Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering
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Pirolisis Sampah Plastik HDPE sebagai Alternatif Pengganti Kerosin dengan Menggunakan Katalis Zeolit Alam
No full textAbstrak. Untuk mengurangi jumlah sampah plastik di Indonesia dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai metode salah satunya adalah dengan pirolisis. Metode pirolisis digunakan untuk mengubah sampah plastik menjadi fuel oil. Maka dari itu dilakukan uji coba penelitian pembuatan fuel oil dengan metode pirolisis dari plastik HDPE yang merupakan jenis plastik yang sering digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia Penelitian ini juga menggunakan batu zeolite alam sebagai katalis. Batu zeolite alam sebelumnya dipanaskan pada suhu 400oC selama 4 jam untuk menghilangkan uap air dan kotoran yang ada. Dari percobaan didapatkan 4 sampel dengan kondisi berbeda-beda yaitu sampel A menggunakan katalis dengan suhu pemanasn maksimal 400oC serta besarnya heating rate 2,5oC/menit, sampel B menggunakan katali dengan suhu pemanasan maksimal 350oC serta besarnya heating rate 3,9oC/menit, sampel C tidak menggunakan katalis dengan suhu pemanasannya maksimal 400oC serta besarnya heating rate 3,3oC/menit, sampel D tidak menggunakan katalis dengan suhu pemanasan maksimal 350oC serta besarnya heating rate 3,3oC/menit. Besarnya yield minyak yang dihasilkam adalah 41,25 %, 32,29%, 40,9%, dan 13,9 %. Untuk densitas adalah 0,762 gram/ml, 0,747 gram/ml, 0,769 gram/ml, dan 0,766 gram/ml dan untuk viskositas adalah 0,0071 poise, 0,0084 poise, 0,0104 poise, dan 0,0096 poise. Abstract. Pyrolysis is a method to reduce plastic waste and convert it into liquid fuel. The aim of this research is to study the effect of zeolite catalyst on the pyrolysis of HDPE plastics. Previously, natural zeolite was heated at 400°C for 4 hours to remove moisture and impurities. From the experiment, 4 samples were obtained with different conditions, namely Sample A was the result of pyrolysis with a catalyst at 400°C and a heating rate of 2.5°C/minute, Sample B was the result of pyrolysis with a catalyst at 350°C and a heating rate of 3.9°C/minute. Sample C was the result of pyrolysis without a catalyst at 400°C and the heating rate was 3.3°C/minute, Sample D was the result of pyrolysis without a catalyst at 350°C and the heating rate was 3.3C/minute. The resulting oil yields from sample A to D were 41.25%, 32.29%, 40.9%, and 13.9%, respectively. The density was 0.762 gram/ml, 0.747 gram/ml, 0.769 gram/ml, and 0.766 gram/ml and for viscosity was 0.0071 poise, 0.0084 poise, 0.0104 poise, and 0.0096 poise, respectively. The analysis results show that pyrolysis at 350°C with zeolite catalyst will produce gasoline, whereas without catalyst it will produce kerosene oil. Keywords: pyrolysis, fuel oil, HDPE, zeolite, catalys
Pengaruh Laju Alir Umpan dan Arus Recycle Terhadap Proses Fermentasi Bioetanol Menggunakan Integrated Aerobic-Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (IAABR)
Get PDFAbstrak. Bahan bakar berbasis minyak bumi merupakan sumber energi utama yang digunakan di dunia. Namun, ada masalah di masa depan dengan cadangan minyak bumi yang menurun. Oleh karena itu beralih ke sumber energi alternatif adalah suatu keharusan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh laju alir umpan dan laju alir daur ulang terhadap proses fermentasi bioetanol menggunakan baffled reactor aerob-anaerobik terintegrasi, khususnya terhadap produksi bioetanol dan konsumsi gula. Proses start up dijalankan dengan volume kerja medium 25 L selama 54 jam inkubasi. Aliran daur ulang bervariasi menjadi 5 L/jam dan 10 L/jam ketika feed rate 12,6 L/jam. Dalam percobaan lain, laju aliran umpan dijalankan pada 5 dan 12,6 L/jam ketika laju aliran daur ulang adalah 10 L/jam. Sampel kaldu diambil secara berkala untuk pengukuran konsentrasi bioetanol, populasi ragi dan sisa gula konsumsi. Percobaan menghasilkan konsentrasi bioetanol tertinggi sebesar 14% v/v pada limbah reaktor. Ini lebih tinggi dari proses tanpa daur ulang media proses. Namun demikian, tidak ada perbedaan pengaruh laju alir daur ulang 5 L/jam dan 10 L/jam terhadap produksi bioetanol. Abstract. Petroleum based fuel is the main energy source used in the world. However, there is a future problem with the declined petroleum reserves. Therefore changing to alternative energy resource is a must. This reserach was to investigate the effects of feed flowrate and recycle flow rate on bioethanol fermentation process using integrated aerobic-anaerobic baffled reactor, especially on bioethanol production and sugar consumption. Start up process was run with working volume of 25 L medium for 54 hours incubation. The recycle flow varried into 5 L/h and 10 L/h when the feed rate was 12.6 L/h. In other experiments, the feed flow rate was run at 5 and 12.6 L/h when the recycle flow rate was 10 L/h. The broth samples were taken out periodically for measurements of bioethanol concentration, yeast population and residual sugar of consumptions. The experiments results in the highest bioethanol concentration of 14% v/v at the effluent of reactor. It is higher from the process without recyle of process medium. Nevertherless, no difference effect of the recycle flow rate of 5 L/h and 10 L/h on the bioethanol production. Keywords: Bioethanol, Baffled Reactor, Feed, Recycl
Glucomannan sponges: Effect of different amount of SLS and Sodium Hydroxide.
Get PDFAbstract. An attempt to increase the economic value of porang flour was made by utilizing it for making of sponge. The sponge was made by direct foaming of glucomannan solution with the addition of SLS and NaOH. Dried sponge were obtained through freezing-thawing process followed by drying. The effect of amount of SLS and NaOH were investigated. It was found that increasing amount of SLS and NaOH made the cell size of the sponge smaller. While there was no tendency for swelling degree accordance to the various amount of SLS, the increasing amount of NaOH caused in increasing the swelling degree. Keywords: sponge, glucomannan, sodium laureth sulphate (SLS), sponge cell size, swelling degree
Pretreatment Ethanol From Cellulosic
Get PDFAbstract. Pre-treatment is an important tool for practical cellulose conversion processes and can be carried out in different ways such as mechanical pre-treatment, steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, supercritical CO2 treatment, alkali or acid pretreatment, ozone pre-treatment, physicochemical pretreatment, dilute-acid pretreatment and biological pre-treatment. Biomass pretreatment with hot water (HW) is the most investigated physicochemical method use the differences in the thermal stabilities of the major components of lignocellulosic materials. Acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass aims at increasing the sugar substrate digestibility, defined as the concentration of reducing sugars after the hydrolysis, by microorganisms. Acid hydrolysis is an attractive pretreatment method as the hemicellulose degradation runs with the efficiency of approximately 20-90%, depending on the process conditions. Dilute acid (DA) processes with continued research and development, no significant breakthroughs have been made to raise the glucose yields much higher than 65-70%. Acid pretreatment is much more effective than water and alkaline pretreatment in terms of cellulose accessibility increase compared with DA and HW pretreatment. Keywords: ethanol, cellulosic, pre-treatmen
Application of Biogas Production Technology from Various Feedstocks on Small-Medium-Micro Enterprises: A Case Study
Get PDFBiogas production process is an alternative method to reduce dependency on non-renewable fossil-based energy consumption and also can reduce greenhouse gases production both domestically and industrially. The existing biogas technology is suitable to be adapted in small-micro-medium enterprises and domestics, specifically for those who raise cattle. The case study was performed by observation of biogas production with various wastes as feed, namely cow dung, quail manure, and wastewater of tofu production. The study conducted via direct interviews with stake holders and visitations to the instalations. Based on our observation, biogas production from cow dung exhibits the shortest retention time compared to the others, aside from the value of C/N ratio of the biogas feedstocks. The presence of biogas production installations are significantly reducing the energy supplies among the users. Beside as biogas product, the instalations also produce solid and liquid fertilizers as by-products and have relatively high economic value. Socio – engineering problems based on the application of biodigester are also studied
Microencapsulation of Riboflavin (Vitamine B2) using Alginate and Chitosan : Effect of Surfactant Span 80 upon Microcapsule Diameter
Get PDFRiboflavin (vitamin B2) plays an important role in the growth and maintenance of human metabolism. Riboflavin is the highly sensitive and unstable to environmental influences such as light, reducing agents and pH. Riboflavin is protected by forming it into microcapsules with sodium alginate as a matrix and coated with chitosan reinforced with glutraldehid crosslinking. This study aims to study the process of microencapsulation of riboflavin with sodium alginate and chitosan and is emphasized to study the effect surfactant span 80 upon the size of the microcapsules formed. Based on microcapsule size and its distribution, it can be concluded that more span 80 added to paraffin oil will reduce the size of microcapsule that is forme
Synthesis of ZnO/CuO Composite by The Electrochemical Method in The Acetat Acid Solution
Get PDFThe metal oxide composite is used to the microelectronic circuit, piezoelectric, fuel cell, sensor, catalyst, coating for preventing corrosion, and solar cell. The ZnO/CuO is one of the metal oxide composites. The combination of ZnO and CuO is the potential composite used to the catalyst and the anti-bacterial agent. The method used in this research was the electrochemical method in the acetate acid solution. The acetate acid solution used in this research is cheaper than the succinite acid used in the previous research. The electrochemical method has advantages due the easy to control and cheap. The composite resulted was analyzed by the XRD and the FTIR. The aims of this analysis are to know the crystallite phase, structure, and the functional groups of the particle resulted. The analysis showed that the ZnO-CuO composite can be resulted by the electrochemical method
Chromium Metal Biosorption Using Peanut Shell Adsorbent
Get PDFOne of the negative effects of the industrial growth is the presence of hazardous waste such as heavy metals. Chromium (VI) is a heavy metal which acts as the pollutant for the environment. Chromium concentration in water can be reduced using some methods. Adsorption is the most favorite method. Some of the biomass can be processed into adsorbent. This work was aimed to produce biosorbent from peanuts shell. The adsorbent was then used to adsorb chromium contented in water. Sodium hydroxide solution 0.5 M was used to activate peanut shell. Produced biosorbent was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The results showed that optimum condition for chromium adsorption was achieved at 30 minutes contact time with maximum adsorbed chromium of 0.022 mg/g adsorbent. The adsorption mechanism was in a good agreement with Langmuir isotherm
Stripping Bioethanol from Fermented Molasses in A Packed Tower
Get PDFThe high price of bioethanol is the barrier of its implementation as renewable energy sources. Therefore, efforts to reduce its price is an important factor to drive the implementation. Stripping is a way to separate bioethanol from the broth which will be cheaper than distillation process. This research was aimed to separate bioethanol from its fermented molasses. The effect of feed flow rate, air flow rate and feed temperature were investigated. A column with inside diameter of 0.1 m was used and packed with 0.02 x 0.016 m PVC rashig ring at 1 m of bed. The broth was fed from the top side and the air stripper was flown down from the bottom side. Six millimeters of the top product was collected at steady state condition for analysis of bioethanol concentration. The best experiment was the one which had feed flow rate 1,5 L/min and stripping air flow rate of 5,85 L/min. It resulted bioethanol content of 19.39% or equivalent to 38.5% stripped out of the broth
Optimization of Cow’s Milk Processing into Milk Soap Bar on Small-Medium-Micro Enterprises (UMKM)
Get PDFThe quality and quantity of cow’s milk produced were determined by the genetic, food, age, milking processing, and the treatment of cattle. The storability of fresh cow's milk tends to be short. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to extend the life time of fresh cow's milk, one of which is by processing fresh cow's milk into other products, such as milk soap bar. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate method of milk soap bar production in home industries capacity and to formulate composition of vegetable oils and fresh cow's milk. The milk soap bar obtained then was analyzed in several laboratory tests such as acidity test (pH), moisture content, free alkaline content, and foam stability. Based on the research, it is turned out that the appropriate method of milk soap bar production was the cold process. The optimum formula is olive oil (11%), coconut oil (22%), palm oil (22%), fresh cow's milk (33%), and NaOH pellets (12% - equivalent to 9.2 N). The free alkaline content will decrease according the curing time. Simpler economic evaluation obtained that the production cost of milk was Rp.6,711.22/package of 80 grams of milk soap bar. Milk soap bar is sold for Rp. 7,000.00 will provide 87.96% after-tax of ROI, 11.7– month of POT, and 65.31% of BEP