Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering
Not a member yet
123 research outputs found
Sort by
RAT (Rattus rattus diardii L.) Repellent Made of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Leaves Extract
Get PDFHouse rat (Rattus rattus) is a rodent that can damage any objects at home and leave manure there by resulting in bad odor and rat also becomes a host of some disease vectors. The use of plant repellent is one alternative control utilizing rat’s olfactory sense. The Soursop (Annona muricata L) is a plant with very stinking aroma and very disliked by rat, thereby can be used as plant repellent. The aim of the research was to extract the soursop leaves and to use its extract as the active material of rat repellent. The methods employed in preparing of rat repellent from soursop leaves were grinding and maceration extraction using two different solvent, water and ethanol 96 wt%. The extract was then examined as an active material of rat repellent. The examination was conducted by adding the soursop extract to the rat food. The resultsshowed that the loss of rat food with repellent made of grinded soursop leaves was 1%, while with repellent made of combined grinded soursop leaves and ethanol was 2.48%. The loss of rat food with repellent made of water solvent soursop exstract leaves was 64.5%, and that using repellent made of ethanolsolvent soursop was 16.67%. So, the utilization of soursop leaves as rat repellent was expected to reduce rat population in the people’s houses
Carboxymethylation of Cassava Peel: Effect Sodium Monochloroacetate and Temperature
Get PDFCassava peel contains cellulose that can be chemically modified to be more useful product. In this work, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) from cassava peel powder was prepared by alkalization using sodium hydroxyde and then followed by carboxymethylation using sodium monochloroacetate. The aims of this work were to investigate the effect of sodium monochloroacetate-powder ratio (0.59, 1.47, 2.95, 4.42) and carboxymethylation temperature (45OC and 70OC) on the degree of substitution (DS) and reaction efficiency (RE). The result of FTIR spectra indicated that carboxylmethyl groups successfully attached on the cellulose backbone to form CMC structure. The higher of sodium monochloroacetate-powder ratio and higher carboxymethylation temperature enhanced its DS but reduced the RE
The Concentration of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid in Palm Oil by Urea Complexation
Get PDFLinoleic acid is a Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) that corresponds to Omega 6 Fatty Acid. This is the major component of vegetable oil and very important for health. As an essential fatty acid, linoleic acid has to be obtained from foods. Consumption of omega fatty acid in the form of concentrate has more benefit than the whole oil. Fulfilling this requirement, effective method to separate PUFAs from vegetable oils is needed. One of the favorable methods is urea complexation. Palm oil was used as the fatty acids resource due to its potential feedstock in Indonesia. This aim of this research is to study the effect of urea, ethanol and free fatty acid (FFA) ratios during complexation of palm oil. This research was developed in three steps, 1) free fatty acid preparation from palm oil (saponification process), 2) crystallization of the fatty acids mixture and 3) filtration for separating the unsaturated fatty acid. Concentrated linoleic acid is obtained in the liquid phase, while the saturated fatty acid is obtained in the solid. This research resulted that the concentration of PUFA was increasing as the ratio of urea, FFA and ethanol increases
Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) from Banana Tree Stem: Influence of Ratio of Cellulose with Sodium Chloroacetate To Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose
Get PDFBanana tree stem contain of 63-64% cellulose that can be processed into more valuable product. In this research, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) from banana tree stem was prepared through alkalization and carboxymethylation process. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of cellulose to sodium chloroacetate 1:1 and 1:2 to the properties of CMC. Samples were analyzed their NaCl content, purity of CMC, and degree of substitution. The result showed that sample with ratio 1: 2 between cellulose with sodium chloroacetate resulted greater NaCl content, lower purity of CMC, and greater degree of substitution
Pembuatan Katoda Baterai Lithium Ion Iron Phospate (LiFePO4) dengan Metode Solid State Reaction
Get PDFOne of the most finest materials for lithium ion battery nowadays is lithium iron phosphate or LiFePO4. Lithium iron phosphate was synthesized with solid state reaction method by optimizing the variable of material and temperature. The variable for calcination temperatures were 700oC, 800oC, and 900oC while the basic materials as Fe sources were Fe2O3 and FeSO4. Particles morphologies and quantity of crystal were investigated in details by X-ray diffraction analysis XRD. XRD imaging showed diffraction of nanoparticles LiFePO4 with crystal quantity 40,4% (800oC) and 59,1% (900oC) of materials Fe2O3,which the most quantity from other samples. Thus, chatode materials were made from LiFePO4 that synthesized at calcination temperatures 800oC and 900oC. In conclusion the material chatode from LiFePO4 that had been synthesized had so many impurities because it was hard to get single phase of nanoparticles LiFePO4 and need more improvement in optimizing the process condition for ideal chatode material
Kinetika Reaksi Sintesis Karboksi Metil Glukomanan
Get PDFCultivation of porang plants now has a promising prospect because it has a higheconomic value. Glucomannan content in porang is quite high (15-64% dry base).Glucomannan, the natural polymers contained in porang corms, can be modified bycarboxymethylation. The synthesis of carboxy methyl glucomannan took place over twosteps, alkalization and carboxymethylation. Alkalization was conduct using NaOH inethanol 70% as the medium. The carboxymethylation steps was conducted by addingsodium chloroacetate as the reagent. The quality of carboxy methyl glucomannan wasdetermined from its Degree of Substitution (DS). The results showed that the highestdegree of substitution was 0.47 with 70% ethanol as medium and at temperature 65oC for 150 minutes reaction time. From the data obtained, it can be seen that the reaction ofglucomannan carboxymethylation proceeded at 1st order reaction, with the collision factorvalue (A) of 491.227 J/mol.K and its activation energy (Ea) of 30,994.59 J/mol.K
Mathematical Modelling of Micronutrient Recovery from Vegetable Oil by Silica-based Adsorption: Vitamin E from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate
Get PDFMathematical modelling on kinetics of batch adsorption of vitamin E separation from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has been set-up and then applied for literature experimental data. Since the sizes of adsorbent particles used are usually relatively small, the concentration in the particles is assumed to be uniform. Hence, the adsorption rate is controlled by the rate of solute mass transfer from the bulk fluid to the surface of particles. In this model, the rate of mass transfer is assumed to be proportional to the concentration deviation from the equilibrium state. Meanwhile, the equilibrium models applied were coefficient distribution, Freundlich, and Langmuir with the values of the parameters obtained from literature data. It turned out that the model set-up can quantitatively describe the experimental kinetics data from literature. The value of mass transfer coefficient per unit adsorbent mass (kca) is obtained by curve fitting. It is also observed that the model proposed quantitatively describes the batch adsorption process well. The three equilibrium models applied are suitable for the mathematical modelling. Adjustment of the values of equilibrium isotherm parameters from literature significantly improves the accuracy of the model
Phase Control of TiO2 Prepared by TiCl4 Hydrolysis and Electrochemical Method
Get PDFThe phase structure of TiO2 dependent on applications. It is importat to develop an effective method to control the phase structure of TiO2. In this study, the TiO2 was synthesized by TiCl4 hydrolysis method. The control of hydrolysis was done by electrochemical method in a cell consisting of two plate carbon as electrodes. The electrodes distance was set to 2.6 to 4 cm and immersed in solution at dimensions of (5 ×2) cm. The electrodes were connected to the positive and negative terminals of a DC power supply for 1 to 2.5 hours. The voltage was varied from 5 to 15 V at constant stirring and room temperature. The resulted suspension was aged for 48 hours. The solution wasfiltered. The powder dried directly in an oven at 150°C for 2 hours, washed 2 times, and dried again 60 °C for 6 hours. In this work, the voltage, electrode distance, and TiCl4 initial concentration can control the phase structure of TiO2
Synthesis of TiO2 by Hydrolysis/Electrochemical to Reduce Hazardous Disinfecting Materials
Get PDFThe TiO2 photo-catalysis can be used for the purpose of disinfectant purpose. In this work, the TiO2 prepared by hydrolysis-electrochemical method was used to produce disinfectant to replace and reduse conventional material disinfectant. The synthesis of TiO2 was occured at constant voltage of 10 V for 2.5 hours under constant stirring and room temperature. The product of synthesis was analysed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and X-ray diffractometer. The performance of desinfectant was done with inactivation of bacteria E coli in solid media. The phase of TiO2 particle producted shows anatase and rutile phase. The TiO2 resulted from hydrolysis/electrohemical method can be used to reduce HCl for desinfectant. The results of testing disinfectant for inactivation of bacteria E coli in solid media show that disinfectant from HCl/TiO2 is the most efective to inactivation of bateria E. coli. Treatment with ultraviolet rays resulted less number of bacteria than sunlight
Penentuan Kondisi Optimum Adsorpsi Kromium (III) Menggunakan Biosorben dari Limbah Kulit Nangka (Artocapus heterophyllus)
Get PDFThe purposes of the research are determine the optimum condition and themaximum adsorpstion of Cr (III) by biosorben from jackfruit peel. The process of theadsorption was started by to put 0.03 grams jackfruit peel adsorben to Cr(NO3)3 solution2.5 ppm. The variables of the research are activation time, contact time between theadsorben and the solution, and pH of the solution. The sample was analyzed byAbsorption Spectrophotometre (AAS) to show the Cr (III) concentration on the solutions.The optimum condition was reached at 5 pH level with 50 minute of contact times and 24hours activation time. The analysis results that the adsorption follows Langmuir Isotermshowed by the determinant value (R2). The maximum power adsorption is 1.227 mg/gramadsorbe