Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering
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Solid-Liquid Equilibrium Study of Binary System Saturated Fatty Acid in Short Chain Alcohols
Get PDFUnsaturated fatty acids are potential to be used for preventing degenerative diseases and developing brain function in babies. Separation of unsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids efficiently achieved by urea complexation fractionation method. It is considered to be the simplest, most efficient, and lowest cost method. This study aimed to optimize urea complexation for increasing PUFA concentrations by determining solid-liquid equilibrium data of saturated fatty acids in short chain alcohols. In this study, there were two types of short chain alcohol, methanol and ethanol, in various concentrations (99,7%; 95%; 88%; 76% w/w) towards the solubility of saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acid (PA and SA). PA and SA dissolved in various concentrations of methanol and ethanol to get homogeneous solutions. When solid SFA disappeared by heating the solution, or first formed by cooling the solution, the temperature was determined as the solid-liquid equilibrium temperature. The results showed that the best composition of solvent within high solubility level is ethanol 95% and methanol 99,7% over palmitic acid because it can dissolve at room temperature and below 0.01 mole fraction.Keywords:Alcohol, Fatty Acid, Solid-Liquid Equilibrium, Solubilit
Optimization of Bio-lubricant Produced from Non-edible Jatropha curcas Seed Oil
Get PDFAbstract. This paper presents the production and optimization of a bio-lubricant derived from non-edible Jatropha plant seed oil. Plant oil-based lubricants offer significant environmental benefits and are derived from renewable sources, making them an attractive alternative to conventional lubricants. They provide a potential solution for sustainable and low-cost feedstock for fuel oil and its derivatives without competing with food uses, as Jatropha oil contains toxic esters unsuitable for human consumption. Jatropha seed oil was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus fitted with a heating mantle. A total of 500 g of the extracted oil was esterified in a round-bottom flask glass reactor with 25 wt% methanol and 1.0 wt% H₂SO₄ as a catalyst, reducing free fatty acids (FFA) to approximately 1%. The esterified oil was then subjected to transesterification in a reactor preheated to 60°C. A mixture of 1.0 wt% NaOH and methanol at a 6:1 ratio was added while stirring at 300 rpm for a reaction time of 90 minutes. The transesterification process was optimized using a 23 response surface methodology (RSM) experimental design. This design evaluated the effects of temperature (112.16°C to 160.00°C), reaction time (1.81 to 5.00 hours), and catalyst concentration (0.73% to 1.73% w/w) at a constant mole ratio of JME to TMP of 3.9:1 under vacuum conditions. The results revealed that the optimal conditions for bio-lubricant synthesis were a temperature of 130°C, a reaction time of 3 hours, and a catalyst concentration of 0.8% w/w. A second-order quadratic model was developed to predict the yield of Jatropha curcas bio lubricant based on the process variables. The model predicted a yield of 88.74% with a desirability of 0.9739 and demonstrated a high coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9739, indicating strong predictive accuracy Keywords:Bio-lubricant, Jatropha, Esterification, Seed Oi
Simulation of Gas Sweetening Process using Extended NRTL and Stages Efficiency as Modeling Approach
Get PDFGas sweetening is a process to remove CO₂ and H₂S from natural gas. The current established technology is by using Amine contactor where the solvent used is in form of Amine solution. To simulate the effect of different solvent, electrolyte-NRTL is used to model the equilibrium, and mass transfer-kinetic is used to model the rate-based processes. This modeling approach is rather complex and available only in commercial and proprietary process simulation software. Therefore we propose an alternative modeling approach where we use extended NRTL and stage efficiency to model the acid gas absorption processes. We find that this approach is quite good to describe CO₂ absorption, yet unsuccessful to calculate the H₂S absorption. Inadequate vapor liquid equilibrium parameter regression for H₂S, specifically at low partial pressure might cause the problem. However the stage efficiency approach shows good result where it is comparable to rate-based model and corresponds to current understanding of physico-chemical phenomenon of acid gas absorption. Keywords:Gas sweetening, Unisim design, Simulation, NRTL, Stage efficienc
Producing Gel With Various Ingredients: a Review
Get PDFUnhealthy fat choices in diets are linked to obesity and other health problems. The food industry faces a challenge to develop low-fat products that maintain desirable textures and functionalities. Food gels, semi-solid materials formed by small molecules or large organic molecules that can hold liquids, offer a promising approach for replacing fat in various food applications like yogurt, ice cream, and cheese. This review discusses recent research on: Types of biopolymers used for fat substitution in gels, including proteins, polysaccharides, and their combinations. The importance of rheological studies in understanding the characteristics of these fat-substituted gels. How manipulating rheological parameters can influence the texture and properties of food products.Keywords: Gel, Rheology, Fat, Protein, Polysaccharid
Characterization and Combustion Kinetics of Binderless and Bindered Dry Cow Dung Bio-Pellets
Get PDFThe effect of molasses addition as a binder in the manufacturing of cow dung bio-pellets on their characteristics and combustion kinetics have been studied. The bio-pellets characterization included the physical and mechanical properties as well as the proximate analysis and calorific values. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out using a macro-TGA apparatus under a non-isothermal conditions and an oxidative atmosphere to study the thermal decomposition characteristics. Then, the first order Coast and Redfern method was used to determined the kinetic parameters of bio-pellets combustion. It was found that the ash content of bio-pellets were tended to decreased, while the volatile matter and fixed carbon were tended to increase with the addition of molasses. Nevertheless, the density, the axial compressive strength and the calorific values of bindered bio-pellets were decreased due to the higher amounts of water in the raw mixtures. Thermogravimetric analysis provided an information that the combustions of cow dung bio-pellets took place in three stages of decompositions The bindered bio-pellet began to decompose at lower temperatures than the binderless bio-pellet with a higher weight loss percentage. According to the comprehensive combustion characteristic index (S), the combustion performance of both binderless and bindered bio-pellets were similar. The addition of molasses as a binder tended to reduce the ignition temperature and activation energy for all stages of bio-pellets combustion. Keywords:Bio-pellet, Characterization, Cow Dung, Combustion Kinetics, Molasse
Meningkatkan Potensi Kewirausahaan dan Inovasi Produk di SMK N 1 Mojosongo
Get PDFABSTRAK. Kewirausahaan merupakan salah satu tuntutan kompetensi lulusan siswa di SMK Negeri 1 Mojosongo. Kompetensi tersebut menjadi salah satu indikator kualitas sumber daya manusia lulusan SMK. Tim Manajemen sekolah selalu berusaha meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya siswa dan tenaga pengajarnya. Salah satu terobosan yang dilakukan adalah bekerjasama dengan Prodi D3 Teknik Kimia Universitas Sebelas Maret untuk meningkatkan wawasan siswanya. Konsep kerjasama ini berupa transfer keilmuan yang dikemas dalam kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat. Kegiatan ini memiliki beberapa tahapan dimulai dari identifikasi masalah mitra yaitu perlunya pemahaman konsep kewirausahaan, business plan, pemodalan dana hibah, konsep desain dan inovasi produk dan pemasaran usaha. Pada tahap awal kegiatan siswa diminta mengikuti pretest untuk mengetahui tingkat mula pemahaman. Tahap kedua paparan materi kewirausahaan dan diskusi, tahap ketiga demo sekaligus praktik langsung pembuatan inovasi produk pangan dari buah nipah. Kegiatan diakhiri dengan post test dan testimoni hasil kegiatan. Dari kegiatan yang telah dilakukan, menunjukkan hasil bahwa terdapat peningkatan pemahaman peserta tentang kewirausahaan dan inovasi produk menggunakan teknologi sederhana. Kata kunci: Kewirausahaan, inovasi pangan, nipah, sirupABSTRACT. Entrepreneurship is one of the required competencies for students' graduation at SMK Negeri 1 Mojosongo. Thus, this competency is one of the indicators to determine the quality of graduates from SMK N 1 Mojosongo. The School management has been trying to improve the quality of students and teaching staff. Collaboration between SMK N 1 Mojosongo and Diploma 3 of the Chemical Engineering Study Program of Universitas Sebelas Maret is one of the breakthroughs to increase students' insight. The concept of this collaboration is in the form of knowledge transfer which is packaged in community service activities. This activity begins with identifying the problems experienced by partners such as the need to understand the concept of entrepreneurship, business plans, grant funding, design concepts, product innovation, and business marketing. Before the main agenda begins, students are asked to take a pretest to determine their initial level of understanding. After a presentation on entrepreneurship, the students practice making food product innovations from Nypa fruticans. Finally, the students took the post-test and gave testimonials on the results of the activities. The results of this activity indicate that there is an increase in participants' understanding of entrepreneurship and product innovation with simple technology.Keywords: Food innovation, nypa fruticans, entrepreneurship, syru
Study on the Effect of Cyanide Concentration on Gold Leaching Recovery in Ore at PT Indo Muro Kencana
Get PDFABSTRACT. Indonesia is a country that has abundant natural resources, including non-renewable natural resources such as various types of metals, natural gas, petroleum and others. Besides that, Indonesia also has an important role in supplying the world's gold raw materials. Therefore, it is necessary to develop technology and science in the mining industry, especially gold to increase process optimization and increase the added value of the mining products themselves. One of the gold extraction processes can be carried out hydrometallurgically using the cyanidation method using agitator leach, as was done at PT Indo Muro Kencana. Process optimization is carried out with various test work, such as leaching tests, by varying the operating parameters of the leaching. The variations of parameters used in this study are the cyanide concentrations at 600 ppm, 700 ppm, and 800 ppm. The results of the analysis show that the optimal cyanide concentration for leaching of PT Indo Muro Kencana's gold ore is 600 ppm by controlling the Rate rate control.Keywords:Cyanidation, Gold, Leaching, Extraction
The Study Utilization of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel Extract as a Gel-Based Burn Wound Plaster
Get PDFAbstract. The industry in Indonesia is currently experiencing significant development dominated by workers in the informal sector. During the business/production processes, problems are often encountered, leading to injuries or wounds. Burn wound are caused by heat sources such as fire, electricity, hazardous chemicals, and radiation. One natural substance with the potential to be used as an alternative treatment for burn wound is mangosteen peel. Mangosteen peel contains active biochemical compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, xanthones, and alkaloid derivatives, which have anti-inflammatory effects that can aid in the wound healing process by promoting collagen formation. Additionally, the presence of saponins in mangosteen peel makes it antibacterial. This research aims to explore the potential of mangosteen peel patches in the healing of burn injuries often experienced by informal industrial workers. The research method used secondary data through a literature review study. Article searches were conducted using keywords such as 'wound' and 'mangosteen peel.' Through the analysis of 10 articles, it was found that mangosteen peel has great potential to be utilized as a mangosteen peel patch, with a wound healing percentage of up to 83% over 21 days at an optimum concentration of 15%. The availability of patches made from mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) is expected to assist informal workers or UMKM in addressing burn wound they may encounter during work while also helping to utilize waste that would otherwise go unused.Keywords: Biochemical compounds, Burn wound, Informal Sector, Mangosteen Peel, Plaste
Absorption of Tar Content in Producer Gas using Used Cooking Oil in a Packed-bed Column
Get PDFAbstract. The tar content in producer gas may cause crusting on the engine if it is utilized as a fuel gas, thus it needs to be removed. This study aims to determine the liquid phase mass transfer coefficient in process of removing tar from producer gas in a packed-bed contactor column. This process is carried out continuously using used-cooking oil as absorbent. This was carried out by contacting the producer gas as a product of cacao pod-husk gasification at temperature range of 491-940°C at a certain counter-current flow rate with used-cooking oil in a column with a Raschig ring packing bed. The study used packed-bed materials with specific surface areas of 29.3927 m²/m³, 49.7532 m²/m³, 95.4113 m²/m³, 96.8182 m²/m³, 101.6840 m²/m³, and 105.0128 m²/m³, and with the linear velocity of used-cooking oil ranging from 0.0229 m/s to 0.0827 m/s. A mass transfer coefficient mathematical model has been constructed based on the research results. The model applies to the ranges (As.dt), (DL/dt.vL), and (µL / ρL.vL.dt) from 2.2397 to 8.0020, 2.26.10-10 to 1.72.10-9, and 0.0331 to 0.3102, respectively, with an average error of 9.33%. The average tar removed was 87%.Keywords:Producer gas, mass transfer coefficient, packed-bed column, tar, used-cooking oi
Immobilization of Coal Fly Ash in Alginate Beads for Adsorption of Fe (III) Ions
Get PDFAbstract. Various industrial, agricultural, household, mining, smelting, and chemical industrial activities can generate waste containing heavy metals such as Fe(III). Fly ash has the potential as an effective adsorbent to capture heavy metals in wastewater. This study aims to immobilize coal fly ash in alginate beads for the adsorption of Fe(III) ions from synthetic waste solution. To test the adsorption capability of fly ash-alginate beads was performed by varying the contact time (1-24 hours), the mass of fly ash-alginate beads (5, 15, 35, 45, and 55 grams), and the initial concentration of Fe (III) ions at 6, 8, and 10 ppm. The determination of the concentration after adsorption was done using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that fly ash-alginate beads were able to remove Fe(III) ions up to 68.60% at a bead mass of 55 g, ion concentration of 10 ppm, and the equilibrium contact time was reached after 5 hours. The analysis results indicated that the adsorption mechanism followed the Freundlich isotherm model due to the heterogeneous surface exhibited.Keywords:Fly ash, Fe (III), Beads, Adsorption, Freundlic