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"Imprimée de différentes manières": The Gallican Confession and its First Printed Editions (1559?–1561)
No full textThis paper analyses the first printed editions of the Gallican Confession (agreed upon at the synod of Paris in May 1559) and formulates a hypothesis on the context in which they were published and disseminated. Analysis is based on abridged editions of the Confession in Latin and in French, printed in Geneva and Strasbourg, and featuring a preface authored by pastor Antoine de Chandieu. Although the ministers assembled in Paris in 1559 promulgated a confession in 40 articles, only 35 articles were included in these editions (which are dated 1559, but were ostensibly printed in the first half of 1560). These editions in 35 articles were abridged versions of the ‘full’ Gallican Confession, and this abridgment responded to polemical purposes and political expediency connected to the failure of the conspiracy of Amboise. This paper also offers some remarks upon the decision to abandon these 35-articles editions in 1561, probably with a view to the calling of the e´tats de Pontoise and the colloquy of Poissy
Bellievre, excusas: Rudolf Gwalthers Reaktion auf Pomponne de Bellièvres Rechtfertigungsrede der Bartholomäusnacht
No full textThe essay gives a broad outline of how Rudolf Gwalther reacted to Pomponne de Bellièvre’s speech for the defence of the Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre. Gwalther had received information on the slaughter from different sources, and had read a copy of Ambassador Bellièvre’s speech. In contrast to other reformers such as Theodor Beza and Heinrich Bullinger, Gwalther did not write an official answer himself, instead declaring his resentment in two poems which are edited and commented in this essay. Both texts were distributed anonymously to avoid risking Gwalther’s good relationship with Bellièvre
Reformation als Auftrag: Der Zürcher Drucker Christoph Froschauer d.Ä. (ca. 1490-1564)
No full textReformation and printing belong together in Zurich from the very beginning. Apart from the fact that Froschauer and Zwingli were personally close, all the important Reformation imprints of Zurich, as well as dozens of Bibles and Bible parts, were printed by him. With about 760 prints Froschauer is one of the big names in the German-speaking world of publishing. He has printed not only Theologica but also many textbooks and groundbreaking illustrated works. Unfortunately only few handwritten documents have been preserved by Froschauer himself. All the more exciting are the correspondences of various scholars and reformers, which contain a wealth of information about Froschauer and 16th century printing. They not only shed light on Froschauer’s character, but also on the print-runs, the daily production volume of a printing house, the wage structure and the collaboration with the authors
Zürcher Buchholzschnitte zwischen Inkunabelzeit und früher Reformation: Ein Überblick
No full textThe Zurich woodcut illustrations of the early Reformation show a typical spectrum for the use of images in book printing. Unlike in centres such as Wittenberg or Basel, Zurich’s early book illustrations have not been influenced by dominant artists of the period such as Lukas Cranach the Elder or Hans Holbein the Younger. Although Christoph Froschauer occasionally commissioned Holbein to create illustrations for prints made in Zurich, most of the early woodblocks used in Zurich are created by anonymous artists. Nevertheless, the printers in Zurich, above all Christoph Froschauer and Hans Hager, convincingly used the available woodblocks to illustrate their broadsheets, pamphlets and books. They drew on local traditions of the 15th century and often used incunabula illustrations. Among the various text genres of the time, a group of polemical prints stand out, in which woodcuts are effectively employed to fight for the cause of the Reformation. In Zurich, a simple but particularly convincing layout was developed to create a typical local appearance for the title pages of Zwingli’s publications that had a high and marketable recognition potential
"Veritas evangelica per typographiam": Zur Genese der in Zürich gedruckten Berner Disputationsakten 1528
No full textThe Bern Disputation of 1528 was both the response to the Baden Disputation of 1526 and its continuation. From a formal perspective, the Baden served as a model for the Bernese. However, with respect to the printing of the disputation acts, this model needed to be improved upon as the delayed and flawed Lucerne edition of the Baden acts had led to justified doubts about the reliability of its protocol. In Bern, the four parallel transcripts of their disputation written under the direction of city secretary Peter Cyro were first collated before being delivered to the printer Christoph Froschauer in Zurich by one of the notaries charged with supervising the production of the complete edition. As a result of close cooperation between the typesetter and two theologically educated proofreaders, and under the eyes of Zwingli, a quarto edition appeared on March 23, 1528, almost two months after the Bern disputation and in time for the Frankfurt Book Fair. It was followed exactly one month later by an octavo edition
Buchdruck in der Reformationszeit in Basel: Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Flugschriften aus den Jahren 1521 und 1522
No full textWithout printing press, no Reformation, this insight was emphasised already by contemporaries. Basel’s share in the written, printed diffusion of the new ideas in the early years of the Reformation was considerable. The first omnibus of Luther’s works was printed in Basel in 1518. Basel editions triggered the inner-protestant controversy over the Lord’s Supper. The Basel printers promoted the Reformation by erudite disputes and commentaries in Latin and by sermons and liturgies in vernacular. But that was not all. They also printed witty and often unashamed pamphlets in the vernacular with bold illustrations. Yet although the output of Reformation-printing in Basel was substantial, it must be seen in the wider context of the humanistic movement and the respective print production. Seen in this light, the more strictly reformation related print production is dwarfed by the humanist works that accounted for more than a half – actually about three fifths of the overall print production in Basel in the Twenties, while about one third promoted the Reformation
