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A need for implementation science to optimise the use of evidence-based interventions in HIV care: a systematic literature review
No full textTo improve health outcomes in people living with HIV, adoption of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) using effective and transferable implementation strategies to optimise the delivery of healthcare is needed. ViiV Healthcare’s Positive Pathways initiative was established to support the UNAIDS 90-90-90 goals. A compendium of EBIs was developed to address gaps within the HIV care continuum, yet it was unknown whether efforts existed to adapt and implement these EBIs across diverse clinical contexts. Therefore, this review sought to report on the use of implementation science in adapting HIV continuum of care EBIs. A systematic literature review was undertaken to summarise the evaluation of implementation and effectiveness outcomes, and report on the use of implementation science in HIV care. Ten databases were reviewed to identify studies (time-period: 2013–2018; geographic scope: United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Canada, Australia and Europe; English only publications). Studies were included if they reported on people living with HIV or those at risk of acquiring HIV and used interventions consistent with the EBIs. A broad range of study designs and methods were searched, including hybrid designs. Overall, 118 publications covering 225 interventions consistent with the EBIs were identified. These interventions were evaluated on implementation (N = 183), effectiveness (N = 81), or both outcomes (N = 39). High variability in the methodological approaches was observed. Implementation outcomes were frequently evaluated but use of theoretical frameworks was limited (N = 13). Evaluations undertaken to assess effectiveness were inconsistent, resulting in a range of measures. This review revealed extensive reporting on implementation science as defined using evaluation outcomes. However, high variability was observed in how implementation outcomes and effectiveness were defined, quantified, and reported. A more specific and consistent approach to conducting and reporting on implementation science in HIV could facilitate achievement of UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets
From financial instability to green finance: the role of banking and credit market regulation in the Eurace model
No full textWe investigate appropriate banking and regulatory policies aimed at pushing the banking sector to shift from speculative lending, the cause of asset bubbles and economic crises, to green investments lending, so as to foster the transition to a more energy efficient production technology. For this purpose, we consider an enriched version of the Eurace model, which includes heterogenous capital goods, allowing for different degrees of energy efficiency in the production technology. Credit money in Eurace is endogenous and limited by Basel capital adequacy regulation on the supply side, while on the demand side it is determined by firms’ investments and households’ house purchasing. We introduce a differentiation of capital requirements according to the destination of lending, demanding higher bank capital in the case of speculative lending, thus encouraging banks to finance firm investment. As up-to-date capital goods have better energy efficiency in the model design, a higher pace of investment implies also a positive environmental effect. Results suggest that the proposed regulation is able to foster investments and capital accumulation in the short term, improving the energy efficiency of firms. However, reducing mortgages with a restrictive regulation has a negative impact on total private credit, and thus on endogenous money supply, weakening consumption and aggregate demand. In the long term, the contraction of total credit becomes stronger, and the negative outcomes on aggregate demand also affect investment. Therefore, in the long run, the positive effects on capital and energy efficiency become negligible, while the main economic indicators deteriorate
Accordi familiari
No full textGli accordi familiari sono comunemente considerati da ricercatori e professionisti uno strumento di grande valore per la gestione della relazione tra famiglia imprenditoriale e azienda e per la garanzia di continuità di quest'ultima. Per questo motivo, in un'ottica di passaggio generazionale questo strumento risulta utile non solo per le grandi imprese o le famiglie più complesse ma anche per quelle caratterizzate da dimensioni ridotte e minima complessità, al fine di preservare le relazioni interne, l'attività di famiglia e favorire il ricambio generazionale
Non-metric unfolding on augmented data matrix: a copula-based approach
No full textUnfolding applies multidimensional scaling (Cox & Cox, 2000) to an off-diagonaln×mmatrix, representing the scores (or the rank) assigned to a set of m items by n indi-viduals or judges (Borg & Groenen, 1997). The goal is to obtain two configurations of pointsrepresenting the position of the judges and the items in a reduced geometrical space. Eachpoint, representing each individual, is considered as an ideal point so that its distances tothe object points correspond to the preference scores (Coombs, 1964). Unfolding can be seenas a special case of multidimensional scaling because the off-diagonal matrix is consideredas a block of an ideal distance matrix in which both the within judges and the within itemsdissimilarities are missing. The presence of blocks of missing data causes the phenomenonof the so-called degenerate solutions, i.e., solutions that return excellent badness of fit mea-sures but not graphically interpretable at all. To tackle the problem of degenerate solutions,several methods have been proposed (Borg & Groenen, 1997). By following the approachintroduced by Van Deun et al. (2007), we adopt the strategy of augmenting the data matrix,trying to build a complete dissimilarity matrix, and then applying any MDS algorithms. Inorder to augment the data matrix, we use copulas-based association measures (Joe, 1997;Nelsen, 2013) among rankings (the individuals), and between rankings and objects (namely,a rank-order representation of the objects through tied rankings). Both experimental evalua-tions and applications to well-known real data sets show that the proposed strategy producesnon-degenerate non-metric unfolding solutions.Aegina, Greec
EU membership and economic growth: empirical evidence for the CEE countries
No full textThis article aims to answer the question of whether a membership in the European Union contributed to an accelerated economic growth of eleven Central and Eastern European (CEE or EU11) countries, including their real convergence to the economic development level of Western Europe (EU15). The analysis consists of two steps. First, the hypothesis of income level equalization between the CEE countries and the EU15 is verified based on the ? and ? convergence concepts. Second, the impact of selected macroeconomic variables related to the EU enlargement on economic growth of the CEE countries is examined with the use of econometric modelling. The analysis covers the 1995-2015 period. The results indicate that the CEE countries displayed a clear-cut income-level convergence toward the EU15 and that variables associated with the EU membership (increasing scope of economic freedom, improving quality of governance, progress of market reforms and more broadly – improvement in the institutional environment of the market, as well as the inflow of EU funds and the rising volume of international trade and foreign direct investment) turned out to be important drivers of GDP growth
Il processo di riordino ottimo per la filiera del largo consumo
No full textNegli ultimi 10 anni GS1 Italy - ECR ha analizzato a fondo la filiera del largo consumo in Italia per comprenderne le caratteristiche, i valori dei flussi di merce tra gli attori della catena, la localizzazione dei nodi, i processi di riordino e i relativi costi. Tra i progetti più rilevanti emerge l'indagine relativa al "processo di riordino ottimo", attraverso il quale il gruppo di lavoro "Riprogettazione Supply Chain 2.0" ha definito le linee guida per ottenere consistenti risparmi nel processo order-to-delivery
