Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering
Not a member yet
123 research outputs found
Sort by
Two Step and Direct Fermentation in the Production of Ethanol from Starch: A Short Review
Get PDFAbstract. Ethanol as a renewable fuel has been widely produced in various countries. One source of raw material for producing ethanol is starch. The process of producing ethanol from starch needs to be pretreated so that starch molecules can split into smaller ones. However, this process requires pre-treatment which will expensive more than ethanol from sugar. There are two types of pretreatment i.e. two-step ethanol production and direct fermentation. There is two kind of hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Two-step ethanol production is a conventional method that separates pretreatment and fermentation process, while direct fermentation is the direct production of starch into ethanol using recombinant yeast that co-produces enzymes such as amylose and glucoamylase. Two-step ethanol production has the advantage of high yield but needs high cost whereas, direct fermentation has the advantage of low-cost production but needs longer time. Common starch to ethanol production consists of two stages, namely hydrolysis of raw materials into glucose and fermentation into ethanol. Both of these processes can be run on average at temperatures of 30-80oC with a pH range of 4-6 and varying time intervals. The enzyme used depends on the source of the starch, but the most commonly used is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Keywords: Ethanol, starch, pre-treatmen
Kinetic Study on Hydrothermal Decomposition of Glucose in NaOH Solution With ZnO as Catalyst
Get PDFAbstrak. Likuifaksi hidrotermal adalah proses konversi biomassa, di mana struktur biomassa diubah menjadi komponen cair dalam kondisi super kritis dengan suhu tinggi. Dalam penelitian ini, glukosa digunakan sebagai biomassa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari kinetika reaksi dan menentukan dekomposisi hidrotermal glukosa dalam larutan NaOH. Percobaan ini menggunakan 10 gram glukosa dan dilarutkan dalam 80 mL larutan NaOH kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam autoklaf. Percobaan dilakukan dengan memvariasikan suhu pemanasan yang dilakukan dalam autoklaf dengan pengaduk magnet. Setelah dipanaskan pada berbagai suhu, autoklaf segera didinginkan. Bahan yang diproses disaring untuk memisahkan padatan yang tidak larut dari fase cair. Residu padat yang telah dipisahkan dari fase cairnya kemudian dikeringkan dalam oven pada suhu 105°C selama 24 jam. Komposisi filtrat dianalisis menggunakan metode GC-MS dan konsentrasi glukosa dianalisis menggunakan metode Lane Eynon. Sebelum analisis GC-MS, filtrat didistilasi pada tekanan atmosfer sampai residu padat tetap. Sampel yang dianalisis merupakan hasil destilasi dengan suhu di atas 100 °C untuk memastikan tidak ada air dan sisa glukosa dalam sampel. Hasil analisis GC-MS sampel produk dari proses dekomposisi hidrotermal memiliki 3 puncak. Puncak pertama menunjukkan senyawa 1,3 Dipalmitin yang memiliki luas 14,74%, puncak kedua menunjukkan senyawa Olealdehida yang memiliki luas 32,35%, dan puncak ketiga menunjukkan senyawa 1,2-Epoxyhexadecane yang memiliki luas 52,91%. Hasil kinetika hidrotermal dekomposisi glukosa pada percobaan ini diperoleh orde reaksi 2 dengan energi aktivasi (Ea) sebesar 15,91 KJ/mol dan faktor pra-eksponensial sebesar 66,12.Abstract. Hydrothermal liquefaction is a biomass conversion process, where the structure of the biomass is convert into liquid components under super critical conditions with a high temperature. In this study, glucose is used as biomass. The purpose of this study was to study the reaction kinetics and determine the hydrothermal decomposition of glucose in NaOH solution. This experiment used 10 grams of glucose and dissolve it in 80 mL of NaOH solution then put it in an autoclave. Experiments were carried out by varying the heating temperature carried out in an autoclave with a magnetic stirrer. After heating at various temperatures, the autoclave is immediately cooled down. The processed material is filtered to separate insoluble solids from the liquid phase. The solid residue that has been separated from the liquid phase is then dried in an oven at 105°C for 24 hours. The composition of the filtrate was analyzed using the GC-MS method and the glucose concentration was analyzed using the Lane Eynon method. Prior to GC-MS analysis, the filtrate was distilled at atmospheric pressure until a solid residue remained. The sample analyzed is the result of distillation with a temperature above 100°C to ensure that there is no water and residual glucose in the sample. The results of GC-MS analysis of product samples from the hydrothermal decomposition process had 3 peaks. The first peak shows the compound 1,3 Dipalmitin which has an area of 14.74%, the second peak shows the Olealdehyde compound which has an area of 32.35%, and the third peak shows the 1,2-Epoxyhexadecane compound which has an area of 52.91%. The kinetics results in hydrothermal decomposition of glucose in this experiment obtained a reaction order of 2 with an activation energy (Ea) of 15.91 KJ / mol and a pre-exponential factor of 66.12.
Menurunkan Indeks Glikemik Beras Putih Melalui Proses Pratanak
Get PDFAbstrak. Nasi merupakan sumber karbohidrat dan makanan pokok masyarakat di seluruh dunia, khususnya di Asia. Konsumsi karbohidrat khususnya beras dapat menimbulkan efek penyakit diabetes tipe 2. Hal ini disebabkan karena indeks glikemik nasi putih lebih tinggi yaitu 56. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh nasi ciherang setengah matang dan ekstrak daun keji beling. Beras direndam selama 6 jam sehingga kadar air meningkat menjadi 30%. Beras dimasak dalam autoclave pada suhu 116 oC selama 15 menit. Nasi kemudian dikeringkan pada suhu 50 oC selama 24 jam. Metode ini tidak berpengaruh pada penurunan indeks glikemik tetapi meningkatkan indeks glikemik lebih tinggi dari 54, mis. 56 oleh penguji 1 dan 80 oleh penguji 2. Abstract. Rice is a carbohydrate source and staple food for around the world of people, specially in Asia. Carbohydrate consumption , especially rice, can have effects of diabetes desease type 2. It is caused by the glycemic index of white rice is higher of 56. This research was conducted to study the effects of parboiled ciherang rice and extract of keji beling leaf. The rice was submerged for 6 hours so the mouisture increased to 30%. It was cooked in an autoclave at 116 oC for 15 minutes. The cooked rice then it was dried at 50 oC for 24 hours. This method didn’t have effects on reducing glycemic index but it increased the glycemic index higher than 54, e.g. 56 by tester 1 and 80 by tester 2.Keywords: rice, glycemic index, parboiled, ciherang
Bio Briket Cangkang aleurites moluccana Melalui Gelombang Elektromagnetik dengan Varian Daya dan Durasi Waktu Karbonisasi
Get PDFAbstrak. Biobriket adalah sumber energi yang berasal dari biomassa dan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar padat pengganti minyak bumi dan energi lain yang berasal dari fosil. Biobriket merupakan salah satu solusi altenatif yang cukup efektif dan efisien dalam menghadapi krisis sumber energi, salah satu diantaranya adalah dengan mengoptimalkan cangkang kemiri sebagai biobriket. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh gelombang elektromagnetik microwave terhadap kualitas biobriket cangkang kemiri melalui varian daya dan durasi waktu karbonisasi. Dari hasil Analisa menunjukkan adanya pengaruh daya dan durasi waktu karbonisasi terhadap karakteristik dari biobriket cangkang kemiri. Dari analisa didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut : kandungan kadar air sebesar 6.43 %, kadar abu : 7.48 %, Total Karbon yang didapatkan : 42.53 %, Volatile matter : 41.91 % dan nilai kalor dari biobriket adalah : 5706,24816 kal/gramAbstract. Bio briquette is a source of energy derived from biomass and can be used as a solid fuel instead of petroleum and other energy derived from fossils. Bio briquettes are one of the alternative solutions that are quite effective and efficient in dealing with the crisis of energy sources, one of which is by optimizing the pecan shell or shell of Aleurites moluccana as a bio briquette. Pecan shell is a waste that is very abundant in Indonesia and can be used as a solid fuel that is environmentally friendly and has a high calorific value. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of microwave electromagnetic waves on the bio briquette quality of pecan shells through power variants and the duration of carbonization time. The stages are pecan shell cleaning, carbonization process with microwave electromagnetic waves at predetermined power and duration of time (0.5, 1, 1.5 and, 2 hours), the process of crushing into charcoal with disk mill equipment, mixing with adhesive material with a ratio between the mass of charcoal and adhesive material 80:20 (b/b), bio briquette printing and the last stage is drying with sunlight for 2 days. From the analysis obtained the most optimum results are at 440 watts of power for 1 hour with the following results: water content of 7.30%, ash content: 7.48%, Carbon Bound obtained: 73.31%, Volatile matter: 30.23% and, the calorific value of bio briquette is: 5706.24816 cal/gramKeywords: bio briquette, pecan shell, electromagnetic wave, carbonization, microwav
Konduktivitas Listrik Poly(Lactic Acid) dengan Variasi Bahan Isian Karbon: Review
Get PDFAbstrak. Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites (CPC) merupakan material yang banyak digunakan sebagai sensor, sel fotovoltaik, kapasitor, dioda, dan perangkat energi yang sangat mudah meregang. CPC memiliki beberapa sifat unggul, diantaranya konduktivitas elektrik yang tinggi, ringan, tahan korosi, dan memiliki karakteristik mekanis yang bagus. Konduktivitas elektrik pada polimer diperoleh dan diatur dengan menambahkan bahan isian berbasis karbon seperti: Carbon Black (CB), Carbon Nano Tube (CNT), Graphite maupun Graphene. Metode panambahan bahan isian dapat dilakukan dengan Melt blending dan Solvent blending. Metode melt blending memiliki beberapa keunggulan, diantaranya mudah, praktis, murah, serta dapat diaplikasikan pada berbagai bahan. Selain itu, metode melt blending termasuk ramah lingkungan karena tidak ada pelarut organik. Sedangkan kelebihan metode Solvent Blending adalah campuran yang lebih kuat dikarenakan disperse yang terjadi merata dan lebih baik. Pada review, penulis mengulas tentang sifat elektrik dari CPC berbasis poli asam laktat dan berbagai bahan isian karbon, yaitu CNT, graphene, dan CB. Hasil studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa konduktivitas elektrik CPC meningkat seiring bertambahnya komposisi bahan isian. Pada metode solvent blending faktor yang berpengaruh adalah komposisi PLA dan filler, suhu operasi, kecepatan pengadukan, waktu pengadukan, dan solvent yang digunakan. Sedangkan metode melt blending faktor yang berpengaruh adalah komposisi PLA dan filler, suhu operasi, kecepatan, dan waktu.Kata kunci: Poli Asam Laktat, CNT, CB, Graphene, CPC Abstract. Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites (CPC) are materials that are widely used as sensors, photovoltaic cells, capacitors, diodes, and highly flexible energy devices. CPC has several superior properties, including high electrical conductivity, lightweight, corrosion resistance, and good mechanical characteristics. The electrical conductivity of the polymer is obtained and adjusted by adding carbon-based fillers such as: Carbon Black (CB), Carbon Nano Tube (CNT), Graphite, and Graphene. The method of adding fillers can be conducted by Melt blending and Solvent blending. The melt blending method has several advantages, including being easy, practical, inexpensive, and can be applied to various materials. In addition, the melt blending method is environmentally friendly because there is no organic solvent used. Meanwhile, the advantage of the Solvent Blending method is more homogeneous dispersion. In the review, the author reviews the electrical properties of CPC based on poly(lactic acid) and various carbon filling materials, namely CNT, graphene, and CB. The literature study shows that the electrical conductivity of CPC increases as the increase of fillers composition. In the solvent blending method, the main influencing factors are the composition of PLA and filler, operating temperature, stirring speed, stirring time, and solvent used. While the melt blending method, the influencing factors are the composition of PLA and filler, operating temperature, speed, and blending time. Keywords: Poli(lactic acid), CNT, CB, Graphene, CPC
Tannins Compound In Soga Tingi Bark (Ceriops Tagal) As Natural Dyes
Get PDFIn general, natural dyes for textile materials are obtained from extracts part of the plants such as roots, wood, leaves, seeds, and flower. Textile industry especially batik craftsman, have known many plants that can dye textile materials, such as indigo (indigofera), soga tingi bark (Ceriops tagal), tegeran wood (Cudraina javanensis), turmeric (Curcuma), tea (The), noni root (Morinda citrifelia), soga jambal bark (Pelthophorum ferruginum), kesumba (Bixa orelana), and guava leaf (Psidiumguajava). Soga tingi bark chosen because it can produce tannins which can be used as natural dyes. The purpose of this research was to obtained tannin content in soga tingi bark as qualitatively and quantitatively. The analysis carried out is FTIR and HPLC method. FTIR analysis carried out to determine of the compounds contained in the soga tingi bark extraction. Based on FTIR analysis it can be seen that there are O-H and N-H group in the wavenumber 3375,13 cm-1. C=O bond at wavenumber 1739,16 cm-1. C=C bond at wavenumber 1624,31 cm-1. C-H bond at wavenumbers 2970,72 cm-1, 1456,39 cm-1, and 1365,74 cm-1. NO2 bond at wavenumber 1365,74 cm-1. C-N bond at wavenumbers 1228,69 cm-1 and 1217,34 cm-1. And C-O bond at wavenumbers 1228,69 cm-1, 1217,34 cm-1, and 1052,3 cm-1. While HPLC analysis carried out to determine contains tannin level in the soga tingi bark extraction. HPLC conditions used are Flowrate: 1 mL/min, Mobile phase: MeOH : H2O (50:50), λ: 271 nm and Column: C18, 250 mm. Based on HPLC analysis it is known that the contains tannin level in the soga tingi bark extraction is 22,44 ppm
Pembuatan dan Uji Organoleptik Hand Sanitizer dari Daun Mangga (Mangifera indica) dengan Metode Maserasi
Get PDFAbstrak. Ekstrak daun mangga memiliki kandungan alkaloid, polifenol, saponin, tanin, flavonoid yang berfungsi sebagai senyawa antimikrobia yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk membuat hand sanitizer dari daun mangga, menganalisa sifat organoleptik produk dan mengidentifikasi kandungan fitokimia. Simplisia daun mangga dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut pada suhu ruangan selama 3x24 jam dengan pergantian pelarut setiap harinya kemudian disaring hingga diperoleh filtrat. Filtrat kemudian diuapkan dengan vacuum evaporator pada suhu 65°C sampai volumenya berkurang 80% dari volume awal. Ekstrak yang dihasilkan kemudian diolah menjadi hand sanitizer dalam bentuk gel. Ekstrak daun mangga kemudian dilakukan uji fitokimia yang hasilnya menunjukkan adanya kandungan fitokimia di dalam daun mangga seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, polifenol, tanin, dan juga saponin yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri alami dalam pembuatan hand sanitizer. Hasil analisa organoleptik sediaan gel hand sanitizer menunjukkan warna hijau kekuningan, aroma khas daun manga, tektur gel lembut, sifat penggunaan dingin, tidak lengket dan tidak kering, dan cepat menyerap saat diaplikasikan pada tangan. Abstract. Mango leaf extracts contain alkaloids, polyphenols, saponins, tannins, flavonoids that function as antimicrobial compounds to inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to make a hand sanitizer from mango leaves extract, analyze the organoleptic properties of the product, and identify the phytochemical content. Dried mango leaves were macerated using solvents at room temperature for 3x24 hours with a change of solvent every day, then filtered until the filtrate was obtained. The filtrate is then evaporated with a vacuum evaporator at 65 ° C until the volume is reduced 80% from the initial volume. The resulting extract is then processed into a hand sanitizer in gel form. Mango leaf extracts are then subjected to phytochemical tests. The results indicated that phytochemical content in mango leaves were flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, and also saponins that have the potential as a natural antibacterial in making hand sanitizers. Organoleptic analysis results of hand sanitizer gel preparations showed yellowish-green color, mango leaves odor, soft, non-sticky and moist gel texture, cold use properties and quickly absorbed when applied to the hands. Keywords: Hand sanitizer, maceration, mango leaf extract
Mini-Review Teknologi Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) Berbasis Kombinasi Proses Kimia dan Bioproses
Get PDFAbstrak. Saat ini kebutuhan energi masih mengandalkan bahan bakar fosil. Di sisi lain, emisi CO2 yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil terus meningkat dan berkontribusi sebagai gas rumah kaca di atmosfer. Pemanasan global menjadi ancaman bagi masa depan kehidupan. Salah satu upaya penanggulangannya adalah dengan mengembangkan teknologi Carbon, Capture, and Utilization (CCU) berbasis proses absorpsi kimia untuk menangkap gas CO2 dari hasil pembakaran. CO2 yang ditangkap kemudian disimpan dalam bentuk yang stabil sehingga tidak akan terlepas ke atmosfer atau dimanfatkan sebagai bahan baku industri kimia. Kendala utama penerapan teknologi CCU dalam skala besar adalah besarnya biaya yang diperlukan. Sementara, revenue yang dihasilkan relatif rendah. Pada teknologi CCU berbasis proses absorpsi kimia ini, bahan kimia sebagai absorbennya perlu diregenerasi lagi dan CO2-nya dipisahkan untuk disimpan atau dimanfaatkan. Namun regenerasi ini memerlukan biaya yang relatif mahal. Beberapa penelitian mencoba melakukan regenerasi ini dengan bioproses berbasis mikro-alga. Mikro-alga dapat mengambil energi dari cahaya matahari yang melimpah di daerah tropis seperti Indonesia. Di samping itu, beberapa jenis mikro alga mempunyai potensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pangan dan lainnnya. Dalam review ini akan dibahas hasil-hasil penelitian terkini tentang bahan kimia yang sesuai untuk proses absorpsi CO2 dari gas buang, metode regenerasinya mempergunakan mikro-alga, spesies mikro-alga yang dapat dipakai, dan potensi pemanfaatan mikro-alganya. Abstract. Currently, energy needs still rely on fossil fuels. On the other hand, CO2 emissions resulting from burning fossil fuels continue to increase and contribute as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Global warming is a threat to the future of life. One of the countermeasures is by developing Carbon, Capture, and Utilization (CCU) technology based on a chemical absorption process to capture CO2 gas from combustion. The captured CO2 is then stored in a stable form so it will not be released into the atmosphere or used as raw material for the chemical industry. The main obstacle to implementing CCU technology on a large scale is the cost involved. Meanwhile, the revenue generated is relatively low. In CCU technology based on this chemical absorption process, chemicals as absorbents need to be regenerated and the CO2 is separated for storage or use. However, this regeneration requires a relatively high cost. Several studies have attempted to perform this regeneration with micro-algae-based bioprocesses. Micro-algae can take energy from sunlight which is abundant in tropical areas such as Indonesia. In addition, several types of micro algae have the potential to be used as food and other utilizations. This review will discuss the results of recent research on suitable chemicals for the absorption of CO2 from flue gas, its regeneration method using micro-algae, usable micro-algae species, and the potential for micro-algae utilization
Karakteristik Bioplastik Kitosan-Onggok Aren (Arenga pinnata) dengan Penambahan Serbuk Kunyit
Get PDFAbstrak. Bioplastik merupakan plastik organik yang salah satu fungsinya dapat digunakan sebagai pengemas bahan pangan. Bioplastik dikenal ramah lingkungan karena mudah terdegrasi oleh alam. Kitosan dapat dimodifikasi dengan pati onggok aren dalam pembuatan bioplastik untuk meningkatkan kekuatan bioplastik. Penambahan kunyit ke dalam bioplastik kitosan-serat onggok diharapkan dapat meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap mikroba sehingga bioplastic tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai bahan kemasan makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik bioplastik kitosan-onggok aren yang ditambah kunyit dengan variasi 0,3- 1,2 %. Uji fisik yang dilakukan meliputi uji daya serap air, uji kuat tarik, uji elongisitas dan uji biodegradasi. Peningkatan banyaknya kunyit dalam air meningkatkan sifat daya serap air, kuat tarik dan biodegradasinya, sedangkan penurunan kemuluran plastik berkurang dengan peningkatan banyaknya kunyit dalam plastik.Abstract. Bioplastics are organic plastics which one of their functions can be used as food packaging. Bioplastics are known to be environmentally friendly because they are easily degraded by nature. Chitosan can be modified with onggok palm starch in making bioplastics to increase the strength of the bioplastics. The addition of turmeric to the chitosan-onggok bioplastic is expected to increase resistance to microbes so that the bioplastic can be used as a food packaging material. This study aims to determine the bioplastic characteristics of chitosan-onggok palm sugar added with turmeric with a variation of 0.3-1.2%. Physical tests carried out include water absorption test, tensile strength test, elongicity test and biodegradation test. The increase in the amount of turmeric in water increases its water absorption, tensile strength and biodegradation properties, while the decrease in plastic elongation decreases with the increase in the amount of turmeric in the plastic
Edukasi Teknologi Produksi dan Aplikasi Baterai Lithium Ion pada Kendaraan Listrik di SMK Muhammadiyah 6 Karanganyar
Get PDFAbstrak. Kendaraan listrik merupakan kendaraan yang digerakkan dengan motor listrik dan mendapat sumber daya listrik yang tersimpan dalam baterai. Keuntungan penggunaan kendaraan listrik dibandingkan dengan kendaraan konvesional antara lain, efisiensi konversi energi yang tinggi, mengurangi pemakaian bahan bakar minyak sehingga secara langsung dan mengurangi emisi gas buang ke atmosfir. Riset grup matertial maju dan energy storage fokus mengembangkan penelitian tentang produksi baterai dan aplikasinya. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk mensosialisasikan hasil riset tentang baterai dan aplikasi kendaraan listrik sebagai salah satu cara transfer pengetahuan teknologi untuk pelajar Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK). Siswa SMK harus dibekali dengan pemahaman mengenai baterai lithium ion dan kendaraan listrik sehingga bisa meningkatkan kompetensi lulusan dan memiliki daya saing di pasar kerja. SMK Muhammadiyah 6 Karanganyar memiliki jurusan Teknik Audio Video, Teknik Komputer Jaringan, Teknik Mesin, Teknik Elektro dan Mekanik Otomotif sehingga kegiatan dan kerjasama ini akan sangat mendukung kegiatan pembelajarn. Kegiatan pengabdian ini merupakan tindak lanjut kerja sama magang siswa yang dilakukan di unit produksi baterai dibawah Pusat Unggulan Iptek (PUI) PT Teknologi Penyimpanan Energi Listrik (University Center of Excellence for Electrical Energy Storage Technology). Dengan terselenggaranya kegiatan pengabdian diharapkan mampu memberikan pengetahuan mengenai hasil riset kampus kepada siswa, sehingga dapat memberikan pemahaman mengenai konsep dasar kendaraan listrik dan menumbuhkan inovasi pada siswa untuk mengembangkan kendaraan listrik. Abstract. Electric vehicles are vehicles that are driven by electric motors from the battery as energy sources. The advantages of electric vehicles related to their high energy conversion include reducing fuel oil consumption and reducing exhaust emissions. The advanced materials and energy storage research group is currently developing researches on battery production and its applications. This educational activity is a part of the Research Group Service Grant (HGR-UNS) which aims to disseminate the results of research on batteries and their application to electric vehicles as a form of advanced technology transfer for Vocational High School (SMK) students. SMK students must be provided with knowledge about lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and electric vehicles so that they can improve their competence and increase their competitiveness in the job market. SMK Muhammadiyah 6 Karanganyar offers several programs so that this educational activity will greatly support students' learning activities. This education activity is also the continuation of interns' activities at the Center for Excellence in Higher Education Science and Technology for Electrical Energy Storage Technology. With this educational activity's implementation, we wish to increase students' knowledge about battery technology and its applications. Keywords: education; Lithium-Ion Battery; Electric Vehicl