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The impact of premature extraction of primary teeth on the dimensions of the supporting dental segment
Get PDFIntroduction: Primary teeth, in addition to their role in mastication, phonation and aesthetics, also have a key function in maintaining space for the eruption of permanent teeth. The period from 2 to 6 years is the phase of the primary dentition, characterized by intensive growth and development, as well as the appearance of physiological diastemas, important for the correct placement of permanent teeth.
Aim: The aim of this paper is to determine the frequency of premature extractions of primary teeth from the CP2 segment.
Materials and methods: The study included 120 children from grades II and IV (60 in each group). An intraoral clinical examination was performed with standard dental instruments. Measurements of the CP2 segment were performed in the oral cavity with a Dentaurum Sononius caliper, with a precision of 0.1 mm.
Results: In 56 out of 120 respondents (46.6%), premature extraction of primary teeth was recorded, which indicates a high prevalence of this problem in the analyzed population.
Conclusion: It was determined that the shortening of the space in the support zone is more pronounced in children who had premature extractions of primary teeth in the period of early mixed dentition, with the first milk molars most often extracted.
Key words: primary teeth, extraction, caries, space, CP2 segment
Романот „Миа во Амстердам“ од Јана Мишо- продолжена адолесцентска авантура низ улиците на една европска метропола
Get PDFРоманот „Миа во Амстердам“ е втор дел или продолжение на романот „Јас сум Миа“ на младата авторка Јана Мишо. Исто како и првиот „Јас сум Миа“ и овој роман е една урбана романтична комедија напишана во еден ведар тон, која изобилува со многу комични и хумористични елементи
Vesicovaginal fistula: Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
Get PDFIntroduction
A vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is an abnormal fistulous tract extending between the bladder and the vagina that allows the continuous involuntary leakage of urine into the vaginal vault. Currently, there is no standardized protocol for the optimal surgical approach in the treatment of vesicovaginal fistula. In modern medicine, in addition to conservative treatment and classic open surgery, there are also new modern surgical methods that are less invasive, such as endoscopic, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted surgery.
Objectives: Determining the etiology and method of preoperative diagnosis of patients with vesicovaginal fistulas to determine a timely indication for conservative or surgical treatment of the patients. Analysis of patients with vesicovaginal fistulas, treated surgically, and finding the most adequate surgical approach for treatment. Determining the postoperative complications of each surgical approach as well as the method of their resolution. Determining preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of vesicovaginal fistulas based on our current practice.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the urology department of the City General Hospital “8th September” - Skopje in the period from January 2015 to the present. The study included patients of all ages with dysuria complaints, urinary incontinence, urine and feces leakage through the vaginal canal or patients already diagnosed in another institution. The patients included in the study underwent ultrasonography, cystoscopy (gold standard), MRI of the pelvis, MRI fistulography, cystography and micturition cystography. 24 patients will be included. The patients were examined in the urology office and then referred for further examinations. Patients in whom cystoscopy revealed changes consistent with vesicovaginal fistula were referred for cystography, MRI fistulography or CT urography and subsequently for preoperative analyses for treatment. The study will use the quantitative and comparative method for data processing. The variables will be processed and presented in percentage, tabular and graphical form. Standard deviation will be used to present statistical values.
Results: The analysis will include 24 patients who were examined and treated at the City General Hospital “8th September” - Skopje. Of these, 20 patients (83%) were diagnosed with vesicovaginal fistula, while 4 patients (17%) were diagnosed with vesicorectovaginal fistula. Research data showed that vesicovaginal fistulas are most common in patients aged between 51–60 years (42%) and 61–70 years (33%). In most cases, the cause of vesicovaginal fistula is a hysterectomy (85%). Transvesical fistulectomy is the most commonly used technique for repairing vesicovaginal fistulas, in 70% of cases. 80% оf patients with vesicovaginal fistulas were successfully treated.
Conclusion: Based on the study we conducted at the City General Hospital “8th September” - Skopje, we determined that the leading cause of vesicovaginal fistulas in 85% of cases is hysterectomy. Also, according to the data obtained from studies conducted in the USA, we can conclude that gynecological operations, i.e., hysterectomy, are the main cause of vesicovaginal fistulas. According to the analysis of our study group at the City General Hospital “8th September” - Skopje regarding the treatment of vesicovaginal fistulas, we determined that the transvesical approach for smaller and medium-sized fistulas and the transperitoneal approach for larger and complex fistulas provide better results compared to the currently available reference literature, where the transvaginal approach is used as the standard method for the treatment of vesicovaginal fistulas
"Seventh Saarbrücken International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching." Lernmotivation im fremdsprachlichen Kontext: Beweggründe Studierender in Nordmazedonien für die Erlernung der deutschen Sprache
Get PDFDas Ziel dieser Studie war es, Hinweise auf die Motivation für den Deutscherwerb am Beispiel von Germanistik-Studierenden aus Nordmazedonien zu ermitteln. Es wurden Studentinnen und Studenten aus den beiden Universitäten Nordmazedoniens befragt, um zu untersuchen, ob sich die Motive nach regionalem Kontext unterscheiden.
Die Befragten lernen Deutsch vor allem aus Interesse an Fremdsprachen, Leben und Arbeiten in einem deutschsprachigen Land und persönlicher Weiterentwicklung. Studierende aus Nordmazedonien wählen gezielt das Germanistikstudium, wobei bessere Berufschancen durch Deutschkenntnisse insbesondere für die Westregion ein zentrales Motiv darstellen. Die Studienwahl beeinflusst ihren Bildungs- und Berufsweg wesentlich
Quo vadis во лабораториската дијагностика?
Get PDFВоведен дел: Првите почетоци на лабораториската дијагностика датираат од средината на 18век. но, вистинските почетоци на првичните анализи започнуваат многу поодамна. Доказ за тоа се многубројните пишани докази и слики во кои за прв пат теоретски се опишува составот, изгледот, како и промените на голем број телесни течности. Интензивниот развој на лабораториската дијагностика се поклопува со развојот на технологијата во 19век и почетокот на 20век. Медицинската лабораториска дијагностика во последните дваесетина години, предводена од технолошкиот напредок и иновативни практики, енормно брзо се трансформира и евалуира. Цел на трудот: Во оваа статија, предвидено како пленарно предавање на овие Октомвриски средби, ќе биде направен преглед на претходните и тековни трендови во лабораториската дијагностика. Етапно ќе биде евалуирана примената на различни алатки и инструменти, некогаш и сега, како и улогата и развојот на образовните трендови кои ја нагласуваат потребата од континуирана обука и развој и на самиот профил на медицински лаборанти и санитарни техничари. Посебен осврт ќе биде даден на примената на најновите техники како што е NGS (next-generation sequencing) тестовите за генетско секвенционирање кои даваат податоци за присуство или отсуство на одредени генски мутации кои може да бидат од големо значење за одредување на понатамошниот третман и терапија кај секој пациент. Истите овозможуваат сеопфатно и масовно секвенционирање на делови од генот, генетски секвенци или повеќе гени како генетски панели од целиот геном за многу кратко време. Исто така, опсервирана ќе биде и примената и интегрирањето на вештачката интелигенција (AI) во рамките на хематологијата, патологијата, микробиологијата, имунологијата како и раната дијагностика и превенција воопшто. Ќе бидат опсервирани севкупните придобивки но, и недостатоци од примената на истата. Резултат и заклучоци: Во последните десет години генетските тестови, како што е NGS-тестот, се клучни дијагностички и прогностички тестови особено во дијагностиката на ретките болести како и во објаснувањето на коплексните механизми за настанување на болестите. Автоматизацијата и примената на роботиката во лабораториската дијагностика нуди ефикасност посебно во делот на персонализираната медицина, но, истовреме и отвара многу прашања што е нотирано и во самиот наслов: Quo Vadis во лабораториската дијагностика или во превод каде одиме во лабораториската дијагностика
CEEPUS teaching mobility exchange “Structure and Style: Syntax in Academic Writing”
Get PDFCEEPUS teaching mobility was the opportunity to deliver the lecture series “Structure and Style – Syntax in Academic Writing” at South West University “Neofit Rilski” in Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria, from 13 to 17 October 2025. What made this experience exceptional was not only the enthusiastic response of the students and faculty, but also the dynamic and intellectually engaging atmosphere that naturally developed throughout the sessions. The undergraduate students of English philology and applied linguistics, demonstrated an impressive level of academic curiosity and critical awareness. Their willingness to openly discuss challenges they face in academic writing, particularly when transitioning from descriptive to argument - based structures, allowed for interactive sessions where theory and practice were seamlessly intertwined. Instead of remaining passive listeners, the students actively contributed examples from their own essays, questioned stylistic conventions across languages, and even challenged certain prescriptive grammar norms. This transformed what could have been a traditional lecture format into a collaborative analytical workshop environment
Интеракции на лекови при истовремена администрација со парантерална и ентерална исхрана
No full textИстовремена администрација на лекови со парантерална и ентерална исхрана претставува значаен фармацевтски и клинички предизвик. Поради комплексноста на составот на нутретивните раствори и променливиот хемиски профил на лековите, се јавуваат физичко-хемиски, фармакокинетски и фармакодинамски интеракции кои можат да влијаат врз ефикасноста и безбедноста на терапијата. Интеракциите најчесто се манифестираат преку промени во растворливоста, стабилноста или биорасположливоста на лекот, што може да резултира со намалена терапевтска активност или зголемен ризик од несакани ефекти. Критични фактори кои влијаат на овие интеракции се pH вредноста на средината, осмоларноста, присуство на јони (како калциум и фосфат), температурни услови, времето на задржување на лекот во системот за администрација и изложеноста на светлина. Најризични се комбинациите кои вклучуваат лекови со нестабилна растворливост, липидни емулзии, витамини и минерали, особено кај педијатриски и интензивно лекувани пациенти. Во пракса, овие интеракции можат да доведат до таложење, промена на боја или хетерогеност на растворот, како и до клинички неуспех на терапијата. Затоа, болничкиот фармацевт има клучна улога во идентификација, превенцијата и управувањето со лек-нутриент интеракциите преку мултидисциплинарен пристап. Преку рационален избор на лекови, оптимизација на нивната доза и начин на примена, како и континуиран мониторинг на терапевтските исходи, се овозможува побезбедна и поефикасна терапија.
Клучни зборови: Ентерална исхрана, интеракции, лекови, парантерална исхрана, фармацевт
Lasers and their application in pediatric dentistry
Get PDFPediatric dentistry's mission in delivering care to our young patients is simple: provide optimal preventive, interceptive, and restorative dental care in a stress-free environment. The goal of paediatric dentistry is to provide preventive education to parents and patients as well as interception and therapy of dental diseases in a minimally invasive way using a stress-free approach. Modern dental medicine seeks to use an approach that is minimally invasive.
The most commonly used lasers in dentistry include holmium yttrium aluminium garnet (HO:YAG), neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG), carbon dioxide laser (CO2), erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG), neodymium doped yttrium aluminum perovskite (Nd:YAP), gallium arsenide (GaAs) (diode), erbium, chromium doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er-Cr:YSGG) and argon lasers enable for minimally invasive dentistry for hard- and soft-tissue procedures. This paper offers a revision and a discussion of the international literature, showing also some clinical procedures related to these scientific studies. An electronic search was carried out in IranMedex, InterScience, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, Medline and Google Scholar databases to find relevant published articles. Laser applications on hard tissues include caries prevention and detection and application for sealing of pits and fissures, application for cavity preparation, carious removal and pulp therapy. Soft tissues laser applications in Pediatric Dentistry include application in oral surgery as well as in periodontics and orthodontics. Lasers allow pediatric dentists to provide optimal care without many of the fear factors that result from conventional dental techniques in addition to photobiostimulation or therapeutic lasers that produce their healing benefits without producing heat. Because many children may experience laser treatment as their first contact with dentistry, there is a possibility that a new generation of patients will grow up with a different attitude toward dentistry. Parents are enthusiastic about being able to offer their children the advantages of laser care. It is essential to have a good knowledge of laser operation and of which type of laser is most appropriate for each lesion. The choice of optimal energy parameters is a requirement for successful laser caries treatment in pediatric dentistry. The benefit of laser dental treatment has been shown to be the greatest in children.
Key words: laser, pediatric dentistry, laser in dentistr
Electromagnetic interference of endodontic equipment with gastric pacemaker
Get PDFElectromagnetic interference (EMI) from endodontic equipment could potentially affect a gastric pacemaker. This article is an overview of the interaction risks, potential consequences, and precautions of the electromagnetic interference of those devices. It is all about interaction that certain electronic dental devices may interfere with the pacemaker’s function, but the level of risk depends on the type of equipment and how close it's used to the pacemaker. The gastric pacemaker operates using small electrical impulses to stimulate stomach muscles. If an endodontic device induces unintended electrical currents in the body, these could be picked up by the pacemaker’s leads, potentially disrupting its normal function. Electromagnetic interference between a gastric pacemaker (also called a gastric electrical stimulator, GES) and endodontic equipment is a potential concern, especially in dental procedures involving electronic endodontic devices. On the other hand, endodontic devices are used in root canal therapy include apex locators, electric motors for rotary files, electrosurgery units, and ultrasonic devices and they generate electrical or electromagnetic fields. In summary, the patients with a gastric pacemaker can be managed safely in the dental setting with input from the gastroenterology team and the manufacturing team. De- and re-activation is relatively simple and ensures that the risk to both device and patient is reduced as far as is reasonably practicable. Also, there is a need to keep electrical devices (especially ultrasonic and electrosurgical tools) at least 15–30 cm (6–12 inches) away from the implanted pacemaker site of use modern apex locators and rotary motors with minimal electromagnetic emission, to minimize electromagnetic interference between those two devices
Influence of osteoporosis on periodontal health in postmenopausal women
Get PDFAim or purpose: Aim: to evaluate periodontal health in postmenopausal women, with diagnosed systemic osteoporosis, to determine serum and salivary values of sex hormone levels, the oral hygiene habits, dental and prosthetic status; and periodontal health through gingival and periodontal index values.
Materials and methods: The first group of patients was consisted of 30 postmenopausal women with diagnosed periodontitis and the second group of 30 postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis were examined with densitometry methods (DEXA-dual energy x-ray absorption) with t-score <-2.5 SD; also laboratory, clinical and radiological examination were made to verify periodontal disease in both groups.
Results: During different physiological periods of woman life, there is a wide fluctuation in the production of sex steroid hormones which may result in increased gingival and periodontal tissue inflammation, microbial and pathohistological changes. Estrogen and progesterone deficiency in the post-menopausal period, besides the generalized bone loss manifested as osteopenia and osteoporosis, necessarily leads to changes in alveolar bone. We obtained significant loss of teeth in both jaws in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, extremely low level of estradiol and progesterone in both media, and the apparent presence of periodontitis which not correlate with the level of local factors and the level of oral hygiene habits.
Conclusions: The obtained results suggest a strong relationship and serious involvement of osteoporosis in periodontal health status, which on the other hand indicate the role that dentists should play in treating these patients.
Key Words: osteoporosis, oral health, periodontitis, alveolar bone loss