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Integrating 21st Century Competencies in ELT (English Language Teaching)
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In the rapidly evolving and speedy world today, English Language Teaching (ELT) must transcend the conventional method to equip learners with linguistic competence as well as relevant 21st-century skills. These are critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, communication, digital literacy, and global citizenship. This paper attempts to examine some of the ways that these skills can be incorporated into ELT with a focus on learner-centered education, task-based learning, and strategic use of technology. It also considers the role of the educator in designing learning space that promotes flexibility, problem-solving, and intercultural communication. In connecting ELT to educationally relevant goals of today, incorporating 21st century skills not only enhance the process of language acquisition but also allows learners to thrive in an interconnected, complex world.
Keywords:
English Language Teaching (ELT), 21st Century Skills, Critical Thinking, Digital Literacy, Communicative Competence, Learner-Centered Approaches, Global Citizenship, Collaborative Learning, Education Innovation, Language Pedagog
Evaluation of freeze-dried Daratumumab immunoconjugate kits for Lutetium-177 radiolabeling
Get PDFMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly therapeutically relevant drugs but face challenges in radiopharmacy as radionuclide carriers due to their complex structures, which can lead to degradation. Freeze-drying is commonly used to enhance their stability, especially in ready-to-use kits for radiolabeling. The use of various excipients can be beneficial, but their application in mAb based kits is limited due to specific radiolabeling requirements. Our study focused on two main aspects: optimization of immunoconjugate production and the excipients used to formulate the kit for radiolabeling. We used Daratumumab, an anti-CD38 human mAb, as a model for producing immunoconjugates. The conjugation was performed with a DOTA-NHS chelator and Lutetium-177 as a radionuclide for labeling. Five different formulations (1 mg/mL) with 0.1 M or 0.01 M phosphate buffer, mannitol and sucrose in various ratios and polysorbate 20 in the last formulation were prepared. The designed freeze-drying method includes freezing at -40°C, an annealing step to -15°C,
and again freezing to -40°C for a total of 6.5 h. During primary drying, the temperature was set to -10°C under vacuum (0.12 mBar) for 18 h, followed by secondary drying up to 25°C for 8 h. The reconstitution time, visual appearance, residual moisture (Karl–Fisher titration), and protein stability (size exclusion chromatography, SE-HPLC) were established as quality control attributes. Formulations containing saline exhibited lower residual moisture (< 3%) compared to water-based (~ 5%). The results from SE-HPLC showed higher purity (98.9–99.8%) and fewer aggregates in the formulations with water or saline compared to those with phosphate buffer pH 8.0 (93.9–95%). This indicates that a lower pH and optimized freeze-drying protocol may be preferable for Daratumumab immunoconjugates. Further
studies will focus on comparing the outcomes of non- radioactive tests, specifically evaluating radiochemical yield and purity after labeling
Optical Properties And Color Perception In Esthetic Dentistry: A Literature Review
Get PDFBackground: Color is one of the most important esthetic parameters in dentistry, particularly in fixed and esthetic prosthodontics. Accurate color reproduction depends on understanding both the perceptual and physical aspects of color in the oral environment.
Оbjective: To review current knowledge on color perception and the optical properties of dental materials, and to evaluate methods used for objective color assessment in esthetic dentistry.
Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar). The review focused on studies discussing visual color perception, color measurement technologies (spectrophotometry and colorimetry), and material-based optical behavior such as translucency and fluorescence. Key concepts like the CIE Lab* system and ΔE values were emphasized.
Results: Visual color perception is influenced by multiple psychophysical factors, making visual shade matching subjective and inconsistent. Instrumental methods such as spectrophotometry provide more objective data and allow for reproducible results. The CIE Lab* color space and ΔE values are widely accepted for quantifying color differences. Different dental materials show varied optical behaviors under diverse lighting and surface treatment conditions, with surface texture, aging, and finishing technique (e.g., polishing or glazing) significantly affecting final color outcomes.
Conclusion: Achieving optimal esthetic results in restorative dentistry requires a sound understanding of color science, including perceptual and instrumental evaluation. Dental professionals should be familiar with how material composition, surface treatments, and light interaction affect color, in order to deliver restorations that are both esthetically pleasing and clinically acceptable
Key Word: Esthetic dentistry, color perception, spectrophotometry, ΔE, CIE Lab*, optical propertie
Маџун-традиционален производ од грозје
Get PDFТрадиционалната храна се смета за наследство што се пренесува со генерации и потрошувачите очекуваат специфични сензорни својства и висок квалитет на храната. Маџунот е традиционален производ кој се добива со варење на грозодвиот сок и со вакум технологија. Кардинал е трпезна сорта на грозје. Припаѓа во групата на рани сорти. Грозјето е наменето пред за консумација во свежа состојба (трпезно), но поради способноста да концентрира поголема содржина на шеќер е погодна суровина и за дестилати како и за производство на маџун. Во оваа истражување беа анализирани 3 примероци маџун од кои 1 примерок (К1) произведен со вакум технологија и 2 примероци (К2 и К3) произведени на традиционален начин. Од квалитативните својства беа анализирани вкупни и поединечни шеќери (фруктоза, гликоза, сахароза и малтоза), суви материи растворливи во вода и вкупни феноли. Во однос на содржината на хидроксиметил фурфурал (HMF), примероците добиени на традиционален начин (К2 и К3) се со значително поголема содржина во однос на примерокот (К1) произведен со вакум технологија. Ова се должи на технологијата на производство односно температурата (Т0С) и времетрењето на самиот процес. Добиените резултати за содржината на минерали и тешки метали покажаа варијабилност помеѓу примероците, а се должи на условите на одгледување односно составот на почвата, исхраната како и заштитата на виновата лоза
Regional valorization of tourist potential in the R.N. Macedonia
Get PDFThe main goal of the paper is to present the tourist valorization of natural and anthropogenic attractive motifs in the R.N. of Macedonia by planning regions. In the research, we evaluate 400 tourist attractions, of which 160 are natural and 240 are anthropogenic motifs. In the evaluation, all eight planning regions are represented by 50 tourist attractions, of which 20 are natural and 30 are anthropogenic. We carry out the valorization process through 10 parameters and evaluate each one with three numerical values. The conclusion presents the main specificities of the tourism potentials for each region separately and for the R.N. Macedonia as a whole
Renal pelvis rupture presenting as an acute abdomen in patient with Alzheimer’s dementia: a case report and literature review
Get PDFRenal pelvis rupture (RPR) with clinical presentation of acute abdomen is an unusual clinical event and in a patient with Alzheimer’s dementia is unique in its clinical presentation and differentiating the diagnosis.
We report a case of a 75-year-old male Alzheimer’s patient who complained of sudden right-sided flank and abdominal pain followed by nausea, and vomiting, without a history or signs of external trauma. Abdominal ultrasound showed fluid collection close to the right renal pelvis with first-grade hydronephrosis. Computed tomography revealed right colon overdistension and, a 2 mm proximal right ureteral stone, and contrast urography showed a dilated right renal pelvis with extravasation. After the endoscopic treatment with double-J stent, no contrast extravasation was seen on the control CTU, and the stent was removed after four weeks.
Patients with Alzheimer’s dementia presenting with acute abdomen and flank pain should be evaluated for renal pelvis rupture with prompt diagnosis and management
Educational Voltammetry: Part 2: Open Interactive Protocol to Simulate the CE Mechanism in Cyclic Staircase Voltammetry
Get PDFFor the first time, an open and freely accessible simulation platform based on MATHCAD is introduced for educational purposes in electrochemistry. This work, Educational Voltammetry: Part 2, provides interactive step-by-step protocols that enable students, educators, and researchers to simulate cyclic staircase voltammograms of a diffusional CE(reversible) electrode mechanism under a variety of experimental and kinetic conditions. The approach is designed both for learning and for practical training, making it possible to explore the effects of mass transfer, electrode kinetics, and a preceding homogeneous chemical step without requiring advanced programming skills. Upon request, the original MATHCAD files can be obtained directly from the authors. In forthcoming contributions to this series, free interactive protocols for additional important electrode mechanisms will be provided, further broadening the educational toolkit for voltammetric analysis. A 30-day free trial version of MATHCAD 15 is available at: https://support.ptc.com/products/Mathcad/Mathcad-15-0/free-trial?refid=cadventure
This initiative aims to encourage wider adoption of theoretical modeling in electrochemical education and to provide experimentalists with freely available tools for mechanistic understanding.
https://support.ptc.com/products/Mathcad/Mathcad-15-0/free-trial?refid=cadventur
Прекумерен туризам
Get PDFКнигата „Прекумерен туризам“ е наменета за сите кои работат во секторот туризам и угостителството, за академската јавност, студентите, истражувачите, учениците, заинтересираните страни од приватниот, јавниот и невладиниот сектор кои директно или индиректно се поврзани со туризмот. Книгата е изготвена со цел да се збогати постоечката литература поврзана со проблематиката на современите трендови и тенденции во туризмот и прекумерниот туризам. Материјалот во книгата е поделен во три основни поглавја.
Првиот дел е посветен на основните аспекти на туризмот, а опфатен е материјалот кој се однесува на поим и развој на туризмот, современи трендови во туризмот и статистички показатели за туризмот во Република Северна Македонија.
Во вториот дел се обработува материјата поврзана со прекумерниот туризам, неговите импликации и решенија. Во овој дел се опфатени дефинирањето на прекумерниот туризам, еволуцијата на прекумерниот туризам, влијанија на туризмот врз животната средина, носечки капацитет за туризам, социјалните медиуми и прекумерниот туризам. Исто така, опфатени се теми поврзани со алтернативните форми на туризам како одговор на прекумерен туризам, туристичка политика и управување со прекумерен туризам, сезоналност во туризмот, списокот на светското наследство на УНЕСКО и прекумерен туризам, како и прекумерен туризам во туристички места и рурални средини.
Во третиот дел од книгата се обрнува внимание на материјалот кој ги третира меѓународните искуства поврзани со прекумерен туризам, како препораките на Светска туристичка организација поврзани со прекумерен туризам, прекумерен туризам во земјите од Европската унија и дестинации со прекумерен туризам во светот – примери и практики.
Имајќи предвид дека ова е прво издание на книгата, можеби сме пропуштиле некои важни елементи поврзани со прекумерниот туризам. За сите забелешки, мислења и коментари, авторите ќе Ви бидат благодарни и ќе ги земат предвид при создавањето на второто дополнето и проширено издание. Исто така, искажуваме благодарност и до сите наши колеги и соработници кои дадоа придонес во обезбедувањето на неопходните материјали за комплетирање на книгата, како и на рецензентите за укажаните искрени и конструктивни сугестии
Determination of the amount of cutting waste and its characterization
Get PDFThe generation of cutting waste is an inevitable outcome of production processes in the clothing industry. Efficient management of cutting waste can lead to significant cost savings, resource optimization, and environmental sustainability. Although this waste can be a valuable resource, it is currently only one of the environmental pollutants. In order to implement a more efficient way of managing apparel cutting waste, a comprehensive analysis of its quality and quantity needs to be done.This paper presents an applied methodology to determine both the quantity and quality of cutting waste at the place of creation in the clothing manufacturing company. The application of this methodology will be the basis for further research to develop a more efficient way of managing cutting waste than the current one - disposal in landfill
All-on-4 implant rehabilitation of the maxilla without sinus lift with screw-retained prosthesis - a case report
Get PDFIn today’s modern world, patients are increasingly seeking advanced fixed dental solutions that provide a natural look and feel, while eliminating the discomfort and limitations associated with removable dentures. Over the years, medical and dental sciences have continuously evolved to find faster, simpler, and more efficient solutions for full mouth rehabilitation. Newer-generation dental implants and screw-retained dental prostheses have brought several advancements that significantly improve clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and long-term success. Bone resorption, remodeling, and atrophy following tooth extraction commonly result in insufficient jawbone volume.
Treatment options include complete upper and lower dentures, implant-supported overdentures, and fixed implant supported prostheses. Implant supported fixed prostheses offer superior comfort, stability, and patient satisfaction but require adequate bone support for successful implant placement. In the posterior maxilla, inadequate bone beneath the maxillary sinus often makes sinus lifting necessary for implant placement. That makes the process of dental implant placement more complicated and increases the total cost of the procedure. In the All-on-4 procedure, two implants are placed axially in the anterior region and two longer implants are placed tilted at approximately 30° in the posterior premolar region. This angulation allows longer implants to engage more bone, avoiding the maxillary sinus and eliminating the need for grafting. Using newer generation of implants with multi-unit abutments make this technique available. The All-on-4 treatment concept presents a minimally invasive and cost-effective alternative for full-arch rehabilitation in edentulous or atrophic jaws. This configuration provides favorable biomechanical support for a screw-retained, implant-supported fixed prosthesis used in full-arch rehabilitation.
Patients with a resorbed maxilla can often be successfully treated without the need for bone grafting or sinus lifting,
making this technique a simpler and more cost-effective alternative. The protocol enables cost-effective, fixed full arch rehabilitation with high success and satisfaction rates. Additionally, by simplifying surgical procedures, the
technique becomes accessible to a broader range of clinicians and patients. After completing treatment, patients are able to chew and eat comfortably, smile with confidence, and easily care for their new teeth. This report supports the clinical utility of the All-on-4 technique, particularly in resource-limited or anatomically constrained cases. This case report presents successful full-mouth rehabilitation of a 60-year-old male patient with severe periodontal disease and generalized tooth loss using and atrophied maxilla with the All-on-4 implant concept