Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering
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Regeneration of Spent Nickel Catalyst via Hydrometallurgical Method
Get PDFAbstract. Nickel Catalyst is one of the common catalysts found in chemical industries. However, this catalyst has a limited lifetime indicated by having performance or activity drop so it is potentially become dangerous waste if the handling is not proper. The spent nickel catalyst needs to be processed to recover and avoid pollution towards the environment. The Hydrometallurgy method is a proper method to process nickel catalyst waste. The purpose of this research is to investigate the characteristic of a regenerated nickel catalyst when it is treated with HCl and H2SO4 as the lixiviant. In this research, the spent nickel catalyst was treated with HCl and H2SO4 in the presence of 2% H2O2 reductant under room conditions and mixing rate at 200 rpm for 30 minutes of reaction. The leaching filtrate was precipitated using NaOH solution while the formed precipitate was heated at 800 °C for 3 hours. The regenerated catalyst was characterized using FTIR and SEM-EDX. The SEM images showed regenerated catalyst prepared using the HCl solution has a different morphology compared to the one using the H2SO4 solution. Based on FTIR analysis, both samples exhibit Ni-O and C-O groups. Based on elemental analysis, the highest nickel concentration was obtained by using HCl with a Ni content of 25.98%w/w, compare to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with a Ni content of 10.94%w/w. The Ni content can be improved by the addition of a washing step after the sintering process.Keywords:Hydrometallurgy Nickel Catalyst, Waste, Leaching, Sinterin
Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate Membranes from Kepok Banana Stem (Musa acuminata x balbisiana) For Microfiltration Process
Get PDFAbstract. Membrane is a separation technology between permeate and feed. The challenge in applying this technology is related to the ingredients that can cause fouling. Cellulose acetate membrane is a porous membrane as a solution to overcome fouling problems.The selectivity level of cellulose acetate membranes in the microfiltration process for water and wastewater treatment is very high. Utilization of kepok banana frond waste as an alternative material for making cellulose acetate membranes that are biodegradable, can be decomposed quickly by microorganisms with a limited shelf life. The aim of this research is to apply cellulose acetate membranes from kepok banana fronds for the microfiltration process in water and wastewater treatment with varying concentrations of acetone using the phase inversion method. The cellulose content contained in the kepok banana fronds is 54.3%. The composition for making the membrane is 2 gr cellulose acetate; PVA 20 ml; and PEG 1.7 ml with various concentrations of acetone 15, 20 and 25 ml. The results of the SEM test of the membrane with a concentration of 25 ml of acetone solvent had the best characteristics with a pore size of 0.0932 μm; thickness of 1.778 mm and swelling index of 9.87%. The highest average flux value was owned by the membrane with a concentration of 20 ml, namely 71.3444 l/m².hour The lowest flux value was owned by the membrane with a concentration of 25 ml, namely 55.5549 l/m².hour.Keywords:Membrane, Microfiltration, Cellulose Acetate, Banana Frond, Aceton
Biogas Purification by Adsorption Method Using Activated Carbon and Zeolite Adsorbents
Get PDFAbstract. Biogas is an alternative energy that is formed from the fermentation of organic matter in gaseous form. Biogas consists of several gas mixtures with the main components methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) with a small amount of steam. Biogas is an alternative technology that produces environmentally friendly, cheap and renewable fuel because it comes from biomass, organic liquid waste, food scraps, organic waste, leaves and animal manure resulting from the fermentation process. This study aims to purify biogas by adsorption method using activated carbon and zeolite adsorbents to obtain optimal methane gas by varying the biogas flow rate and the amount of adsorbent composition. Variation in the ratio of the amount of adsorbent (activated carbon: zeolite) is 0%:100%, 30%:70%, 50%:50%, 70%:30%, 100%:0% and the flow rate variation used is 0.2 liter/minute, 0.4 liter/minute, and 0.6 liter/minute. From the purification results, an analysis of the gas content contained in the biogas was carried out using a gas analyzer. The results showed that the best flow rate was the smallest flow rate, which was 0.2 liter/minute, and the best variation in the amount of adsorbent was 0%:100% adsorbent (activated carbon: zeolite) with 81.40% methane content.Keywords:Biogas, Activated Carbon, Zeolite, Adsorption, Purification
Peningkatan Kompetensi Siswa SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta mengenai Industri Baterai Lithium Ion
Get PDFABSTRAK. Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta memiliki jurusan Kimia Industri yang mempersiapkan tenaga terampil di industri kimia untuk mendukung dalam pengembangan teknologi. Salah satu Industri Kimia yang berkembang saat ini adalah Industri Baterai Lithium Ion (LIB). LIB saat ini digunakan tidak hanya pada perangkat elektronik portabel, seperti komputer dan telepon seluler, tetapi juga untuk kendaraan listrik atau kendaraan hybrid. Oleh karena itu, lulusan SMK dengan Program Keahlian Kimia Industri hendaknya menyiapkan lulusan yang mempunyai kompetensi di bidang teknologi baterai. Dengan kompetensi dosen dalam teknologi produksi material aktif baterai pada skala mini plant dan fasilitas yang mewadai di Pusat Unggulan IPTEK (PUI) PT Teknologi Penyimpanan Energi Listrik, maka sangat memungkinkan dosen untuk mengenalkannya kepada siswa SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta. Metode yang dilakukan dalam pelatihan ini adalah metode ceramah, diskusi dan praktik. Adapun materi yang disampaikan mengenai baterai lithium ion (aplikasi, jenis, tipe, struktur, proses pembuatan material aktif, dan fabrikasi). Kegiatan praktik yang dilakukan yaitu praktik pembuatan material aktif katoda dengan metode ko-presipitasi dan fabrikasi sel baterai. Hasil kegiatan ini adalah kompetensi siswa dan guru meningkat yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai Pre-Test yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan Post-Test.Kata kunci: Baterai Lithium Ion, SMK, KatodaABSTRACT. Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta Vocational High School has a Department of Industrial Chemistry which prepares skilled workers in the chemical industry to support the development of technology. One of the chemical industries that is currently developing is the Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) industry. LIBs are currently used not only in portable electronic devices, such as computers and cell phones but also for electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles. Therefore, Vocational High School with an industrial chemistry expertise program should prepare students who graduate to have competence in the field of battery technology. With the competence of lecturers in the production technology of battery active materials on a mini plant scale and adequate facilities at the Center of Excellence for Electrical Energy Storage Technology, it is very possible for lecturers to introduce technology and battery production facilities to students of Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta Vocational High School. The methods used in this training are lecture, discussion and practice methods. The material presented was about LIB (application, type, type, structure, active material manufacturing process, and fabrication). The practical activities carried out are the practice of making cathode active materials with the co-precipitation method and battery cell fabrication. The result of this activity is that the competence of students and teachers increases as indicated by a better Pre-Test score compared to the Post-Test score.Keywords: Lithium Ion, SMK, Cathod
Optimization of Heat Transfer Area and Steam Requirement in Multiple Effects Evaporator for Concentration of Juice in Sugar Factory
Get PDFAbstract. In maintaining the existence of sugar factories that are still actively operating in Indonesia, efforts should be made to intensify sugar production and/or extensify sugarcane plantations. In terms of the intensification of the process, it is necessary to periodically evaluate the performance of process equipment, especially those that require utilities so that the process is effective and efficient. The process of making sugar passes through six stages, namely: milling, purification, evaporation, cooking, screening, and packaging as the final stage. The evaporation process is a crucial process that determines the success of the entire process because the sugar solution is concentrated from 11% to 64%. The evaporator was designed to use a multiple-effect evaporator to increase the value of steam economy. The objective of this research was to optimize the process condition that requires a minimum total cost at PT. XYZ, a sugar factory. Sugar solution /juice concentration at feed, temperature of feed, and number of effects were variables studied in this research. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to survey the sugar factory to obtain the necessary data. Furthermore, a mathematical model was compiled based on the principle of mass and heat balance and then an Excel-Goal Seek program was used to carry out an accurate optimization. To conclude, for a mass flow rate of 125,000 kg/h with a concentration of 11% sugar solution and a feed temperature of 100oC, the optimum conditions were obtained by employing a quadruple effect evaporator with a minimum annual production cost of IDR 22,090,361,779.00 at PT. XYZ. The optimum conditions obtained were as follows: total evaporator area = 2,443.81 m2, steam economy = 3.98, and steam demand = 26,028.2 kg/h. A quadruple effect evaporator is commonly utilized in sugar factories in Indonesia.Keywords:Intensification, Sugar Solution, Number of Effects, Optimization, Steam Econom
Effect of Acrylamide And Potassium Peroxodisulphate on The Quality of Bead Gel Based on Cassava Bagasse-Carrageenan Using Microwave Grafting Method
Get PDFABSTRACT. Hydrogels are widely used for drug delivery systems, immuno-chemotherapy applications, efficient use of water, preventing dry soil, and increasing soil infiltration. Generally, hydrogels are derived from synthetic polymers which is non-biodegradable and toxic. Cassava bagasse is an alternative cellulose to make hydrogels. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the amount of acrylamide and potassium peroxodisulphate (KPS) initiator on the quality of bead gel based on cassava bagasse-carrageenan. Chemical structure of the hydrogel was studied using FTIR spectroscopy. Cassava bagasse was immersed in a solution of n-hexane to separate the fat. Then, fat-free cassava bagasse was grafted with mass ratios of cassava and acrylamide 1:5, 1:10, and 1:15 in 110 mL water. The solution was added with a KPS initiator with weight variations (g) 0.04; 0.08; 0.12 then stirred 15 min. The solution was put in the microwave with 630 watts of irradiation for 450 s with the cooling cycle temperature maintained at 65-70oC. The aqueous of grafted polymer and carrageenan was injected into beaker glass that contained 1 cm of palm oil and mixture of 0.2 M CaCl2 and 0.2 M KCl in an ice bath. Results showed that the highest average swelling capacity was found in the bead gel variation 1:15 with the number of initiators 0.04 g of 1797.95% at a time of 210 minutes of immersion. From FTIR spectrum, it was found that there was a success in grafting acrylamide into bagasse’s backbone using the microwave grafting method with KPS as initiator.Keywords: Acrylamide, Bead Gel, Cassava Bagasse, Grafting Microwave, Potassium Peroxodisulphat
Synthesis of Water Hyacinth/Cassava Starch Composite as An Environmentally Friendly Plastic Solution
Get PDFAbstract. Conventional plastics made from petroleum polymers were the largest contributor to solid waste on earth. Environmentally friendly bioplastic fabricated by compositing starch and natural fibers were proposed to be a solution to this problem. The purpose of this research was to synthesize bioplastic from water hyacinth fiber composite with cassava starch and test its mechanical properties. Bioplastic fabrication was using melt intercalation method using water hyacinth fibers (WHF) with and without alkali treatment mixed with cassava starch (CS) and glycerol as plasticizer. The resulting bioplastic were characterized with FT-IR and tested for mechanical properties. The mechanical test results showed that water hyacinth fiber alkaline treated/cassava starch (WHF-AT/CS) bioplastic has tensile strength, % elongation, and water absorption values of 1.226 MPa, 3.33%, and 10.26%, respectively. While the bioplastic water hyacinth fiber untreated/cassava starch (WHF-UT/CS) has a tensile strength test value, % elongation, and water absorption of 0.306 MPa, 1.67%, and 11.39, respectively. Therefore it can be said that WHF-AT/CS bioplastic has better mechanical properties when compared to WHF-UT/CS bioplastic.Keywords:Biocomposite, Bioplastic, Cassava Starch, Water Hyacinth Fibe
The Study of Selection Bottle Packaging for Carbonated Beverages
Get PDFABSTRACT. The growth of the packaged beverages market in Indonesia is overgrowing. One sector of packaged beverages is carbonated beverages and bottled water. The main problem with packaged beverages containing dissolved gases is maintaining product quality during shelf life. Packaging materials and packaging lids cause a decrease in dissolved gas levels in beverages. Therefore, this study aims to analyze leaks in polyethylene terephthalate and glass bottles so that can use them to estimate the shelf life of the product. This study uses water, 3 types of glass bottles, and 1 type of plastic bottle. Bottles filled with water with various filling volumes of 40%v/v, 60%v/v, and 80%v/v were then analyzed for bottle leakage for 8 days. The results showed that effectively used a glass bottle with a volume of 250mL filled with more than 80%v/v, this was because it had the least leakage rate compared to others. In addition, this bottle has an attractive visual, easy labeling, and the size is not too large (ergonomic).Keywords: Glass bottle, plastic bottle, leakage test, shelf lif
Encapsulation of Rice Bran Oil (RBO) by Complex Coacervation Using Glutaraldehyde as Crosslinking Agent
Get PDFAbstract. Rice bran is a significant by-product of the processing of rice, and rice bran oil (RBO) can be extracted from it to provide a very valuable product. It has a high smoke point but is less stable in the heating process. Further research is carried out to increase the stability of Rice Bran Oil in its utilization. Many environmentally friendly methods are being developed in storing and packaging food, including the application of microencapsulation. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of glutaraldehyde crosslinking agent on rice bran oil microencapsulation by utilizing the natural polymers of kappa carrageenan, glucomannan, and chitosan as encapsulants using the coacervation method. Microcapsules were analyzed for their encapsulation efficiency and yield and were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Results show that increasing the amount of glutaraldehyde tends to increase the yield and efficiency of encapsulation. A yield of 49.20% was obtained by adding 1 mL of glutaraldehyde with an encapsulation efficiency of 48.22%. All samples have irregular shapes and the surfaces were rough and folded. FTIR spectra show that all samples indicated the presence of RBO as well as other polymers used in the research: carrageenan, chitosan, and glucomannan. The results of PSA show that particles are in micron size except for the addition of 1 mL glutaraldehyde.Keywords:Rice Bran Oil. Glutaraldehyde, Complex Coacervatio
Biodegradable Wet Wipes from Palm Fiber Combined with Extract from Palm Leaves as Antibacterial Agent
Get PDFAbstract. Palm fibers waste as the side-product from palm oil process can potentially be used as raw material for making green (biodegradable) wet wipes. It is proven that palm fiber contains cellulose by 87,3% of the results of cellulose analysis. Palm leaves are considered sufficiently as antibacterical agent due to containing the high-concentration polyphenol. This research aims to comprehend to process making wet wipes from palm fiber, then be combined with palm leaves extract as antibacterical agent. Pulp, made from palm fiber, is separated to two parts, with-bleaching sample and unbleaching sample. bleaching sample needs three times bleaching with 120 mL H2O2 with a constan temperature of 70oC. The results of tissues with bleaching are stronger because the lignin content is reduced so that it is easy to bond with each other. The best bleaching tissue samples were obtained from the 7th experiment with a composition of 60 g palm fiber, 1,5 g tapioca, 1 g of PVA, 3 g chitosan, 10 mL of VCO. The characteristics of this bleaching tissue are bound cellulose, flexible textured paper, smooth texture, stronger when exposed to water, can absorb ethanol. This biodegradables wet wipes pH test obtained 2 results, namely with pH paper and Ph meters of 7 and 7,29, respectively. Biodegradable wet wipes irritation test conducted on 4 volunteers showed no signs of irritation. Keywords:Palm Fiber, Wet Wipes, Biodegradable, Antibacterical, Palm leaves, Ethanol