supported on Fe3O4/PVA to yield heterogeneous catalysts for FFA esterification in LPO. From the screening results, Fe3O4/PVA/PTSA was determined as the best catalytic activity for FFA esterification reaction. The optimized reaction conditions were determined: 10 wt% catalyst loading, 20:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 5 h of contact time and at 60 °C, resulting in an FFA conversion of 79.81 %. Fe3O4/PVA/PTSA exhibited fair recyclability performances and stability with > 65 % FFA conversion after five successive runs. FFA esterification reaction using Fe3O4/PVA/PTSA was determined to require an activation energy of 43.72 kJ/mol following the pseudo first order rate of reaction. By comparing the operating conditions of both types of catalysts, the heterogeneous Fe3O4/PVA/PTSA magnetic catalyst required double the reaction conditions compared to the homogeneous DESs in catalysing the esterification reaction. However, from the perspective of catalyst recyclability, the magnetically recoverable Fe3O4/PVA/PTSA catalyst can be recycled for five times with improved stability, while the homogeneous DESs exhibited significant challenges in catalyst recycling. Additionally, the pristine sulphonic acids exhibited better compatibility to be supported on Fe3O4/PVA magnetic composite than their DES counterpart, with Fe3O4/PVA/PTSA being a viable catalyst for the pretreatment of low-quality oils through FFA esterification
Expression of interleukin 1-alpha, interleukin 6 and CD 10 in predicting recurrence of ameloblastoma / Nurhazwani Mohd Danil
No full textBackground: Ameloblastoma (AM) is a benign yet locally aggressive odontogenic tumour with a high post-treatment recurrence rate. Despite advances in surgical techniques, predicting recurrence remains a significant challenge. Recent literature suggests that specific cytokines and markers, such as interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and CD 10, might play a role in AM’s aggressive behaviour and recurrence. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression levels of IL-1α, IL-6 and CD 10 and compare their immunoprofile in non-recurrent and recurrent AM. This study also sought to determine the association between expression level of these markers with demographic and clinicopathological parameters in non-recurrent and recurrent AM. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study comprising of 42 cases were divided into 3 groups; 16 cases of conventional AM with no recurrence (AMNR), 13 cases of primary conventional AM with recurrence (PAMR), and 13 cases of recurrent ameloblastoma from the same patient (RAM) subjected to immunohistochemical staining for IL-1α, IL-6 and CD 10. A semiquantitative scoring, immunoreactive scoring (IRS) was used to evaluate the expression of IL-1α, IL-6 and CD 10 in non-recurrent and recurrent AM. The expression levels were then correlated with demographic and clinicopathological parameters. Results: There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in IL-1α, IL-6, or CD10 expression across all groups. IL-1α expression was significantly associated with histopathological subtype in AMNR (p=0.03) and PR (p=0.002). In the AMNR group, IL-6 expression was significantly associated with tumour side localization (p = 0.01). CD 10 showed significant correlation with tumour side localization (p=0.02) in PAMR, and subsites of tumour localization in PAMR (p=0.005) and RAM (p=0.002). Conclusions: We observed an upregulation of IL-6 expression in recurrent AM compared to non-recurrent AM, suggesting the potential of IL-6 in predicting recurrence of AM. Downregulation of IL-1α and CD-10 expression in recurrent AM compared to non-recurrent AM needs further investigation in order to identify their role
Phytochemical studies of Mesua lepidota and Garcinia griffithii with the aid of 13C-NMR DEReplication and their anticholinesterase activities / Leong Sow Tein
No full textPhytochemical studies on Mesua lepidota and Garcinia griffithii, using a 13C-NMR dereplication tool, MixONat were carried out. From the bark hexane extract of M. lepidota, a total of sixteen (16) compounds were identified; of these, eight (8) were identified using the MixONat, while thirteen (13) isolated and purified. Five (5) of these compounds were identified through both the isolation and 13C-NMR dereplication technique. Fifteen (15) of these compounds were already known; sitosterol 174, stigmasterol 173, α-amyrin 194, friedelin 186, friedelinol 189, betulinic acid 177, glutinol 491, lepidotol A 70, B 71 & E 86, lepidotin A 88 and B 89, mammea A/BB cylco F 77, ochrocarpin E 76, pyranojacareubin 164, and one, lepidotin C 490, was new. In addition, the 13C-NMR dereplication (MixONat) on the dichloromethane extract of G. griffithii leaves revealed six (6) compounds, three (3) were isolated. The identified metabolites were (+)-camboginol 253, isoxanthochymol 248, xanthochymol 270 and (+)-cycloxanthochymol 252, garcimultiflorone D 262 and parvifoliol F 492. Three (3) Mammea coumarins exhibited potent inhibition on butyryl cholinesterase (BChE); lepidotin C 490, lepidotin B 89 and mammea A/BB cyclo F 77 with the IC50 values of 1.79±0.07 μM, 1.60±0.26 μM, and 2.24±0.12 μM respectively. Lepidotin B 89 was the most potent inhibitor of BChE, which demonstrated a threefold increase in potency compared to the drug galantamine. It showed a mix-mode inhibition profile, with the inhibition constant, Ki value of 1.03 μM. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed stable interations of lepidotin B 89 with key residues within five critical regions of BChE, which include both active binding sites and allosteric binding sites. This analysis predicted a favourable binding affinity for lepidotin B 89 and facilitated the identification of significant residues crucial for the binding interaction
Had umur kanak-kanak dalam kes jenayah di Malaysia: Analisis dari sudut Undang-Undang Sivil dan Syariah / Siti Hajar Mohd Afendi
No full textStatistik jenayah di Malaysia menunjukkan penglibatan kanak-kanak dalam perbuatan salah laku jenayah sivil seperti membunuh dan jenayah syariah seperti berkhalwat. Berikutan dengan jenayah yang dilakukan, undang-undang sivil dan syariah telah memperuntukkan hukuman kepada pesalah sebagai pencegahan dan pemulihan. Namun walaupun kedua-dua aspek jenayah sivil dan syariah dilakukan oleh golongan yang sama iaitu kanak-kanak, penetapan had umur yang diperuntukkan adalah berbeza. Hal ini seterusnya boleh mewujudkan ketidakadilan dalam institusi kehakiman serta pihak tertuduh. Objektif kajian adalah tertumpu kepada penelitian had umur kanak-kanak dan hukuman ke atas golongan ini jika melakukan kesalahan jenayah berdasarkan pensyariatan Islam serta undang-undang jenayah di Malaysia. Kajian ini seterusnya menganalisis isu dan cabaran berhubung penetapan had umur kanak-kanak dalam undang-undang jenayah sivil dan syariah. Penyelidikan berbentuk kualitatif dilakukan melalui kaedah dokumentasi, kajian doktrin undang-undang dan temu bual. Manakala penganalisaan data dilakukan secara deskriptif, kandungan dan tematik. Hasil kajian mendapati terdapat lima isu dan cabaran utama berkenaan dengan penetapan had umur kanak-kanak di Malaysia. Kedua-dua institusi kehakiman di Malaysia telah memperuntukkan had umur yang berbeza terhadap pesalah kanak-kanak. Justeru ketiadaan keseragaman ini telah menjadi isu signifikan dalam sistem perundangan negara. Selain itu, tiada peruntukan khas bagi kesalahan syariah oleh pesalah kanak-kanak sepertimana yang diwujudkan dalam undang-undang sivil. Isu “double jeopardy” turut mewujudkan percanggahan bagi jenis kesalahan dan bentuk hukuman jenayah sivil dan syariah. Kemudian kajian ini juga mengkaji beberapa isu yang menjadi kelemahan dalam peruntukan jenayah di Malaysia khususnya dalam undang-undang syariah. Kematangan akal kanak-kanak yang berbeza di antara satu sama lain juga menjadi cabaran dalam menentukan penetapan had umur. Justeru isu dan cabaran yang timbul seiring peredaran zaman ini menjadi justifikasi kepada keperluan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis semula had umur kanak-kanak dalam kes jenayah di Malaysia, sama ada dari sudut undangundang sivil mahupun syariah
Synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles assisted by ionic liquids and polyionic liquids for carbon dioxide reduction / Amirah Husna Mahrim
No full textNanotechnology has received great attention due to its effectiveness in a variety of application, owing to small size and high surface area properties. One of them is copper (II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) that are used in catalysis reaction and adsorbent. There have been several attempts to customize the physical and morphological features of CuO NPs to specific requirements. Nevertheless, managing physical features of CuO NPs such as size distribution, morphology, and stability without agglomeration is the primary issue in synthesis. Therefore, ionic liquids (ILs) and polyionic liquids (PILs) has been chosen to overcome this problem. Three imidazolium based ILs with different types of side chains were synthesized via N-alkylation and polymerized under free radical polymerization. They are 1-vinyl-3-butyl imidazolium chloride, [VBIM][Cl], 1-vinyl-3- heptyl imidazolium chloride, [VHpIM][Cl], 1-vinyl-3-benzyl imidazolium chloride [VBzIM][Cl], Poly(1-Vinyl-3-Butyl Imidazolium Chloride), P[VBIM][Cl], Poly(1- Vinyl-3-Benzyl Imidazolium Chloride), P[VBzIM][Cl], and Poly(1-Vinyl-3-Heptyl Imidazolium Chloride), P[VHpIM][Cl]. The synthesized ILs and polyionic liquids (PILs) were used as nano-synthetic templates to assist the synthesis of CuO NPs via co-precipitation method. The type of side chains, either aliphatic or aromatic in ILs and PILs had a significant influence on the size distribution and morphology of CuO NPs. The findings showed that [PVHpIM][Cl] assisted the synthesis of CuO NPs and produced the smallest average particle sized of NPs at 29±5nm with good size distribution compared to other ILs/PILs. The longer the aliphatic side chains of the ILs and PILs, the smaller the size of CuO NPs that can be produced, as they proposed greater synergic effect. The results of this study also revealed that using PILs as the catalyst resulted in better stability and smaller size of CuO NPs than using the ILs. The results were validated by using FESEM. PILs have demonstrated the ability to provide more well-defined structures of CuO NPs while also improving their dispersion. The effect of size of CuO NPs on the catalytic and selective formation of formic acid in the CO2 electrochemical reduction reaction (ECR) was studied and explored at a potential reduction of 1.3 V (vs Ag/AgCl). From the electrolysis reaction, CuO-[VBIM][Cl] showed the highest Faradaic Efficiency (FE) to produce formic acid at 72.6% due to size. It can be conclude that the CO2 ECR reaction catalyzed at the highest performace by medium size of CuO NPs with a specific morphology
The impact of urban environment factors on pedestrian walking behaviour in a heritage city in China / Shi Yi
No full textIn China, numerous heritage sites, particularly those in central heritage zones, are designated pedestrian-only areas because of their narrow, historic lanes. This study examines the influence of urban environmental factors on walking behaviour to promote healthier walking habits and cultivate a sustainable heritage environment. A review of the relevant literature identified five environmental factors- function, safety, comfort, aesthetics, and pleasure- that may influence walking behaviour, the study's dependent variable. The research examines two mediating variables- attitude and satisfaction- to analyze their influence on the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The study utilized a mixed-method approach incorporating questionnaires, observations, and interviews. Questionnaires assessed pedestrians' perceptions of their walking environment, behaviours, attitudes, and satisfaction levels. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and ANOVA, utilizing SPSS software. Additionally, PLS-SEM software was utilized to examine the interrelationships among variables, revealing varying degrees of correlation between the five environmental factors and walking behaviour. Functional factors directly influence walking behaviour, mediating variables affecting functionality, comfort, and aesthetics. However, no direct or indirect correlations were identified between safety, pleasure, and walking behaviour. The study integrated questionnaire results with observational data to formulate semi-structured interview questions for experts in Chinese heritage cities. These interviews provided valuable insights into the sustainable development of pedestrian environments in heritage cities. Experts provided insights on the analysis and generalizability of findings from Gulangyu to other heritage cities. The conclusions of this study, supported by expert opinions, significantly enhance the relationship between urban environments and walking behaviours in heritage cities. The outcomes have practical implications for environmental improvements in Gulangyu and provide a foundation for future research on environmental sustainability in Chinese heritage cities
Internal microstructural design and characterization of metal selenides anode for efficient sodium storage / Wang Jian
No full textThe new energy storage system represented by sodium-ion devices has become a
promising candidate in large-scale energy storage due to its low cost and fast response
kinetics. However, the larger radius of sodium ions relative to lithium ions results in
complex reactions and slow transport in the bulk electrode phase, leading to lower
energy and power density. Therefore, it is necessary to develop microstructural designs
for electrodes to enhance sodium-ion storage capacity and improve transport kinetics.
Metal selenides (MSes) can provide higher capacity output through multi-electron
reactions, making them promising candidates for efficient sodium ion storage anodes.
However, the considerable diffusion energy barriers and narrow active interfaces of
MSes are unfavorable for long-range sodium ions transport, making it difficult to
achieve both high capacity and fast reaction. Therefore, optimizing the bulk phase
microstructural of MSes anodes can help intrinsically improve their electrochemical
performance. In this thesis, it is demonstrated that significant enhancement in energy
density and power density are achieved through the synthesis of specific MSes and their
engineering into heterostructures (analogous cationic heterostructures, analogous
anionic heterostructures, and dissimilar heterostructures) and introduction of carbon
composite (metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived carbon, monosaccharide-derived
carbon (ribose), and polymer-derived carbon (PPy and PAN) carbon coating). Additionally, this thesis details the electrolyte selection, electrochemical reaction
process, and electrode activation behavior applicable to MSes anodes. The main
findings are as follows. Firstly, the one-pot method selects Mo and W, which have
similar metal properties, to construct bimetallic MOF precursors with different
morphologies. Afterward, analogous cationic heterostructure design and homogeneous
carbon introduction are achieved through a selenization/carbonization at different
temperatures. The final obtained composites have abundant heterogeneous interfaces
and homogeneous carbon distribution, exhibiting significant enhancement in
electrochemical performance, relative to the unmodified samples. Secondly, analogous
anionic heterostructures of similar S and Se are constructed using metal polysulfides
(VS4 and WSx) precursors. Meanwhile, ribose-derived carbon sphere and polymerderived
carbon coatings (PPy and PAN) are introduced. The obtained composites show
expanded lattice spacing and abundant anionic heterogeneous interfaces. Theoretical
calculations and physical characterization demonstrate that the constructed anionic
heterostructures have improved metal properties and strong adsorption of
transformation products, exhibiting excellent cycling lifetimes and electrochemical
capabilities relative to unmodified polysulfide electrodes. Thirdly, dissimilar cationic
heterostructures with varying crystal structures, based on Mo and Fe bimetallic MOFs
as well as Sb and W bimetallic MOFs, were synthesized. On one hand, the significant
electronegativity difference between MoSe₂ and FeSe, coupled with the flexible valence
changes of the Fe atom, creates abundant heterogeneous interfaces and induces distinct
crystalline transitions in MoSe₂. On the other hand, the Sb₂Se₃ and WSe₂
heterostructures, with their large crystal structure differences, form perfectly parallel interlayer structures. Exploring these two dissimilar heterostructures suggests that their
construction leads to rich heterogeneous interfaces and stimulates more pronounced
heterogeneous effects. This generates higher asymmetric built-in electric fields and
promotes more efficient storage of Na+
In-depth study of semipolar (11-22) InGaN/GaN-based led towards efficient green emission / Gary Tan
No full textSemipolar (11-22) InGaN/GaN-based MQW and LED structures were grown on m-plane sapphire, and three separate studies were conducted to explore the impact of various parameters on LED structure growth. The first study investigated the influence of ammonia partial pressure on MQW structures and LED emission wavelength. Results indicated that, at a fixed V/III ratio, ammonia and group III partial pressures affected InGaN/GaN MQW growth rate and indium incorporation in the quantum well. Moreover, the growth behaviour of InGaN quantum wells differed from GaN quantum barriers at low V/III ambient. A critical threshold of ammonia partial pressure, approximately 300 Pa, was observed for InGaN QW growth. Below this threshold, InGaN decomposition led to extremely low growth rates. However, as the ammonia partial pressure exceeded the threshold value, the InGaN QW growth rate sharply increased, resulting in improved indium incorporation and higher MQW abruptness, ultimately enhancing LED performance. The second study explored the effects of a new method called Low Temperature Ammonia Treatment (LTAT) on semipolar (11-22) LED structures. Two samples were prepared, one with LTAT and one without. The LTAT sample displayed a single crystalline XRD curve with distinct fringes, while the sample without LTAT exhibited a mixed phase. The LTAT-treated sample demonstrated better crystal quality, especially in terms of reducing BSF density. Additionally, the LTAT sample exhibited a single sharp peak near the 538.2 nm wavelength, indicating enhanced green light emission due to the LTAT application during growth. In the third study, the effect of AlN ML growth rate on semipolar (11-22) InGaN/GaN LED structures was examined. The sample with an AlN ML growth rate of 1.3 nm/s exhibited outstanding crystal quality with reduced defect densities, having the least BSF density of 1.60 x 104 cm-1. This sample showed a single peak profile in both PL and EL spectra with green wavelength emission, whereas other samples displayed multi-peak profiles, suggesting an inhomogeneous indium composition. Despite all three samples showing high forward voltage and on-resistance, the sample with an AlN ML growth rate of 1.3 nm/s exhibited lower values in both parameters. Lastly, the optimized sample was fabricated, exhibiting an EQE of 0.12% at 20 A/cm2 and an efficiency droop of 53% at 100 A/cm2. In summary, these studies shed light on the effects of various parameters on the growth of semipolar (11-22) InGaN/GaN-based MQW and LED structures. Ammonia partial pressure influenced growth rate, indium incorporation, LED structure's abruptness, and optical performance. LTAT enhanced green light emission. AlN ML growth rate influenced crystal quality and indium composition, with an intermediate growth rate showing improved structural, optical, and electrical performance. Overall, proper device fabrication can enhance electrical properties and enable precise analysis of device performance