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Innovative syntheses of benzoxazines with improved thermal and mechanical performance
No full text399-410Thermosetting resins are a type of material that is widely used in the industry, especially due to their high mechanical
strength, flame retardant qualities and thermal stability. One such type of thermosetting resin is Benzoxazines. The
conventional method of synthesis requires catalysts and solvents which makes the process complex. The goal of this
research was to develop a modernized solvent free method for the synthesis of various types of benzoxazines via a Mannich
reaction, and also examining the linkage between serotonin levels and factors such as the population characteristics of an
individual when diagnosing colorectal cancer. In this study, two benzoxazines monomers are used, containing Schiff bases
and bulky hand groups. These monomers are created via a copolymerization process with amine, phenol and
paraformaldehyde. The chemical structures of the resulting compounds were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared
(FTIR) spectroscopy, as well as 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The structural conversion
accompanied by the enhancement of the thermal and mechanical properties of the benzoxazine structures was visualized by
the distinct absorption band located at 1709 cm–1. Moreover, the benzoxazine displayed a greater yield than what was
obtained previously confirming the successful process structure formation. The novel solvent devoid synthesis process for
benzoxazines aids in making the manufacturing good more straightforward and also enables the creation of material with
specific properties enhanced for various engineering purposes. Further investigations into serotonin physiology in tumors
may give new ideas for treatment of colorectal cancer
Evaluation of spectroscopic, molecular modeling and UV protective cotton fabric studies over inclusion complexes of p-aminobenzoic acid with β-Cyclodextrin
No full text391-398The inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) has been prepared using the
co-precipitation method. β-CD and PABA ratio have been accurately weighed with 1:1 M ratio. The concentration β-CD has
been varied from zero to 16×10–3 mol dm–3. The inclusion complexation between PABA and β-CD has been monitored by
using UV-Vis and fluorescence spectral analysis methods. The stoichiometry and binding constant of the PABA:β-CD
inclusion complex has been determined by using Benesi-Hildebrand relation. The formation of inclusion complex is
predicted by semi empirical quantum mechanical calculations and are further evaluated by using FT-IR spectral data and
molecular docking analysis. In addition, ultra violet protective factor of the PABA treated cotton fabric and PABA:β-CD
treated cotton fabric has been investigated. A mechanism has also been proposed for this inclusion complex
A new approach for the synthesis of strobilurin fungicide analogues: Synthesis, characterization, antifungal study and molecular docking investigation
No full text361-372In an effort to protect plants from fungal diseases and to enhance the stability of the strobilurin fungicides, we report
herein, an efficient and simple approach for the synthesis of strobilurin fungicide analogues. The synthesised compounds
were characterised by IR, NMR and LC-MS spectroscopic techniques. The antifungal efficacies of the synthesised
compounds were tested against plant pathogens namely Curvularialunata, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii by
using poison food/pour plate and spore germination methods. Azoxystrobin and Tebuconazole are used as standards in the
analysis. Further, the synthesized compounds were subjected to in silico studies to know the bonding interactions with
bovine cytochrome Bc1 and CYP51 protein of cytochrome 450
Interface between Legal and Moral Implications on Patenting Biotechnological Inventions: A Comparative Analysis of the Patents Law of India, the US and the EU
No full text336-348The biotechnology industry has seen one of the most significant expansions in the Patent Laws. It is challenging for a law to link with protecting the intangible property vested in biotechnology patents, as the biotechnology resources come from living organisms. Patenting biotechnological inventions raises legal, ethical and moral concerns. In the light of the current context, this paper examines patents law of Section 3(b) of the Indian Patents Act, 35 U.S.C Section 101 of the U.S. Patent Law, Article 53(a) of the European Patent Convention and Article 6 of the EU Biotech Directive. The paper compares the legal structure of these three countries, illuminating the similarities and differences in interpreting morality provisions by referring to various case precedents, statutes, and legal references within the patent laws of the United States and the European Union as a benchmark for evaluating India’s patent system. The paper proposes and suggests clarifying morality clauses of the Indian Patents Act to keep up with the advancements in Biotechnology inventions by providing a clear definition of morality and contrary to public order instead of patent controllers exercising their discretionary power unguided. The paper highlights that it is vital to consider moral and ethical implications as biotechnology evolves, ensuring that law and morality should foster a holistic and informed approach to shaping the future of biotechnological inventions in a global context
BMSC-derived exosomes regulate the miR-133b/NLRP3 axis to protect against injury to the spinal cord
No full text654-664Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to permanent disability in affected patients. Previous studies have indicated that
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold potential as therapeutic tools for treating SCI, but the specific mechanisms underlying
their effectiveness have yet to be determined. This study aimed to evaluate the functional significance of exosomes produced
from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in treating SCI, explicitly focusing on the regulatory mechanism
involving miR-133b and NLRP3. SCI rats received intravenous tail-vein injections of BMSC exosomes (control or miR-133b
exosomes). The spinal tissue levels of miR-133b in SCI rats were determined by qPCR. Hind-limb motor function was assessed
using Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scores and Western blot was utilized for analysis of NLRP3 protein levels. Damage and
regeneration of spinal neurons were assessed using Nissl, immunofluorescent staining, and immunohistochemistry. Exosomes
were successfully harvested from BMSCs following miR-133b transfection, and acute improvements in SCI recovery were
observed following the exosomal delivery of miR-133b, as evidenced by short-term improvements in the survival of neurons
and associated functional recovery. These miR-133b-containing exosomes were also able to mitigate neuroinflammatory
activity by suppressing astrocyte and microglia activation. MiR-133b, at the molecular level, can decrease the production of
NLRP3 mRNA by binding to its 3’-untranslated region. As a result, it inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome,
which is a crucial factor in the neuroinflammatory activity and neuronal damage associated with SCI. The results presented here
provide compelling evidence that exosomes isolated from bone marrow-derived microglia overexpressing miR-133b can, at
least partially, mitigate the severity of spinal cord injury by targeting the miR-133b/NLRP3 axis in the acute phase. However,
due to the short survival time of the subjects, the long-term effects remain unclear, necessitating further investigation of this
treatment approach