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Nucleoplasmic bridges as a biomarker for genomic instability and predictors for cancer risk
Get PDFIntroduction: Chromosome and nuclear alterations, especially nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) are excellent biomarker to detect short- and long-term genotoxic effects. For that reasons these abnormalities can be reasonably used as biomarkers to evaluate an individual’s cancer risk. With Cytokinesis-Blocked Micro Nucleus (CBMN) assay we could measure early biological effects of ionizing radiation and different genotoxic chemicals or genotoxic damage on human cells. Aims of the study: This study aims to determine the presence of NPBs in peripheral binuclear blood lymphocytes, as a potential bio-dosimeter for genotoxicity on humans exposed to ionizing rays (IR). Material and methods: Blood samples were collected from health workers exposed to IR a strong clastogenic agent and a potent inducer of NPBs. CBMN assay has proven to be a reliable and useful assey in the field of cytogenetics and human biomonitoring. Results: The presence of nuclear anomalies observed as a NPBs confirmed the genotoxic effects two or more years after an exposure of human population to IR. The health workers with long exposer on IR similary as smokers have a high frequency or presence of NPBs than the control group, young and healthy population, non-exposed to IR. Conclusion: NPBs can confirm the influence of genetic damage induced by ionizing radiation and smoking, and also can be used as biomarkers to evaluate genomic instability as predictors for individual’s cancer risk
Competition law and Policy in Western Balkans - Competition law and policy in North Macedonia
No full textThis chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of the Macedonian competition law landscape spanning from 2012 to 2022, a period of significant legal, regulatory, and economic change. It delves into the institutional framework, explores national specifics, and analyses enforcement by the Commission for the Protection of Competition (hereinafter CPC) and courts in North Macedonia. By examining the data available from the CPC and the case law, this research provides insights into the enforcement, trends, and challenges surrounding competition law during this transformative decade. Judicial review, private enforcement, and the current landscape of competition law are scrutinised, offering a thorough assessment. By exploring these aspects, the chapter contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the Macedonian competition law framework, emphasising the key role of enforcement, and presenting a nuanced perspective on the CPC’s evolving priorities
Medical specialists' knowledge and perceptions of biologics and biosimilars: a literature review
No full textIntroduction:Newly developed biological medicines offer essential treatment for many acute and chronic conditions. In addition, the increasing availability of biosimilar drugs improve access to vital biologic treatments. Medical specialists prescribe biological medicines, thus the adoption of these products in the market heavily relies on their readiness to prescribe, and integrate them into clinical practice, which depends on their knowledge, perspectives, and beliefs.
Aim: To review the scientific literature regarding knowledge and perceptions related to the use of originator biologics and biosimilars, along with the need for additional education on this topic.
Material and methods: A literature search was conducted using journal databases, such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus, with carefully selected search terms, and applying the inclusion criteria that match the aim of the study.
Results: The majority of studies meeting the specified criteria were carried out in Europe and the USA, primarily in the form of brief surveys. Studies show that most of the medical specialists are familiar with the biologic medicines, however their measured knowledge was less
extensive than their self-assessed knowledge. In general, a larger percentage of those who were surveyed expressed the need for additional education.
Conclusions: Medical specialists’ knowledge and opinions towards biologics in general are highly variable, with a general observation that there is a need of increasing the knowledge in the field. Therefore, education is a key prerequisite for better understanding the differences among
originator biologics and biosimilars, which will support their inclusion into treatment plans
Одредување на pH вредноста и присуството на фосфати во плунка кај 8-9 годишни деца при користење на mizuha четките
No full textВовед: Пуферскиот капацитет на плунката е многу важен индикатор за низа орални и системски заболувања. pH вредноста на плунката е во дијапазон од 6.2-7.6, ондосно во просек 6.7. Нестимулираната плунка има вредност од околу 6.3. Сепак вредноста на pH има дневни варијации во корелација со типот на храна и голем број на фактори присутни во оралната празнина.
Цел на трудот: да се направи споредба меѓу вредностите на фосфати и pH на плунката пред и по четкање на забите кај 8-9 годишни деца со Mizuha Fuji четките и мануелните четки за заби.
Материјал и метод: Во студијата беа вклучени 114 деца на 8-9 година вредност кои беа поделени
во 3 групи, односно по 38 деца во секоја група. Беа користени мануелни четки за заби и Mizuha Fuji четки. Одредувањето на присуството на фосфатите во плунка пред и по четкањето беше направено
со phosphomolybdate /uv спектрофотометриски. Вредностите на pH на плунката пред и по четкањето на забите беше одредена со помош на pH метар LLG-pH meter 7.
Резултати: Резултатите покажаа дека во просек pH на плунката пред четкање на забите изнесува околу 7.174, додека пак после четкањето околу 7.593. Во однос на фосфатите пред и по четкање на забите, нивното присуство при низок pH ја зголемува неговата вредност, додека пак при висока вредност на pH, интеракцијата на фосфатите ја намалува неговата вредност.
Заклучок: Присуството на фосфатите пред и по четкањето на забите заклучивме дека се во корелација со pH вредноста на плунката како и тоа дека нивното присуство зависи од тоа дали е употребена или
не паста за заби богата со флуориди. Пред четкање на забите имаме понизок pH, односно повисока pH вредност по четкање на забите.
Клучни зборови: плунка, фосфати, pH вредност, Mizuha Fuji четк
Comparative Evaluation and Analysis of Different Deepfake Detectors
No full textDeepfakes, synthetic media generated using deep learning, pose significant risks to the integrity, security, and trust of information. Reliable detection is therefore critical, yet existing models often fail when exposed to real-world distortions such as compression, occlusion, and lighting variations. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of deepfake detection models, including XceptionNet, EfficientNet, MesoNet, and Vision Transformers, across multiple benchmark datasets such as FaceForensics++, DFDC, Celeb-DF, and Wild-Deepfake. Models are assessed not only under pristine conditions but also under controlled distortions that reflect realistic deployment environments. The results show that XceptionNet and the fine-tuned Vision Transformers achieve the strongest accuracy and robustness, maintaining competitive performance across domains, while MesoNet demonstrates computational efficiency but suffers from reduced reliability under challenging conditions. EfficientNet provides a balance between parameter efficiency and detection quality but lags behind in cross-dataset generalization. The findings highlight clear trade-offs between robustness, efficiency, and deployment feasibility, emphasizing that lightweight models are best suited for edge scenarios, whereas more complex architectures remain preferable in cloud or high-resource environments. The study concludes with open challenges and future research directions, including the integration of multimodal cues, domain adaptation, and explainable detection frameworks, to improve resilience against increasingly sophisticated deepfake generation techniques
CA22115 - A Multilingual Repository of Phraseme Constructions in Central and Eastern European Languages (PhraConRep)
Get PDFTo communicate, language users must not only respect the grammatical rules of a given language; they must also have knowledge about which words typically belong together. This means that they must know how to combine words and grammatical forms to create specific meanings in specific contexts. When learning a new language, the focus is usually on the teaching of grammatical rules and vocabulary. Verbal routines and other kinds of patterned speech, such as idioms or proverbs, have also become a natural part of modern foreign language teaching. The PhraConRep Action targets a class of idiomatic word combinations that have been much less of a focus not only in teaching, but also in research. The patterns in question will be referred to as Phraseme Constructions (PhraCons) and are defined as patterns of idiomatic word combinations consisting of fixed lexical elements (“anchors”) and empty slots for fillers. Both lexical anchors and lexical fillers must meet certain criteria specific to the given PhraCon.
PhraConRep coordinates contrastive empirical research on PhraCons and establishes a platform for conducting joint research on the classification, description, storage, translation and teaching of PhraCons of Middle and Eastern European languages. Its main objective is to provide a multilingual repository of PhraCons. On the basis of two pivot languages, German and Russian, equivalents of PhraCons are established in at least nine Slavic languages and Hungarian. The repository will be a unique tool for language learners, teachers, and other stakeholders, such as professional translators, involved in the study of these languages.
Action keywords
phraseme constructions - syntactic idioms - translation - foreign language teaching and learning - intercomprehensio
Примена на аналитички пристап на менаџментот во процесот на донесување на финансиските одлуки во претпријатијата од областа на туризмот во Р. Македонија
Get PDFСо менаџерските активности потребно е да се решаваат проблемите кои настануваат во
текот на функционирањето на туристичкото претпријатие. На таков начин се осигурува
реализирањето на саканата состојба, односно реализирање на целите на претпријатието од
областа на туризмот. Суштината на менаџерските активности е донесување на одлуки.
Менаџерските одлуки се донесуваат во ситуации кои се карактеризираат со потреби за акција
и постоење на повеке правци на акции. Едновремено поврзување на наведените активности во
функција на донесување на правилни одлуки претставува основен услов и задача на
финасискиот менаџер. Се разбира, сето тоа во насока на постигнување на крајната цел,
зголемување на богатството на акционерите. Во таа смисла, финасискиот менаџмент , а
посебно во туризмот треба да даде одговор на оптималната употреба, односно користење на
средствата, обезбедување на извори на финасирање, обезбедување на оптимален трошок на
ангажираниот капитал, одлучувањето за распределба на добивката, политиката на дивиденда,
со цел остварување на наведената крајна цел.
Примената на аналитичкиот пристап во донесувањето на финасиските одлуки во
претпријатијата од областа на туризмот во Р. Македонија е мошне значајно за поефикасно и
поефективно реализирањето на целите
Language proficiency and speaking anxiety in Macedonian learners of English
Get PDFA number of studies have investigated the connection between students’ proficiency level and their speaking anxiety, for which mixed results have been presented. Namely, some claim that the more proficient the learner, the lower their anxiety level and vice versa, however, some disagree. This study aims to investigate the possible relationship between language proficiency level and speaking anxiety, contributing to the existing literature for better understanding of the core issues that top and average students experience. Results revealed that the more proficient participants (C1 level) are more relaxed compared to the less proficient participants (B1 level) with the former classified as experiencing “low anxiety” while the latter - “moderate anxiety”. The main issue of the less proficient participants is found to be low self-confidence during speaking activities, which further supports the majority of the past findings, while grammatical correctness is something that high proficient participants are most aware of during speaking activities. The results also showed that both groups do not feel particularly frightened to speak right after receiving corrective feedback
Impact of (poly)phenol-rich dietary sources on DNA damage: insights from human intervention studies using the Comet assay - a review and perspective
Get PDF(Poly)phenols are plant-derived food bioactives abundantly present in human diet. They exert positive effects on various aspects of human health and in particular in reducing the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. Dietary (poly)phenols have been reported to improve vascular function, blood lipids, insulin sensitivity and to decrease systemic inflammation. Evidence also suggests that (poly)phenols may exert protective effects on DNA, by reducing the extent of its damage. In recent years, advanced analytical methods, including transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics and metagenomics, have been employed to unravel the complex impact of (poly)phenols in health and disease. Advances in bioinformatics enable an integrated multi-omics approach to data analysis, opening avenues for discovering new, previously unknown molecular mechanisms of action. Innovative solutions and automation of the Comet assay offer new opportunities for more in-depth analysis of the impact of (poly)phenols on DNA damage and its inclusion in integrative bioinformatic models. Such an approach has the potential to uncover new multi-level interactions and to reveal previously unknown factors underlying inter-individual variabilities in health-promoting effects of (poly)phenols. This review provides an insight into the application of the Comet assay in human intervention studies using (poly)phenol-rich dietary sources. Recent advancements in the Comet assay technology and the prospects for more extensive use of this method in future human intervention studies with (poly)phenols could contribute to the development of personalized dietary recommendations for these plant-derived food bioactives
Analysis of Legislative and Regulatory Frameworks Governing Community Pharmacy in Bulgaria and North Macedonia
Get PDFAbstract
The common border between Bulgaria and North Macedonia, alongside the regulatory requirements stemming from Bulgaria’s membership in the European Union, provide grounds for comparing the legislative environment in both countries. This article presents a comparative case study of the regulatory frameworks governing community pharmacies in Bulgaria and North Macedonia. The aim of this study is to examine the specific features of current legislation related to the operation of community pharmacies, and to identify similarities, differences, and gaps in the organizational structure of pharmacy services, the population’s access to pharmaceutical care, and the qualification requirements for personnel working in community pharmacies. Bulgaria has been a member of the European Union since 2007, while the Republic of North Macedonia has had official EU candidate status since 2005. This provides a basis for comparing the regulatory frameworks of an EU and a non-EU system within the same regional context. In both countries, the overall pharmacy-to-population ratio exceeds the European average (3.3 pharmacies per 10,000 inhabitants), indicating sufficient availability. However, pharmacies are predominantly concentrated in major urban areas. In Bulgaria, challenges remain in ensuring access to pharmaceutical services in smaller and rural settlements, while in North Macedonia, the provision of such services is better ensured. The findings of this case study may be particularly relevant for countries undergoing health system reforms or EU harmonization processes.
Keywords: community pharmacies; pharmacists; pharmaceutical legislation; EU; Bulgaria; North Macedoni