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How Reliable Is Ultrasound for Detection and Follow Up on Breast Cancer Liver Metastases?
Get PDFBACKGROUND: To find out whether and to what extent the two diagnostic methods are necessary – both the computed tomography and the ultrasound for diagnosis and staging at the same time on breast cancer liver metastases.AIM: In order to protect patients from unnecessary CT ionizing radiation, we compared the level of agreement of two methods: ultrasound and computed tomography.METHODS: We analyzed 41 patients with diagnosed breast cancer and synchronous liver metastases.RESULTS: There is a poor level of agreement between the ultrasound and computed tomography in the arterial and portal phase in terms of showing hepatic metastases in primary breast cancers. The individual kappa values calculated for each category individually, show that the two methods agree best in detecting ring changes (0.573) and do not agree at all in detecting hyper lesions.CONCLUSION: Only ultrasound is sufficient in the diagnosis and monitoring of annular hepatic metastases, because it best agrees with computed tomography in the arterial and venous phase, while computed tomography is the only method of choice for hyperechoic metastases. When it comes to hypoechoic metastases the computed tomography remains the gold standard for diagnosis in our institution
First report of Calosphaeria pulchella causing canker and branch dieback of sour cherry trees (Prunus cerasus) in North Macedonia
Get PDFSymptoms of Calosphaeria canker were observed on sour cherry trees in the Stip region of North Macedonia. Fungal isolates were obtained from the infected twigs and branches showing external symptoms of twig dieback, occasionally followed
by amber-coloured gummy exudates and brown to black vascular streaking in tissue cross-sections. The fungus was identified as Calosphaeria pulchella (Pers.: Fr.) J. Schröt
(syn. Calosphaeriophora pulchella Réblová, L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous), based on its morphology, and this identification was confirmed by sequence comparison in the
GenBank database using the internal transcribed spacer region (RBK02_ITS1-ITS4) of the rDNA. The sequences had 100% identity and 100% query coverage with C. pulchella reference isolate SJC-6+ITS Internal transcribed spacer 1. Pathogenicity tests conducted on sour cherry and apricot trees showed that the obtained isolates were pathogenic to sour cherry, but not to apricot. This is the first report of Calosphaeria pulchella on sour cherry trees in North Macedonia, and in the Balkan region. This study increases understanding of the status of C. pulchella as a pathogen in this region
Advancing food fortification with kinetics: Stabilizing vitamin D3 through calcium carbonate-based vehicles
Get PDFThe addition of vitamin D3 in food products is an important health strategy. The vitamin D is heat, moisture, oxidation and pH sensitive. Given the complexity and diversity of food matrices, the use of various encapsulation strategies can more effectively address the need for vehicle system, that ensure the long-term chemical and physical stability of vitamin D. Calcium carbonate-based vehicle, modified with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and D-α-tocopherol succinate, were synthesized and loaded with vitamin D3 (D3/X/CaCO3). The vehicle has a form of beadlet designed to protect vitamin D3. The obtained nanostructured D3/X/CaCO3 demonstrated the desirable characteristics for powdered food matrix-vitamin D based, such as: enhanced thermal stability of vitamin D3, efficient loading, and an extended shelf-life. A detailed analysis of the physicochemical behavior of vitamin D, both structurally and kinetically, was provided presenting the fully functionalized pre-food model systems. The proposed kinetic perspective could serve as a roadmap for vitamin D₃ stability
Најчесто користени локални антимикотични средства во денталната медицина
Get PDFГабичните инфекции се едни од најчестите инфекции во усната празнина
предизвикани од сапрофитната габичка – Candida albicans. Истите може да се
манифестираат самостојно локализирани во усната празнина или пак да бидат дел од една
системска состојба. Главната цел на ова истражување е да се презентираат најчестите
локални (топични) антимикотични агенси кои најчесто се користат во денталната медицина.
Локално, оралната кандидијаза може да се третира со помош на различни фармацевтски
формулации, како раствори, масти или пак гелови. Како најчесто користен традиционален
метод меѓу стоматолозите во третман на оралната кандидијаза се споменува растворот на
сода бикарбона (една мала лажичка во една чаша вода). Понатаму, доста често од страна
на стоматолозите се препорачува употребата на раствор нистатин. Значајна предност на
овој раствор е тоа што истиот по плакнењето на усната празнина може или да се исплука
или да се проголта, што влијае и на превенцијата на ширењето на габичната инфекција во
дисталните делови на дигестивниот тракт. Овој раствор кај новороденчињата се
препорачува да се користи во дози од 5 до 10 капки, кај деца од 10 до 15 капки, а кај
возрасни од 20 до 30 капки три пати дневно. Постојат и масти кои ја содржат оваа активна
компонента (нистатин) коишто се користат за третман на микотичните ангуларни хеилитиси
(воспаленија на аглите на усните). Во третманот на оралната кандидијаза може да се
користи и миконазол во форма на гел, со кој се премачкува оралната лигавица 3-4 пати во
текот на денот во времетраење од десет дена. Локалните габични инфекции, како едни од
најчестите, важно е да бидат навремено препознаени, при што задолжителната
консултација со лекар стоматолог е неопходна за нивното успешно третирање и
спречување на можни компликации
Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation after Cardiac Surgery: A Review of Risk Factors, Clinical Outcomes, and Management Strategies
Get PDFPostoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is the most common arrhythmia following cardiac surgery and is associated with increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and higher long-term risks of stroke, heart failure, and mortality. Once considered a transient and benign condition, POAF is now recognized as a clinically significant complication with lasting prognostic implications. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and management strategies of POAF. It highlights both pharmacological and non-pharmacological preventive measures, including beta-blockers, amiodarone, and posterior pericardiotomy, while also examining the ongoing controversy surrounding anticoagulation therapy in the postoperative setting. Current guideline recommendations for anticoagulation remain inconsistent, largely due to limited high-quality evidence and the absence of validated risk stratification tools tailored to surgical patients. Future research should focus on refining predictive models such as the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score and generating robust randomized data to inform treatment decisions, especially concerning anticoagulation. Recognizing POAF as a marker of long-term cardiovascular risk is essential to improving outcomes and guiding individualized postoperative care
ALL-in-ONE VOLTAMMETRY: Theoretical simulation of the ECrevEC’ mechanism allows studying of all common mechanisms from a single theoretical model
Get PDFThe ECrevEC′ regenerative two-step electrode mechanism represents a comprehensive and unifying kinetic framework that covers a wide range of classical electrochemical mechanisms as limiting cases. This mechanism consists of two consecutive electron-transfer steps separated by a reversible homogeneous chemical reaction, followed by a regenerative chemical reaction that couples the product of the second electron transfer back to the electroactive species. Depending on the magnitude of the equilibrium constant of the interim chemical step (Keq), the chemical rate parameter governing this equilibrium (Kchem), and the kinetic rate constant of the regenerative reaction (kc), the ECrevEC′ mechanism can smoothly reproduce the characteristic behavior of the simple “E mechanism”, the ECrev, CErev, EC′ (regenerative), the ECE, the EEC’ and EE mechanisms, as well.
Theoretical modeling of this complex reaction scheme is of central importance, as it enables a systematic exploration of the full mechanistic space within a single mathematical formalism. By adjusting dimensionless kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, transitions between different limiting cases can be quantitatively described without altering the underlying reaction scheme. Such modeling provides deep insight into the interplay between electron-transfer kinetics, chemical equilibria, and homogeneous regeneration processes.
Simulations of the ECrevEC′ mechanism under conditions of Square-wave voltammetry (SWV) reveal rich and highly diagnostic features in both forward and backward current responses, allowing subtle mechanistic effects to be distinguished through peak shape, symmetry, peak separation, and current ratios. This makes the model particularly powerful for interpreting experimental voltammetric data in complex systems where multiple coupled chemical reactions coexist. The ECrevEC′ mechanism therefore serves as a versatile theoretical platform for studying, classifying, and rationalizing a broad spectrum of electrochemical processes, with direct applicability in redox catalysis, bio-electrochemistry, energy conversion systems, and mechanistic analysis of multistep electrode reactions. In the current work, we give all important figures, and the entire theoretical model in MATHCAD
Анализа на профитабилноста кај мали индивидуални земјоделци на лозови насади во РСМ
Get PDFОвој труд ги истражува економските перформанси на традиционалните вински насади во Тиквешијата, Северна Македонија, со акцент на предизвиците и можностите во
современите економски услови. Анализата се фокусира на хоби земјоделството, идентификувајќи ги клучните фактори за рентабилност, како што се обемот на производство, цената и трошоците.
Трудот дава историски преглед на лозарството и тестира три хипотези: влијанието на државните субвенции, улогата на механизацијата за намалување на трошоците и конкурентноста на малите производители
Компоненти на принос кај некои интродуирани генотипови на пролетен јачмен
Get PDFЦелта на оваа испитување беше да се утврди генетскиот и еколошкиот ефект врз приносот на зрно кај некои интродуирани генотипови на пролетен јачмен одгледувани во Република Македонија. Како материјал за испитување се користени три сорти и четири перспективни генотипови на пролетен јачмен од Р Бугарија и тоа: Venera, Denis, Saveliјa, Kt 341, Kt 1717, Kt 1720 и Kt 1742. Испитувањата се направени во 2025 година на опитното поле на Земјоделскиот факултет при Универзитетот ,,Гоце Делчев“ - Штип во Овче Поле. Истражувањето на овие седум генотипови на пролетен јачмен е направено според
рандомизиран блок-систем во три повторувања. Просечниот принос на пролетен јачмен кај испитуваните генотипови варира од 2,40 t/ha до 4,18 t/ha. Највисок принос даде сортата Denis (4,18 t/ha), а најнизок сортата Saveliјa (2,40 t/ha), што е апсолутно за 74,16 % повисок принос на зрно по единица површина. Сортите Venera, Savelija и генотипот Kt 1717 имаат
пониски вредности кај повеќе следени параметри, што укажува на послаб адаптациски и приносен потенцијал во услови на Овче Поле во годината на испитување, додека генотиповите Kt 341, Kt 1742, Kt 1720 и сортата Denis имаат повисоки регистрирани вредности на испитуваните параметри како што се должина на клас, број на зрна во клас, поголема апсолутна маса на зрна, поголема хектолитарска маса и поголем принос на зрно по единица површина.
Клучни зборови: јачмен, генотипови, сеидба, сорти, прино
Isotopic composition of sulfur in the Borov Dol deposit, North Macedonia
Get PDFThe study of the isotopic composition of sulfur is essential for the development of genetic models of porphyry copper deposits. In order to determine the origin of metals and sulfur in the Borov Dol porphyry copper deposit, a series of research and analyses of sulfur isotopes (32S, 34S) and their isotopic ratio (δ³⁴S) were conducted. Samples were taken at the Borov Dol deposit, mainly of pyrite (from the hydrothermal temperature range of 250–350ºC), then chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and chalcocite. At the Borov Dol deposit, the values show a wide range starting from –7.25‰ to +5.40‰ δ³⁴S, with an average of –0.38‰ δ³⁴S. Accordingly, the source of the sulfur is magmatic, associated with the deep parts of the Earth's crust or with the boundary zone between the continental crust and the upper mantle, with intrusive fractionation and partial enrichment with the light sulfur isotope, which is reflected in the negative value in the higher levels of the deposit, or in the slight enrichment of the heavy sulfur isotope, which is reflected in the positive value in the lower levels of the deposit. The sulfide parageneses in the Borov Dol porphyry system were most likely deposited from oxidized hydrothermal ore-bearing solutions, whereby there is no equilibrium in the system during the crystallization of the early-stage paragenesis. The equilibrium in the system is established during the crystallization of the paragenesis in the middle and late stages
Complicated community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Get PDFCommunity-acquired pneumonia is one of the most common reasons for paediatric hospitalizations in the world and also in our country. Microbiological indentification is chlallenging, since collection of respiratory samples in chidren is problematic in comparison to adults. Small proportion of children with coomunity acquired pneumonia will develop pleural effusion or empyema. Common causative organisms are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Complicated community-acquired pneumonia should be suspected in any child with pneumonia not responding to appropriate antibiotic therapy within 48-72 hours. New conjugated vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae have contributed to decreases in radiologic, clinical and complicated pneumonia cases and have reduced hospitalizations and mortality. We report a case of 10 – year old boy with complicated community-acquired pneuminia presented with pleural effusion and pericartidis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae infection