Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering
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The Effect Of Concentration And Type Of Soaking Media (Water, Alcohol, Salt, And Vinegar) On Decreasing Oxalate Levels (Washability) In Porang
Get PDFABSTRACT. Porang tubers (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) contain very high rates of glucomannan and have many benefits in various fields of health, pharmaceutical, industrial, and food fields. Besides having great benefits, porang tubers contain calcium oxalate which causes itching if consumed directly, irritation and kidney stones. The purpose of this study was to make porang tubers free from oxalate content by using various concentrations and types of immersion media on porang. The types of immersion media are water, salt, alcohol, and vinegar. Oxalate rates were analyzed by permanganometric titration method. The results of the diced porang immersion in this study showed that water with a temperature of 70°C with an immersion time of 120 minutes, salt solution at a concentration of 14% with an immersion time of 90 minutes, alcohol with a concentration of 40% with a soaking time of 30 minutes, and vinegar with a concentration of 30% with an immersion time of 150 minutes is the optimal result. While the porang immersion with long slices obtained optimal results in water with a temperature of 50°C with an immersion time of 150 minutes, salt solution at a concentration of 14% with an immersion time of 150 minutes, alcohol with a concentration of 60% with an immersion time of 150 minutes, and vinegar acid with a concentration of 20% with an immersion time of 150 minutes. In the optimal results of the dice, the oxalate content in water immersion decreased by 2.4%, salt solution decreased by 68.4%, alcohol decreased by 24.6%, and vinegar decreased by 11.8%. In the optimal results of the spring roll filling, the oxalate content in water immersion decreased by 2.4 %, salt solution decreased by 7.3%, alcohol decreased by 19.7%, and vinegar decreased by 11.8%.Keywords: Porang, Calcium oxalate,Permanganometri
Response Surface Methodology-Based Parameter Optimization of Candlenut Seeds Extraction (Aleurites moluccana Willd)
No full textAbstract. Aleurites moluccana Willd, known candlenut plant, has the potential to be used for vegetable oil, pharmacological purposes, and biofuel. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the optimal extraction conditions for this extraction. The current study aimed to use response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the Microwave Hydrodiffusion Gravity (MHG) conditions for extraction yield. A three-factor-three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to investigate the effects of three independent parameters: material size (A), microwave power (B), and extraction time (C). The experimental data for the candlenut seed extraction were analyzed to obtain quadratic polynomial equations. The effects of various parameters on the yield of extraction yield were then examined and analyzed using plots and contours.The results showing extraction yield significantly influenced all independent parameters were p < 0.0001. Further, The study predicted the optimum conditions for extracting candlenut seeds, which included using material size in 1.378 cm, microwave power of 599.359 W, and extraction time 66.076 min, resulted yield of 5.015%. Based on experimental data conditions, the highest extraction yield was 5.5% of 1 cm, 600 W, and 60 min, respectively, which were in good agreement with the predicted model. The study concluded that the optimized MHG method could be useful in industrial extraction processes and the use of statistical method can optimize the extraction process and reduce the number of experiments required.Keywords:Candlenut, RSM, MHG, yiel
The Prospects and Challenges of Biopolymers for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Get PDFAbstract. Currently, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology is being interested in the Indonesian state as an advanced technology that can recover oil remaining in the reservoir. The discovery of new resources and EOR efforts are predicted to result in increased oil production. This paper provides a review of main types of EOR methods, which are gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection; mechanism of polymer flooding; and biopolymer materials for EOR, attention were given to xanthan gum, cellulose, guar gum, and lignin. Polymer flooding is a low-cost chemical injection method with a high rate of success. Polymer flooding has several advantages, including improving oil recovery by minimizing residual oil saturation, decreasing water output from oil well, and requiring less water compared with water flooding. Since the use of polymer flooding in the EOR activities, there is a lot of potential that biopolymers are materials that play a significant role in the application of EOR technology, because environmentally friendly properties and have advantages over synthetic polymers. Biopolymer can be modified to nano materials or grafted with synthetic polymer to improve its properties and stability. It have shear, salinity, and temperature resistance, long-term stability, and large availability, so it making the right choice for applications in oil recovery.Keywords:Enhanced oil recovery, EOR, biopolymer, polymer flood, modification of biopolyme
Calcination of Various Eggshell Wastes into CaO Heterogeneous Catalysts
Get PDFAbstract. The high food industry waste can cause pollution including a pungent odor and the emergence of bacteria that cause disease. Egg shells are confectionery waste that is commonly found in household waste and the food industry. The accumulation of eggshell waste can cause various diseases such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and cramps in the stomach caused by Salmonella bacteria. Thus, further processing of egg shells is required. In this study, eggshell waste was processed into heterogeneous catalysts of CaO. This heterogeneous CaO catalyst has the potential to be used as a catalyst in the manufacture of biodiesel. In this process, egg shells are processed by the calcination method. The variables used are shell type and calcination temperature. The shell variables used were chicken egg shells, duck egg shells, and quail egg shells. While the temperature variables used are at temperatures of 600 ºC and 800 ºC. To determine the quality of heterogeneous CaO catalyst, characteristic tests were varied out in the form of SEM-EDX and FTIR. From the analysis, the most effective results were in the form of chicken eggshell variables at a calcination temperature of 800 ºC.Keywords:Calcination, CaO, Catalyst, Shell, Wast
Pemanfaatan Cangkang Biji Nyamplung sebagai Penghasil Resin untuk Mengatasi Permasalahan Limbah Padat di CV Plantanesia
Get PDFABSTRAK. CV Plantanesia merupakan industri penghasil minyak dari biji nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) yang dikenal sebagai Tamanu oil. Minyak tersebut dijual sebagai bahan baku kosmetik untuk produk skin care dan obat tradisional seperti luka, penyakit kulit, rematik, minyak untuk urut maupun obat gatal. Produksi Tamanu oil menghasilkan limbah hasil pengepresan minyak dari bijinya yang berupa bungkil/ampas biji dan cangkang/kulit buah nyamplung. Limbah tersebut dihasilkan dalam jumlah besar dan belum dimanfaatkan sehingga hanya dibuang sebagai sampah dan dibakar. Cangkang biji nyamplung mengandung resin senyawa fenolik yang memiliki sifat antioksidan, anti inflamasi, anti kanker, dan anti mikroba sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengobatan Tujuan pengabdian pada masyarakat ini adalah memberikan pelatihan pengolahan limbah pengepresan minyak biji nyamplung, khususnya cangkang biji dan pengolahannya untuk menjadi resin. Kegiatan ini dilakukan di CV. Plantanesia yang berlokasi di Tasikmadu, Kecamatan Jaten, Kabupaten Karanganyar. Pelatihan diberikan dalam bentuk penyuluhan, diskusi dan pelatihan pengambilan (ekstraksi) resin dari cangkang nyamplung. Proses ekstraksi resin dari cangkang nyamplung dan pengaturan kondisi optimal ekstraksi dilakukan terlebih dahulu melalui percobaan pendahuluan di Laboratorium Program Studi Teknik Kimia FT UNS. Hasil percobaan tersebut digunakan sebagai materi pelatihan. Penyampaian materi dilakukan melalui kunjungan, penyuluhan dan pelatihan pada pelaku usaha khususnya CV Plantanesia. Materi penyuluhan dikemas dalam modul dan dipraktekkan secara langsung di lokasi CV. Dari kegiatan ini, mitra memperoleh peningkatan wawasan akan pemanfaatan cangkang biji nyamplung. Produk resin yang dihasilkan diharapkan dapat bermanfaat sebagai produk samping yang bernilai jual tinggi untuk meningkatkan pendapatan bagi pelaku usaha, sekaligus dapat mengatasi masalah limbahnya. Kata kunci: cangkang biji nyamplung, resin, tamanu oilABSTRACT. CV Plantanesia is a home industry that produces nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) seed oil known as Tamanu oil. The oil is usually used for skin care products and traditional medicines such as wounds, skin diseases, rheumatism, massage oil and itching medicine. Tamanu oil production leaves solid waste from the pressing process, which is cake/seed dregs and shells/skin of nyamplung fruit. This waste is generated in large quantities and has not been utilized, so it is only disposed of as garbage or just burned. Nyamplung seed shells contain resin phenolic compounds which is used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties. It can be used for medical treatment. This project aims to provide training on processing waste nyamplung seed oil, especially the seed shells and their processing to become resin. This activity is carried out at CV. Plantanesia which is located in Tasikmadu, Jaten, Karanganyar. The project was implemented in various activities, such as counseling, focus group discussions and workshop for extracting resin from nyamplung shells. The resin extraction and optimization process condition were developed at the Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University. The experimental results are implemented in the workshop at the industry. From this activity, partners gain increased insight into the use of nyamplung seed shells. The resin product is expected to be useful as a high value by-product to increase the benefit of the industry, as well as to overcome the waste problem.Keywords: nyamplung seed shell, resin, tamanu oi
The Effects of Fermentation Extent and Acid Concentration on Bioethanol from HVS Paper Waste
Get PDFAbstract. Bioethanol is an alternative energy sourced from environmentally friendly raw materials from wastes that contain a lot of lignocellulosic such as HVS paper. Paper contains about 85% cellulose, 8% hemicellulose, 5% lignin and the rest is in the form of ash compounds. Bioethanol is ethanol produced from the fermentation of glucose (sugar) followed by a distillation process. This study aims to analyze the effect of a combination of fermentation time and concentration of sulfuric acid on bioethanol. The highest yield of beathanol was obtained at a hydrolysis concentration of 6.5% with a 7-day fermentation time of 3.45%. Bioethanol density that was close to standard was 3.5% acid concentration with 3 and 5 days fermentation. Moreover, at 3.5% acid concentration showed the closest bioethanol viscosity to the standard value with all conditions synthesized acidic bioethanol with pH ranged from 6 to 6.5Keywords:Bioethanol, Fermentation, HVS paper, Sulfuric aci
The Effect of Coffee Husk Waste Addition with Alkalisation Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Composites
Get PDFABSTRACT. Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producing country in the world with 762.38 thousand tonnes production in 2020. The coffee bean waste in the form of coffee skins is around 50-60% of the harvest. Coffee skin waste is a type of natural material that has not been widely used. Processing coffee skin waste as a filler in thermoplastic polymers can be a solution to environmental problems. This study using the polypropylene matrix. This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding coffee husk by alkalizing treatment on polypropylene composites on tensile strength, impact strength and flexural strength. The composition of coffee husk used is 20, 30, 40% wt. The coffee husk was first alkalized with 5%, 8%, and 11% KOH to remove lignin. Composite manufactured using manual forming machines. The results of this study indicate that the addition of coffee husk reduces the value of the tensile strength and flexural strength of the polypropylene composite. The addition of 20% wt coffee husk with 5% KOH alkalisastion on the polypropylene composite gave the highest tensile strength value of 5.65 MPa and the highest flexural strength of 28.72 MPa. Alkalisastion treatment with KOH on coffee husk reduces the value of tensile strength and flexural strength in polypropylene composites. The treatment without 0% KOH alkalisastion on coffee husk gave the highest tensile strength value of 13.30 MPa and alkalizing treatment with 5% KOH on coffee husk gave the highest flexural strength value of 28.72 MPa with the addition of 20% wt coffee husk. Alkalisastion treatment with KOH on coffee husk increased the impact strength value on polypropylene composites. Alkalisastion treatment with 11% KOH on coffee husk gave the highest impact strength value of 4.62 kJ/m2 with the addition of 20% wt coffee husk.Keywords: composite, polypropylene, coffee husk, alkalisation
Microencapsulation of Garlic Oil with Gelatin and Maltodextrin Encapsulant Using the Coacervation Method
Get PDFABSTRACT. Garlic Oil is widely used as a raw material for fragrances with volatile active compounds at room temperature. It is easily affected by environmental changes and this problem can be solved by microencapsulation using coacervation methods to protect active compounds. Garlic Oil was encapsulated using gelatin and sodium alginate as coating materia with glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the composition of polymers and the mass of garlic oil on encapsulation characteristics. The resulting microcapsules were analyzed using a digital microscope, SEM, FTIR, and encapsulation efficiency. The result showed that microcapsules have an irregular shape with a textured surface. The FTIR spectrum showed an indication of garlic oil with allicin content in microcapsules. The encapsulation efficiency is 34.23% with a yield of 29.43%.Keywords: microencapsulation, coacervation, garlic oi
Effect of Delignification Process on Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin Content on Liquid Glucose Production from a Mixture of Corn Cobs (Zea mays) and Sugar Cane Bagasse (Saccharum officinarum)
Get PDFABSTRACT. Dependence on the use of fossil energy is continuously increasing every year. This is very risky, considering the dwindling availability of fossils in nature. It is necessary to use alternative energy as a substitute for fossil energy, such as bioethanol, one of the biofuels sourced from living things, especially plants. Bioethanol is based on the fermentation of glucose with bacteria that produce ethanol. Some essential ingredients for making bioethanol require a hydrolysis process to produce glucose so it can be fermented into bioethanol. This research focuses on the hydrolysis process to produce liquid glucose from a mixture of corn cobs and bagasse with several different treatments to determine glucose levels, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin levels. On the cellulose content itself, in the delignification process, the cellulose content obtained was 64.8% which was 11.1% higher than not through the delignification process, which was only 53.7%. The level of lignin is the same, the delignification process reduces the lignin content by 10% by not going through the delignification process by 21.3% compared to those undergoing the delignification process by only 10.3%. Hemicellulose is the same, with a 2% difference.Keywords: Corn Cob, Glucose, Hydrolysis, Sugarcane Bagass
Utilization of Wasted Cooking Oil and Essential Oil of Sweet Orange Peel (Citrus sinensis) as Aromatherapy Candles
Get PDFAbstract. Utilizations of waste cooking oil can be projected to be candles. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel, considering the large amount of this abandoned waste, also can be utilized as essential oil. This research was conducted to examine the production of aromatherapy candles by purifying the wasted cooking oil and adding the sweet orange peel essential oil. Steam distillation method was used to extract essential oils by determining the effect of raw material conditions on the yield obtained. The essential oils obtained from fresh peel was 1.87% of yield with 94.37% limonene, while dry one was 2.16% yield with 94.67% limonene by GC-MS analysis. Adsorption method by activated carbon was carried out to purify the wasted cooking oil as candle materials, varied by 7%, 10%, and 13% mass of activated carbon. The addition of the highest mass of activated carbon gave the lowest absorbance and indicated that the purified oil was the brightest. Utilization of refined wasted oil was mixed with stearin and sweet orange peel essential oil of 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight as aromatherapy candle product. Characteristics of candle was investigated by analyzing the melting point, burning time, organoleptic, and preference test for respondents and resulted that all characters meet Indonesian National Standard. Purification of wasted cooking oil varied by activated carbon mass influenced the color of the candles. The addition of essential oils influenced the smell, melting point and burning time of candle, the essential oil addition makes lower melting point and faster burning time.Keywords:Aromatherapy Candles, Sweet Orange Peel Essential Oil, Wasted Cooking Oi